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Smith TP, Haymond T, Smith SN, Sweitzer SM. Evidence for the endothelin system as an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain. J Pain Res 2014; 7:531-45. [PMID: 25210474 PMCID: PMC4155994 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s65923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people worldwide suffer from pain and a portion of these sufferers are diagnosed with a chronic pain condition. The management of chronic pain continues to be a challenge, and despite taking prescribed medication for pain, patients continue to have pain of moderate severity. Current pain therapies are often inadequate, with side effects that limit medication adherence. There is a need to identify novel therapeutic targets for the management of chronic pain. One potential candidate for the treatment of chronic pain is therapies aimed at modulating the vasoactive peptide endothelin-1. In addition to vasoactive properties, endothelin-1 has been implicated in pain transmission in both humans and animal models of nociception. Endothelin-1 directly activates nociceptors and potentiates the effect of other algogens, including capsaicin, formalin, and arachidonic acid. In addition, endothelin-1 has been shown to be involved in inflammatory pain, cancer pain, neuropathic pain, diabetic neuropathy, and pain associated with sickle cell disease. Therefore, endothelin-1 may prove a novel therapeutic target for the relief of many types of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terika P Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Tami Haymond
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sherika N Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sarah M Sweitzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA
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Del Ry S, Maltinti M, Giannessi D, Cavallini G, Bergamini E. Age-related changes in endothelin-1 receptor subtypes in rat heart. Exp Aging Res 2008; 34:251-66. [PMID: 18568982 DOI: 10.1080/03610730802070233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Density, affinity, and subtype distribution of endothelin-1 (ET-1) binding sites were determined in rat cardiac tissue as a function of age in order to evaluate the association of alterations in the endothelin receptor system and aging in the heart. A significant decrease in the receptor subtype ET-A, which represents 70% to 80% of the total receptor population in cardiac tissue of 3- and 12-month-old rats, was observed in 24-month-old rats with respect to the younger groups. These findings indicate an alteration in ET-1 cardiac receptors associated with aging, mainly due to a variation in the receptor subtype distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Del Ry
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Pisa, Italy
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McKelvy AD, Mark TRM, Sweitzer SM. Age- and Sex-Specific Nociceptive Response to Endothelin-1. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 8:657-66. [PMID: 17553749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a chemical mediator released by the body at sites of injury and disease. This study tests the hypothesis that ET-1-induced nociception changes with age and sex. Intraplantar ET-1 (1.1 and 3.3 nmol) produced age-specific paw flinching and licking (postnatal day 7 > 21 > 60). The onset and duration of the nociceptive responses was dependent on age. Postnatal day (P) 21 and 60 rats displayed an immediate onset of behavior that subsided with time, whereas the P7 rats had a delayed behavioral response that onset at 20 minutes after ET-1 administration and continued beyond the 75 minute observation period. P7 males showed greater paw flinching compared with females. In addition to spontaneous nociceptive behaviors, ET-1 produced mechanical allodynia in all ages. As with spontaneous nociception, ET-1-induced mechanical allodynia was of a longer duration in the younger aged rats compared with adult rats. These findings show that ET-1 produces both spontaneous nociceptive behaviors and evoked mechanical allodynia in both young and adult rats but that the temporal profile and the size of the responses are age- and sex-dependent. These findings are the first description of age- and sex-specific ET-1-induced nociception. PERSPECTIVE Endothelin-1 is a vasoactive peptide released into the systemic circulation after stress and cold pain as well as locally in tissue after injury and disease. These findings suggest greater pain to stimuli that release endogenous endothelin in younger versus older organisms. This developmental approach to studying ET-1-induced pain further illustrates the need for understanding pain mechanisms as a function of the development of the organism so as to better treat pain across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin D McKelvy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Vincent R, Mora-Tiscareño A, Franco-Lira M, Henríquez-Roldán C, Barragán-Mejía G, Garrido-García L, Camacho-Reyes L, Valencia-Salazar G, Paredes R, Romero L, Osnaya H, Villarreal-Calderón R, Torres-Jardón R, Hazucha MJ, Reed W. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and pulmonary arterial pressure in children exposed to air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1248-53. [PMID: 17687455 PMCID: PMC1940106 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlled exposures of animals and humans to particulate matter (PM) or ozone air pollution cause an increase in plasma levels of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor that regulates pulmonary arterial pressure. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this field study was to determine whether Mexico City children, who are chronically exposed to levels of PM and O(3) that exceed the United States air quality standards, have elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels and pulmonary arterial pressures. METHODS We conducted a study of 81 children, 7.9 +/- 1.3 years of age, lifelong residents of either northeast (n = 19) or southwest (n = 40) Mexico City or Polotitlán (n = 22), a control city with PM and O(3) levels below the U.S. air quality standards. Clinical histories, physical examinations, and complete blood counts were done. Plasma endothelin-1 concentrations were determined by immunoassay, and pulmonary arterial pressures were measured by Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS Mexico City children had higher plasma endothelin-1 concentrations compared with controls (p < 0.001). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated in children from both northeast (p < 0.001) and southwest (p < 0.05) Mexico City compared with controls. Endothelin-1 levels in Mexico City children were positively correlated with daily outdoor hours (p = 0.012), and 7-day cumulative levels of PM air pollution < 2.5 mum in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)) before endothelin-1 measurement (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure of children to PM(2.5) is associated with increased levels of circulating endothelin-1 and elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montanta, USA
