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Moratalla R, Khairnar A, Simola N, Granado N, García-Montes JR, Porceddu PF, Tizabi Y, Costa G, Morelli M. Amphetamine-related drugs neurotoxicity in humans and in experimental animals: Main mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 155:149-170. [PMID: 26455459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine-related drugs, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (METH), are popular recreational psychostimulants. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that, besides having the potential for abuse, amphetamine-related drugs may also elicit neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory effects. The neurotoxic potentials of MDMA and METH to dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons have been clearly demonstrated in both rodents and non-human primates. This review summarizes the species-specific cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in MDMA and METH-mediated neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory effects, along with the most important behavioral changes elicited by these substances in experimental animals and humans. Emphasis is placed on the neuropsychological and neurological consequences associated with the neuronal damage. Moreover, we point out the gap in our knowledge and the need for developing appropriate therapeutic strategies to manage the neurological problems associated with amphetamine-related drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Noelia Granado
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ruben García-Montes
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pier Francesca Porceddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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3
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Nam Y, Wie MB, Shin EJ, Nguyen TTL, Nah SY, Ko SK, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Kim HC. Ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial burdens and proapoptosis via genetic inhibition of protein kinase C δ in human neuroblastoma dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cell lines. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:927-44. [PMID: 25523949 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have demonstrated that ginsenoside Re protects methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic toxicity in mice via genetic inhibition of PKCδ and attenuation of mitochondrial stress. In addition, we have reported that induction of mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is also important for neuroprotection mediated by ginsenoside Re. To extend our knowledge, we examined the effects of ginsenoside Re against MA toxicity in vitro condition using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Re resulted in significant attenuations against a decrease in the activity of GPx and an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fraction. The changes in glutathione (GSH) paralleled those in GPx in the same experimental condition. Consistently, ginsenoside Re treatment exhibited significant protections against cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative damage (i.e. lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation), mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ, mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondrial transmembrane potential and intra-mitochondrial Ca(2+)), apoptotic events [i.e., cytochrome c release from mitochondria, cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1, nuclear condensation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells], and a reduction in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and TH activity induced by MA in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These protective effects of ginsenoside Re were comparable to those of PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). However, ginsenoside Re did not significantly provide additional protective effects mediated by genetic inhibition of PKCδ. Our results suggest that PKCδ is a specific target for ginsenoside Re-mediated protective activity against MA toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Bok Wie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Ty Lan Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginseng Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food & Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Hamada M, Wakabayashi K, Masui A, Iwai S, Imai T, Yura Y. Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in safingol-induced endonuclease G-mediated apoptosis of squamous cell carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2660-71. [PMID: 24549171 PMCID: PMC3958874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Safingol, a L-threo-dihydrosphingosine, induced the nuclear translocation of a mitochondrial apoptogenic mediator—endonuclease G (endo G)—and apoptosis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. Upstream mediators remain largely unknown. The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cultured oral SCC cells were measured. Treatment with safingol increased intracellular H2O2 levels but not extracellular H2O2 levels, indicating the production of H2O2. The cell killing effect of safingol and H2O2 was diminished in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Dual staining of cells with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) revealed that apoptotic cell death occurred by treatment with H2O2 and safingol. The number of apoptotic cells was reduced in the presence of NAC. In untreated cells, endo G distributed in the cytoplasm and an association of endo G with mitochondria was observed. After treatment with H2O2 and safingol, endo G was distributed to the nucleus and cytoplasm, indicating the nuclear translocation of the mitochondrial factor. NAC prevented the increase of apoptotic cells and the translocation of endo G. Knock down of endo G diminished the cell killing effect of H2O2 and safingol. These results suggest that H2O2 is involved in the endo G-mediated apoptosis of oral SCC cells by safingol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ken Wakabayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Masui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Soichi Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Imai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Yura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Silva AP. Psychostimulants and brain dysfunction: a review of the relevant neurotoxic effects. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:135-49. [PMID: 24440369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants abuse is a major public concern because is associated with serious health complications, including devastating consequences on the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of these drugs have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, numerous questions and uncertainties remain in our understanding of these toxic events. Thus, the purpose of the present manuscript is to review cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for brain dysfunction induced by psychostimulants. Topics reviewed include some classical aspects of neurotoxicity, such as monoaminergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and hyperthermia. Moreover, recent literature has suggested new phenomena regarding the toxic effects of psychostimulants. Thus, we also reviewed the impact of these drugs on neuroinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurogenesis. Assessing the relative importance of these mechanisms on psychostimulants-induced brain dysfunction presents an exciting challenge for future research efforts. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal.
