Prevalencia de la obesidad y mantenimiento del estado ponderal tras un seguimiento de 6 años en niños y adolescentes: estudio de Cuenca

Dopamine receptor D2 polymorphism is associated with alleviation of obesity after 8-year follow-up: a retrospective cohort study in obese Chinese children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the association of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) polymorphism and alleviation of obesity in children and adolescents after 8-year follow-up.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included obese children and adolescents with a follow-up period of 8 years. Baseline clinical characteristics and DRD2 polymorphisms (including rs1076562, rs2075654, and rs4586205) were extracted from medical records. A follow-up visit was performed in May 2017 to collect related data including height, weight, diet compliance, and exercise compliance.

RESULTS

One hundred and nine obese children and adolescents were included in the current study. Among three DRD2 single nucleotide polymorphisms, only rs2075654 had a statistically significant association with alleviation of obesity, as the alleviation rate for minor allele carriers (68.6% for TC+TT) was higher compared to the major allele homozygote (43.3% for CC). After adjusting for all related factors, the hazard ratio of rs2075654 minor allele carriers for the alleviation of obesity was 3.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30‒8.58).

CONCLUSIONS

The rs2075654 polymorphism of DRD2 is related to long-term obesity alleviation in obese Chinese children and adolescents.

[Determining factors of physical activity level in school children and adolescents: the OPACA study]

INTRODUCTION

Physical activity is a key factor for human health. This study attempts to measure the level of physical activity in children and to find out what are the factors that determine it.

METHOD

In a sample of the 11 and 14 year-old population of the centre-south area of Palencia, physical activity was measured using a three day diary, and anthropometric and socioeconomic variables were collected. Three variables were analysed: fat-free mass adjusted activity energy expenditure (AEE/FFM), physical activity level (PAL), and categorical physical activity (active/inactive).

RESULTS

A total of 179 children were included, of whom 71.5% were active or very active. Males were more active than females, and activity was also higher in summer. Physical activity declined between 11 and 14 years, and was lower during the weekends than in working days. There were no differences related to obesity, overweight or percent body fat. More active children had lower blood pressure. Physical activity was directly related to weekly hours spent in sport activities, and inversely related to time spent on sedentary activities. Multivariate analysis showed that children from families with low educational levels had a higher activity level not related to sport activities.

CONCLUSIONS

The level of physical activity in this population is acceptable, although there are sex differences and there is a declining trend through the adolescence.

Trends in childhood and adolescent obesity prevalence in Oviedo (Asturias, Spain) 1992-2006

AIM

To analyse obesity and overweight prevalence trend in Oviedo (Spain) during the last 14 years.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in the same five public schools of the urban area of Oviedo in 1992 and 2004-06. One thousand one hundred sixty-five children and young adults between the age of 6 and 17 years were studied in 1992 and 1312 in 2004-06. Obesity and overweight were defined according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-off values.

RESULTS

Body mass index (BMI) values (20.5+/-3.6 vs. 20.1+/-3.3 p=0.02) and obesity prevalence (6.3% vs. 4.5% p<0.05) were significantly higher in the 2004-06 cohort, while overweight prevalence showed a non-significant increase. Obesity prevalence increased in both sexes in the 6-11-year group. In adolescent females, a four-fold increase was observed, from 0.9% in 1992 (95% CI: -0.1 to 1.9) to 3.8% in 2004-06 (95% CI: 1.8-6). A slight non-significant decrease was observed in adolescent males (6.6% in 1992 to 5.8% in 2004-06).

CONCLUSION

Obesity and overweight are increasing in children and adolescents in Oviedo at a level similar to that observed in studies conducted in developed countries. This obesity epidemic is becoming an important public health issue.

Association of adiposity measures with blood lipids and blood pressure in children aged 8-11 years

AIM

To examine the association of body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TST) and percentage body fat (%BF) from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with blood lipids, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in children.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study was conducted on 1280 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years from the Cuenca province (Spain). Data collection was conducted under standardized conditions, taking several measurements of each variable to enhance accuracy. Analyses were performed using age-adjusted correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression adjusted for age, BMI, TST and %BF.

RESULTS

Correlations between %BF and apolipoprotein (apo) B, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio and DBP were higher than those for BMI and TST. In contrast, the correlations between BMI, and apo A-I and SBP were higher than those for %BF and TST. The results were similar across the sexes. The correlations between each of the three measures of body fatness, and blood lipids and blood pressure were highest in children with greatest BMI and %BF. When analyses were adjusted for the three body fatness measures, %BF showed stronger associations than did BMI or TST with blood lipids and blood pressure, with the exception of apo A-I and SBP, which were more closely associated with BMI.