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology and Aerobiology Section, Safe Environments Programme, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina Romero
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Osnaya
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Milan J. Hazucha
- Department of Medicine
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology and
| | - William Reed
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to W. Reed, CB# 7310, 104 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-0669. Fax: (919) 966-9863. E-mail:
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Ambalavanan N, Bulger A, Murphy-Ullrich J, Oparil S, Chen YF. Endothelin-A receptor blockade prevents and partially reverses neonatal hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pediatr Res 2005; 57:631-6. [PMID: 15774824 PMCID: PMC2517586 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000159512.55862.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling (HPVR) may lead to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn or cor pulmonale. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), via endothelin-A (ET(A)) receptor activation, mediates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Our objectives were to develop a newborn mouse model of HPVR and to test the hypothesis that ET(A) blockade would prevent and reverse HPVR in this model. C57BL/6 mice (n = 64) were exposed to 12% oxygen (HYP group) or room air (RA group) from birth to 2 wk of age. The mice were injected intraperitoneally daily with either BQ-610 (ET(A) blocker) or vehicle (cottonseed oil) from birth (prevention study) or from 6 d of age (reversal study). HPVR was assessed histologically by pulmonary vascular morphometry by an examiner masked to study group, and by measurement of the right ventricle to left ventricle (RV/LV) thickness ratio. Hypoxia increased medial wall thickness (%WT) in pulmonary arteries <100 mum in diameter and RV/LV thickness ratio. BQ-610 prevented the hypoxia-induced increase in %WT and RV/LV thickness ratio when given from birth, and later therapy partially reversed the hypoxia-induced increase in %WT but not RV/LV thickness ratio. These data show that in the newborn mouse model, chronic hypoxia leads to HPVR that can be completely prevented and partially reversed by ET(A) blockade. These results indicate that ET-1, acting via ET(A) receptors, is a mechanism of pathophysiologic significance underlying neonatal HPVR. Development of this newborn mouse model of HPVR facilitates investigation of mechanisms underlying this important and severe disease entity in human infants.
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Abstract
Endothelin (ET) is a peptide composed of 21 amino acids, derived from a larger precursor, the big-endothelin, by action of the endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) family; three isoforms of endothelin, named ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, have been identified. Endothelin-1 is generated mainly by vascular endothelial cells and exerts various important biological actions, mediated by two receptor subtypes, ET-A and ET-B, belonging to the G protein-coupled family that have been identified in various human tissues such as the cardiac tissue. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictive agent, has inotropic and mitogenic actions, modulates salt and water homeostasis and plays an important role in the maintenance of vascular tone and blood pressure in healthy subjects. Endothelin-1, as well as ET-A and ECE-1, also has an important role in cardiovascular development, as observed by the variety of abnormalities related to neural crest-derived tissues in mouse embryos deficient of a member of the ET-1/ECE-1/ET-A pathway. Various evidence indicates that endogenous endothelin-1 may contribute to the pathophysiology of conditions associated with sustained vasoconstriction, such as heart failure. In heart failure, elevated circulating levels of both endothelin-1 and big-endothelin-1 are observed; in failing hearts an activation of the endothelin system is found: tissue level of ET-1 is increased with respect to non-failing hearts as well as receptor density, due mainly to an upregulation of the ET-A subtype, the prevalent receptor subclass in cardiac tissue. Finally, studies in both humans and animal models of cardiovascular disease show that inhibition of the endothelin function (anti-endothelin strategy) is associated with an improvement of haemodynamic conditions; these observations indicate that endothelin receptor antagonists or endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors may constitute a novel and potentially important class of agents for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giannessi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
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Baertschi AJ, Pedrazzini T, Aubert JF, Roatti A, Pence RA. Role of endothelin receptor subtypes in volume-stimulated ANF secretion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278:H493-9. [PMID: 10666080 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.2.h493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of endothelin (ET) receptors was tested in volume-stimulated atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) secretion in conscious rats. Mean ANF responses to slow infusions (3 x 3.3 ml/8 min) were dose dependently reduced (P < 0.05) by bosentan (nonselective ET-receptor antagonist) from 64.1 +/- 18.1 (SE) pg/ml (control) to 52.6 +/- 16.1 (0.033 mg bosentan/rat), 16.1 +/- 7.6 (0. 33 mg/rat), and 11.6 +/- 6.5 pg/ml (3.3 mg/rat). The ET-A-receptor antagonist BQ-123 (1 mg/rat) had no effect relative to DMSO controls, whereas the putative ET-B antagonist IRL-1038 (0.1 mg/rat) abolished the response. In a second protocol, BQ-123 (>/=0.5 mg/rat) nonsignificantly reduced the peak ANF response (106.1 +/- 23.0 pg/ml) to 74.0 +/- 20.5 pg/ml for slow infusions (3.5 ml/8.5 min) but reduced the peak response (425.3 +/- 58.1 pg/ml) for fast infusions (6.6 ml/1 min) by 49.9% (P < 0.001) and for 340 pmoles ET-1 (328.8 +/- 69.5 pg/ml) by 83.5% (P < 0.0001). BQ-123 abolished the ET-1-induced increase in arterial pressure (21.8 +/- 5.2 mmHg at 1 min). Changes in central venous pressure were similar for DMSO and BQ-123 (slow: 0.91 and 1.14 mmHg; fast: 4.50 and 4.13 mmHg). The results suggest 1) ET-B receptors mainly mediate the ANF secretion to slow volume expansions of <1.6%/min; and 2) ET-A receptors mainly mediate the ANF response to acute volume overloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Baertschi
- Department of Physiology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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