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6
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Funakoshi-Hirose I, Aki T, Unuma K, Funakoshi T, Noritake K, Uemura K. Distinct effects of methamphetamine on autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome systems in HL-1 cultured mouse atrial cardiomyocytes. Toxicology 2013; 312:74-82. [PMID: 23933405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism underling the cardiotoxicity of methamphetamine, a psychostimulant drug that is currently abused in the world. A mouse atrial cardiac cell line, HL-1, which retains phenotypes of cardiac cells and serves as a useful model for examining cardiac pathophysiology, was used for this purpose. During treatment with 1mM methamphetamine (MAP) for 3-48h, massive but transient cytoplasmic vacuolization (3-12h) followed by an intracellular accumulation of granules (24-48h) was observed under light microscopy. The vacuoles were surrounded by the lysosome membrane marker LAMP1, while the granules colocalized with the autophagy markers LC3 and p62 as well as ubiquitinated proteins. Western blot analysis showed that LC3 was activated during MAP administration, although p62 was not degraded but rather accumulated. Concordant with p62 accumulation, the nuclear translocation of an anti-oxidative transcription factor, Nrf2, and the subsequent induction of its target gene, HO-1, was observed, suggesting an impairment of autophagic protein degradation and the subsequent activation of the p62/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In addition, proteomic analysis revealed a reduction in myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein levels during MAP administration. The ubiquitination of MHC and the induction of the muscle sarcomere protein-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and atrogin-1 were proved by immunoprecipitation and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Taken together, the vacuolization of lysosomes and the subsequent accumulation of autophagosomes indicate an impairment of autophagic protein degradation during MAP administration; on the other hand, the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MHC indicate the proper progression of proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Funakoshi-Hirose
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nara A, Aki T, Funakoshi T, Unuma K, Uemura K. Hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis leads to lysosomal dysfunction during exposure to methamphetamine in SH-SY5Y cells. Brain Res 2012; 1466:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Shin EJ, Duong CX, Nguyen XKT, Bing G, Bach JH, Park DH, Nakayama K, Ali SF, Kanthasamy AG, Cadet JL, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. PKCδ inhibition enhances tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in mice after methamphetamine treatment. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:39-50. [PMID: 21672585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the specific role of protein kinase C (PKC) δ in methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic toxicity. A multiple-dose administration regimen of MA significantly increases PKCδ expression, while rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor, significantly attenuates MA-induced hyperthermia and behavioral deficits. These behavioral effects were not significantly observed in PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-treated- or PKCδ knockout (-/-)-mice. There were no MA-induced significant decreases of dopamine (DA) content or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the striatum in rottlerin-treated-, ASO-treated- or PKCδ (-/-)-mice. The administration of MA also results in a significant decrease of TH phosphorylation at ser 40, but not ser 31, while the inhibition of PKCδ consistently and significantly attenuates MA-induced reduction in the phosphorylation of TH at ser 40. Therefore, these results suggest that the MA-induced enhancement of PKCδ expression is a critical factor in the impairment of TH phosphorylation at ser 40 and that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PKCδ may be protective against MA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Chu Xuan Duong
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Xuan-Khanh Thi Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jae-Hyung Bach
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Dae Hun Park
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Keiichi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Syed F Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jean L Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
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Song CY, Xi HJ, Yang L, Qu LH, Zi-YongYue, Zhou J, Cui XG, Gao W, Wang N, Pan ZW, Li WZ. Propofol inhibited the delayed rectifier potassium current (Ik) via activation of protein kinase C epsilon in rat parietal cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 653:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nara A, Aki T, Funakoshi T, Uemura K. Methamphetamine induces macropinocytosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res 2010; 1352:1-10. [PMID: 20654590 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic abuses of psychostimulant drugs such as methamphetamine (METH) have been known to cause cell death. In particular, neurotoxicity caused by such drugs is one of the most serious adverse events in humans. Although various effects on neuronal cells caused by METH have been studied, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of METH-induced neurotoxicity remain to be elucidated. To investigate the mechanism of METH-induced cytotoxicity, we studied cytological as well as biochemical changes in retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Marked cell death was observed with more than 7mM METH, although caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death was not observed with any concentration of METH treatment. The most prominent cytomorphological effect by METH was the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles which were not colocalized with either GFP-LC3 or HSP47-GFP, autophagosome and ER markers respectively. In contrast, many of these vacuoles incorporated large molecular weight FITC-dextran and were confirmed as macropinosomes. Our results indicate that METH-induced cytomorphological effects on RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells involve macropinocytosis and the hyperstimulation of this process may be involved in METH-caused cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Nara