CONCLUSION

%BF from BIA is more strongly associated than either BMI or TST with most of the blood lipid fractions in schoolchildren aged 8-11 years.

Prevalence and deteminants of obesity in Spanish children and young people

Prevalence estimates of obesity in a national random sample of Spanish children and young people are presented in this paper, defined by age- and sex-specific BMI national reference standards for the 85th percentile (overweight) and 97th percentile (obesity), as well as by Cole et al. criteria. A random sample of 3534 people, aged 2–24 years, was interviewed between 1998 and 2000. The study protocol included personal data, data on education and socioeconomic status (SES) for the family, dietary assessment, anthropometric measurements and physical activity. The prevalence of obesity was 13·9 % (95 % CI 12·7, 15·1) considering Spanish reference standards as cut-offs. Obesity was significantly higher in boys (15·6 %) than in girls (12 %). The highest values were observed between 6 and 13 years of age. Using Cole's cut-offs, the estimated prevalence of obesity was 6·3 % (95 % CI 5·4, 7·5) with a similar pattern to that previously described by sex. Regarding sociodemographic factors, sex, age group, region, size of locality of residence, mother's level of education and family SES level were significant predictors for obesity in children and adolescents under 14 years. Among young people, the main sociodemographic predictors for obesity were geographical region and family SES level. Odds ratio for obesity was 1·27 for those with a more frequent consumption of buns, cakes and snacks, and 1·71 for those with more frequent consumption of sugared drinks. Adequate consumption of fruit and vegetables, usually having breakfast and regular sports practice had a protective effect. The available data show that obesity in Spain is a public health issue given its magnitude and increasing trends. Among Spanish children and young people, those at prepubertal age, particularly boys, can be identified as a group at higher risk for overweight and obesity, particularly children from lower SES families.

Relación entre el perfil lipídico y el índice de masa corporal. Seguimiento de los 6 a los 11 años. Estudio Rivas-Vaciamadrid

BACKGROUND

To study the relationship between lipid profile and body mass index (BMI) in children after a 5-year follow-up.

METHOD

A total of 281 children were evaluated at the ages of 6 and 11 years. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apoproteins A1 (Apo A) and B100 (Apo B) were measured. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was determined and the Apo B/Apo A, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C indexes, and the atherogenic index were calculated. BMI was also calculated (BMI 5 kg/m2). Evolution parameters were calculated (EVO 5 value 11 years - value 6 years). Associations between BMI and lipid profile were studied.

RESULTS

The prevalence of obesity (according to the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force) was 4.98 % (6 years) and 16,72 % (11 years). In children who were in the fourth BMI quartile at the age of 11 years, LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C levels were significantly higher and than those in children in the first quartile but HDL-C and Apo A levels were lower. A significant positive correlation was found between the evolution of BMI and the four indexes studied and TG, but this correlation was negative for HDL-C and Apo A. The evolution of the indexes was positive in 11-year-old obese children and negative in nonobese children.

CONCLUSIONS

Lipid profile was worse in 11-year-old children in the fourth BMI quartile than in the remaining children. Obese children had higher values of the indexes studied, supporting the importance of obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor.

Prevalencia de obesidad y tendencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en escolares de 1992 a 2004: estudio de Cuenca

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children from the province of Cuenca in 2004, and to examine changes in the main cardiovascular risk factors in school children from the city of Cuenca from 1992 through 2004.

SUBJECTS AND METHOD

Cross sectional survey of 1166 schoolchildren 9-10 years old from 22 public schools of the province of Cuenca. We also analyzed data from 3 earlier, methodologically similar, cross-sectional surveys of school children from the city of Cuenca carried out in 1992, 1996 and 1998.

RESULTS

In 2004, among children aged 9-10 years from the province of Cuenca, 22.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.53-24.37) were overweight and 8.8% (95% CI, 7.16-10.50) were obese. From 1992 through 2004, among children aged 9-10 years from the city of Cuenca, we registered a 12.2% absolute increase in the prevalence of overweight or obesity among males, which did no reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Among women, changes in body mass index were of lower magnitude and with no statistical significance. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased (p < 0.05) in both sexes, with a greater decline in females. Among the latter, SBP decreased -9.22 mmHg (95% CI, -7.0 to -11.5) and DBP -5.9 mmHg (95% CI, -4.23 to -7.50). Non high density lipoproteins-cholesterol decreased among males (-18.1 mg/dl; 95% CI, -26.0 to -10.1 mg/dl) and among females (-23.7 mg/dl; 95% CI, -30.8 to -16.6 mg/dl). High density lipoproteins-cholesterol increased 6.3 mg/dl (95% CI, 2.6-10.0 mg/dl) in males and 5.1 mg/dl (95% CI, 1.9-8.2 mg/dl) in females. Triglycerides did not show substantial changes over the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence of overweight or obesity in schoolchildren of Cuenca is among the highest in Europe. From 1992 through 2004 in the city of Cuenca, frequency of overweight or obesity might have increased among males, while blood pressure and the lipid profile improved in both sexes.

Tracking and prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors across socio-economic classes: a longitudinal substudy of the European Youth Heart Study

BACKGROUND

The highest prevalence of several cardiovascular disease risk factors including obesity, smoking and low physical activity level is observed in adults of low socioeconomic status. This study investigates whether tracking of body mass index and physical fitness from childhood to adolescence differs between groups of socioeconomic status. Furthermore the study investigates whether social class differences in the prevalence of overweight and low physical fitness exist or develop within the age range from childhood to adolescence.

METHODS

In all, 384 school children were followed for a period of six years (from third to ninth grade). Physical fitness was determined by a progressive maximal cycle ergometer test and the classification of overweight was based on body mass index cut-points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. Socioeconomic status was defined according to The International Standard Classification of Occupation scheme.

RESULTS

Moderate and moderately high tracking was observed for physical fitness and body mass index, respectively. No significant difference in tracking was observed between groups of socioeconomic status. A significant social gradient was observed in both the prevalence of overweight and low physical fitness in the 14-16-year-old adolescents, whereas at the age of 8-10 years, only the prevalence of low physical fitness showed a significant inverse relation to socioeconomic status. The odds of both developing and maintaining risk during the measurement period were estimated as bigger in the group of low socioeconomic status than in the group of high socioeconomic status, although differences were significant only with respect to the odds of developing overweight.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that the fundamental possibilities of predicting overweight and low physical fitness at an early point in time are the same for different groups of socio-economic status. Furthermore, the observed development of social inequalities in the absolute prevalence of overweight and low physical fitness underline the need for broad preventive efforts targeting children of low socioeconomic status in early childhood.

[Prevalence of obesity in 14-year-olds in four primary care centers. Trends in weight changes since the age of two years old]

INTRODUCTION

Childhood obesity is an increasingly common diagnosis in western society and is related to certain changes in lifestyle. Because of its persistence in adulthood and its relationship with several pathological entities such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, it has become one of the most important problems in children's health. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in 14-year-old adolescents attending the pediatric outpatient clinics of a primary care center in 2003, and their weight changes from the age of two years old.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A long-term study of 277 children born in 1989 was performed. Their body mass index (BMI) was calculated at the age of 2,3,4,6,8,11 and 14 years. Obesity was defined as a BMI > P95 and overweight as a BMI > P85 according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts 2000.

RESULTS

The prevalence of obesity in 14 year-olds was 13.2% (15.2% in boys and 11.5% in girls). The prevalence of overweight was 17.4% (18.7% in boys and 16.2% in girls). Gender differences were not significant in any of the age groups studied.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of obesity and overweight in 14 year-old adolescents in our centers is considerable and is similar to that reported in other Spanish regions. The pediatric outpatient clinics of primary care centers should play an active role in the control and prevention of obesity.

[Childhood and adolescent obesity in Spain. Results of the enKid study (1998-2000)]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Obesity is a chronic disease with a complex multifactorial nature which typically begins during childhood and adolescence. It represents one of today's most critical and escalating public health concerns for this segment of the population. The lack of obesity prevalence data at national level prompted the enKid Study (1998-2000), which was designed to evaluate the food habits and nutritional status of Spanish children and youth.

SUBJECTS AND METHOD

Cross-sectional epidemiological study of a representative sample of the Spanish population aged 2 to 24 years (n=3534). Height and weight measurements were carried out using standard procedures and equipment. Obesity and overweight were defined according to BMI values for the 97th and 85th percentiles, respectively using Spanish reference data provided by Hernández et al (1998).

RESULTS

The prevalence of obesity in Spain is 13.9%, while the combination of overweight and obesity yields a prevalence of 26.3% (with a prevalence of overweight alone of 12.4%). Obesity is more common in males (15.6%) than in females (12%), which was also true for overweight. With regard to age, a higher prevalence is found among those aged 6 to 13 years. As for the geographic area, Canary Islands and Andalusia show the highest prevalence and the northeast region the lowest. Obesity is also more prevalent among those people with the lowest socio-economic and educational levels, and in those who omitted or consumed a poor breakfast.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to other countries, Spain shows an intermediate level of obesity in children and youth. Over the past decades, there has been an increasing trend towards overweight and obesity, which are more prevalent in males and during prepuberal ages.