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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11
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Krasnova IN, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:379-407. [PMID: 19328213 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is widely abused in the world. Several lines of evidence suggest that chronic METH abuse leads to neurodegenerative changes in the human brain. These include damage to dopamine and serotonin axons, loss of gray matter accompanied by hypertrophy of the white matter and microgliosis in different brain areas. In the present review, we summarize data on the animal models of METH neurotoxicity which include degeneration of monoaminergic terminals and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, we discuss molecular and cellular bases of METH-induced neuropathologies. The accumulated evidence indicates that multiple events, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, hyperthermia, neuroinflammatory responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress converge to mediate METH-induced terminal degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. When taken together, these findings suggest that pharmacological strategies geared towards the prevention and treatment of the deleterious effects of this drug will need to attack the various pathways that form the substrates of METH toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Krasnova
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA/NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Gopalakrishna R, Gundimeda U, Schiffman JE, McNeill TH. A direct redox regulation of protein kinase C isoenzymes mediates oxidant-induced neuritogenesis in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:14430-44. [PMID: 18375950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801519200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have used the PC12 cell model to elucidate the mechanisms by which sublethal doses of oxidants induce neuritogenesis. The xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) system was used for the steady state generation of superoxide, and CoCl(2) was used as a representative transition metal redox catalyst. Upon treatment of purified protein kinase C (PKC) with these oxidants, there was an increase in its cofactor-independent activation. Redox-active cobalt competed with the redoxinert zinc present in the zinc-thiolates of the PKC regulatory domain and induced the oxidation of these cysteine-rich regions. Both CoCl(2) and X/XO induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, as determined by an overexpression of neuronal marker genes. Furthermore, these oxidants induced a translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane and subsequent conversion of PKC to a cofactor-independent form. Isoenzyme-specific PKC inhibitors demonstrated that PKCepsilon plays a crucial role in neuritogenesis. Moreover, oxidant-induced neurite outgrowth was increased with a conditional overexpression of PKCepsilon and decreased with its knock-out by small interfering RNA. Parallel with PKC activation, an increase in phosphorylation of the growth-associated neuronal protein GAP-43 at Ser(41) was observed. Additionally, there was a sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, which was correlated with activating phosphorylation (Ser(133)) of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein. All of these signaling events that are causally linked to neuritogenesis were blocked by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (both L and D-forms) and by a variety of PKC-specific inhibitors. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that sublethal doses of oxidants induce neuritogenesis via a direct redox activation of PKCepsilon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayudu Gopalakrishna
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Hamada M, Sumi T, Iwai S, Nakazawa M, Yura Y. Induction of endonuclease G-mediated apopotosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by protein kinase C inhibitor safingol. Apoptosis 2007; 11:47-56. [PMID: 16374540 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-3348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PKC inhibitor safingol suppressed the growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells significantly at concentrations that inhibit PKC isoforms. Safingol inhibited the translocation of PKC following treatment with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) in PKC alpha-EGFP-transfected cells, but not in PKC beta-EGFP- transfected cells, indicating selective inhibition for PKC alpha in oral SCC cells. Flow cytometric analysis and DNA analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed an increase in the proportion of sub-G(1) cells and DNA fragmentation in safingol-treated cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased, and cytochrome c was released from mitochondria. However, the safingol-induced cell death was not accompanied by activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor BD-fmk failed to prevent safingol-induced cell death. Another apoptogenic factor endonuclease G, but not apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), was also released from mitochondria and translocated to the nucleus. These results suggest that PKC alpha inhibitor safingol induces an endonuclease G- mediated apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Wu CW, Ping YH, Yen JC, Chang CY, Wang SF, Yeh CL, Chi CW, Lee HC. Enhanced oxidative stress and aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells during methamphetamine induced apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 220:243-51. [PMID: 17350664 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an abused drug that may cause psychiatric and neurotoxic damage, including degeneration of monoaminergic terminals and apoptosis of non-monoaminergic cells in the brain. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these METH-induced neurotoxic effects remain to be clarified. In this study, we performed a time course assessment to investigate the effects of METH on intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations in a human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. We characterized that METH induces a temporal sequence of several cellular events including, firstly, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential within 1 h of the METH treatment, secondly, an extensive decline in mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 8 h of the treatment, thirdly, an increase in mitochondrial mass after the drug treatment for 24 h, and finally, a decrease in mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial proteins per mitochondrion as well as the occurrence of apoptosis after 48 h of the treatment. Importantly, vitamin E attenuated the METH-induced increases in intracellular ROS level and mitochondrial mass, and prevented METH-induced cell death. Our observations suggest that enhanced oxidative stress and aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis may play critical roles in METH-induced neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Wu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, ROC
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Wu WS, Tsai RK, Chang CH, Wang S, Wu JR, Chang YX. Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Sustained Activation of Protein Kinase C α and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase for Migration of Human Hepatoma Cell Hepg2. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:747-58. [PMID: 17050668 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) can trigger growth inhibition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like cell scattering, and migration of hepatoma cells HepG2 in a protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha)-dependent manner. Saikosaponin a, an ingredient of antitumorigenic Chinese herb Sho-Saiko-to, inhibited cell growth but did not induce EMT-like cell scattering and cell migration of HepG2. Saikosaponin a and TPA induced transient (for 30 minutes) and sustained (until 6 hours) phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), respectively. Generation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced by TPA, but not saikosaponin a, for 3 hours. As expected, scavengers of ROS, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mannitol, and the thiol-containing antioxidant N-acetylcystein dramatically suppressed the TPA-triggered cell migration but not growth inhibition of HepG2. The generation of ROS induced by TPA was PKC, but not ERK, dependent. On the other hand, scavengers of ROS and N-acetylcystein also prevented PKC activation and ERK phosphorylation induced by TPA. On the transcriptional level, TPA can induce gene expression of integrins alpha5, alpha6, and beta1 and reduce gene expression of E-cahedrin in a PKC- and ROS-dependent manner. In conclusion, ROS play a central role in mediating TPA-triggered sustained PKC and ERK signaling for regulation of gene expression of integrins and E-cahedrin that are responsible for EMT and migration of HepG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Wu
- Department of Medical Technology, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Chung Yang Road, Section 3, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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Wen-Sheng W, Jun-Ming H. Activation of protein kinase C alpha is required for TPA-triggered ERK (MAPK) signaling and growth inhibition of human hepatoma cell HepG2. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:289-96. [PMID: 15917995 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-1210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling mechanisms for most of the antiproliferative processes are not fully understood. We have demonstrated that ERK(MAPK) signaling was involved in the induction of both p15(INK4b)and p16(INK4a) CDK inhibitors and growth inhibition of hepatoma cell HepG2 triggered by the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA). In this study, the upstream signal mechanism for TPA-induced ERK(MAPK) activation was investigated. In HepG2 cells only one of the cPKC isozymes, PKCalpha, but not cPKCbetaII, nPKCepsilon or aPKCzeta was activated by TPA as demonstrated by its membrane translocation within 10-30 min and down-regulation at 24 h after TPA treatment. Pretreatment of 0.2-2.0 microM Bisindolylmaleimides, an inhibitor of PKC, attenuated the TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK, gene expressions of p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a), and growth inhibition of HepG2 cell in a dose-dependent manner. Consistently, transfection of HepG2 with 1.0-3.0 microM antisense (AS) PKCalpha, but not (AS) PKCbetaII, or nPKCepsilon oligonucleotides (ODN), for 36 h prior to TPA treatment also prevented the TPA-induced molecular and cellular effects described above. Taken together, we concluded that PKCalpha is specifically required for TPA-induced ERK(MAPK) signaling to trigger gene expressions of p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) leading to HepG2 growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wen-Sheng
- Department of Medical Technology, TZU CHI University, Taiwan.
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Uemura K, Adachi-Akahane S, Shintani-Ishida K, Yoshida KI. Carbon monoxide protects cardiomyogenic cells against ischemic death through L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:661-8. [PMID: 16023079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is known to protect myocardial and vascular cells against injuries due to ischemia-reperfusion or inflammation. We showed that a Ca(2+)-dependent protease calpain promotes necrotic cell death of cardiomyocyte-derived H9c2 cells due to hypoxia through alpha-fodrin proteolysis. Here, we show that ischemia induces necrotic cell death, which is inhibited by either CO, extracellular Ca(2+) deprivation or L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers. A whole cell patch-clamp experiment supports that CO inhibits L-type Ca(2+) channel mediated influx of Ca(2+) and the ischemic death of H9c2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Uemura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Siniscalchi A, Marino S, Marani L, Piubello C, Bianchi C, Selvatici R. Early and delayed glutamate effects in rat primary cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2005; 46:117-25. [PMID: 15627512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced changes in the subcellular distribution of protein kinase C isoforms and in the intracellular calcium concentration were investigated in rat primary cortical neurons. Western blot analysis of protein kinase C isoforms (alpha, beta1, beta2, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta and theta), performed 30 min after a 10 min treatment with 30 microM glutamate, revealed a decrease in the total beta1 (-24%) and beta2 (-40%) isoform levels, without any significant change in any of the other isozymes. All conventional isoforms translocated to the membrane compartment, while delta, epsilon, zeta and theta; maintained their initial subcellular distribution. Twenty-four hours after glutamate treatment, the total protein kinase C labelling had increased, particularly the epsilon isoform, which accounted for 34% of the total densitometric signal. At this time, protein kinase C beta1, delta, epsilon and zeta isoforms were mainly detected in the membrane compartment, while gamma and theta; signals were displayed almost solely in the cytosol. Basal intracellular calcium concentration (FURA 2 assay) was concentration-dependently increased (maximum effect +77%) 30 min, but not 24h after a 10 min glutamate (10-100 microM) treatment, while the net increase induced by electrical stimulation (10 Hz, 10s) was consistently reduced (maximum effect -64%). The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801, 1 microM, prevented glutamate action both 30 min and 24 h after treatment, while non-selective protein kinase C inhibitors, ineffective at 30 min, potentiated it at 24 h. These findings show that protein kinase C isoforms are differently activated and involved in the early and delayed glutamate actions, and that the prevailing effect of their activation is neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siniscalchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, 17, Via Fossato di Mortara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Jung YS, Ryu BR, Lee BK, Mook-Jung I, Kim SU, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Moon CH. Role for PKC-ε in neuronal death induced by oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:789-94. [PMID: 15240117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated which isoforms of PKCs can be modulated and what their roles are during l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO)-induced neuronal death. We observed the isoform specific translocation of PKC-epsilon from the soluble fraction to the particulate in cortical neurons treated with 10 mM BSO. The translocation of PKC-epsilon by BSO was blocked by antioxidant trolox, suggesting the PKC-epsilon as a downstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevated by BSO. Trolox inhibited the ROS elevation and the neuronal death in BSO-treated cortical cells. The BSO-induced neuronal death was remarkably inhibited by both the pharmacological inhibition of PKC-epsilon with epsilonV1-2 and the functional blockade for PKC-epsilon through overexpression of PKC-epsilon V1 region, suggesting the detrimental role of PKC-epsilon. These results suggest that PKC-epsilon is the major PKC isoform involved in the pathways triggered by ROS, leading to neuronal death in BSO-treated cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sook Jung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyungkido 442-749, Republic of Korea
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