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Chien TH, Lin CL, Chen LW, Chien CH, Hu CC. Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B/Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Mutant Gene Have Higher Values of Serum Alanine Transaminase. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050758. [PMID: 37240928 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share similar pathophysiologies to those of patients with alcohol liver disease. Alcoholic metabolic enzyme-related genes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2)) may be associated with pathophysiology in NAFLD patients. In this study, the association between ADH1B/ALDH2 gene polymorphism and serum metabolic factors, body statures, and hepatic steatosis/fibrosis status was evaluated in patients with NAFLD. Using biochemistry data, abdominal ultrasonography, fibrosis evaluation (Kpa), and steatosis evaluation (CAP), ADH1B gene SNP rs1229984 and ALDH2 gene SNP rs671 polymorphism were analyzed in sixty-six patients from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022. The percentage of the mutant type (GA + AA) was 87.9% (58/66) in the ADH1B allele and 45.5% (30/66) in the ALDH2 allele. Patients with the mutant-type ADH1B/ALDH2 allele had higher values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) than the wild type (β = 0.273, p = 0.04). No association was observed between body mass index, serum metabolic factors (sugar and lipid profile), CAP, kPa, and ADH1B/ALDH2. A high proportion of the mutant-type ADH1B allele (87.9%) and ALDH2 allele (45.5%) was observed in patients with NAFLD. No association was observed between ADH1B/ALDH2 allele, BMI, and hepatic steatosis/fibrosis. Patients with the mutant-type ADH1B/ALDH2 allele had higher values of ALT than those with the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuo-Hsuan Chien
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lang Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Chien
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
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Wang Q, Chang B, Li X, Zou Z. Role of ALDH2 in Hepatic Disorders: Gene Polymorphism and Disease Pathogenesis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:90-98. [PMID: 33604259 PMCID: PMC7868706 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a key enzyme of alcohol metabolism and it is involved in the cellular mechanism of alcohol liver disease. ALDH2 gene mutations exist in about 8% of the world's population, with the incidence reaching 45% in East Asia. The mutations will result in impairment of enzyme activity and accumulation of acetaldehyde, facilitating the progression of other liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, through adduct formation and inflammatory responses. In this review, we seek to summarize recent research progress on the correlation between ALDH2 gene polymorphism and multiple liver diseases, with an attempt to provide clues for better understanding of the disease mechanism and for strategy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Peking University, 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Binxia Chang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zou
- Peking University, 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Correspondence to: Zhengsheng Zou, The Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Infectious Liver Disease, The General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army No. 5 Medical Science Center, No. 100 Xisihuan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China. E-mail:
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Beta-3-adrenergic Receptor rs4994 Polymorphism Is a Potential Biomarker for the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight/Obese Individuals. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:4065327. [PMID: 31929840 PMCID: PMC6942826 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4065327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases. Obesity is the most common and well-established risk factor for NAFLD, but there are large interindividual differences in the relationship between weight status and the development of NAFLD. Beta-3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) plays a key role in the development of visceral obesity and insulin resistance; however, the effect of ADRB3 polymorphisms on the risk of NAFLD remains unclear. We investigated whether or not a common rs4994 polymorphism (T190C) in the ADRB3 gene is associated with the risk of NAFLD through an increase in the body mass index (BMI) among the general population. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in a total of 591 Japanese health screening program participants. Among the overweight or obese subjects, but not normal-weight subjects, individuals with the C/C genotype had a higher risk of developing NAFLD in comparison to those with other genotypes in the cross-sectional analysis (odds ratio: 4.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–17.93). Meanwhile, the receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that the association between an increase in the BMI and the presence of NAFLD in subjects with the C/C genotype (area under the curve: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.78–1.00) was more pronounced in comparison to subjects with other genotypes. These above-described findings were verified by the analyses using a replicated data set consisting of 5,000 random samples from original data sets. Furthermore, among the 291 subjects for whom longitudinal medical information could be collected and who did not have NAFLD at baseline, the Cox proportional hazard model also confirmed that overweight or obese status and the C/C genotype were concertedly related to the increased risk of NAFLD development. These results suggest that genotyping the ADRB3 rs4994 polymorphism may provide useful information supporting the development of personalized BMI-based preventive measures against NAFLD.
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Kimura M, Yokoyama A, Higuchi S. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:955-966. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1690454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Kimura
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoyama
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Matsumoto A, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Ichiba M, Vasiliou V, Akao C, Song BJ, Fujita M. Ethanol induces skin hyperpigmentation in mice with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:61-66. [PMID: 30721697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol induces various cutaneous changes, such as palmar erythema and jaundice. However, alcohol-induced skin hyperpigmentation due to melanin deposition has not been reported. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), one of 19 human ALDH isozymes, metabolizes endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to their respective carboxylic acids. Reduced ALDH2 greatly affects acetaldehyde metabolism, leading to its accumulation in the body after the consumption of alcohol and the consequent development of a wide range of phenotypes. In the present study, we report a novel phenotype manifesting in a mouse model with the altered expression of ALDH2. Aldh2 knockout (Aldh2+/- and Aldh2-/-) and wild-type (Aldh2+/+) mice were fed a standard solid rodent chow and a bottle of ethanol solution at concentrations of 0%, 3%, 10%, or 20% (v/v) for more than 10 weeks. The intensity of their skin pigmentation was evaluated by macroscopic observation. Ethanol-exposed Aldh2+/- and Aldh2-/- mice exhibited dose-dependent skin pigmentation in areas of hairless skin, including the soles of the paws and tail; no such changes were observed in wild-type mice. The intensity of skin pigmentation correlated with the number of Aldh2 alleles that were altered in the mice (i.e., 0, 1 and 2 for Aldh2+/+, Aldh2+/-, Aldh2-/-, respectively). Interestingly, the skin pigmentation changes reversed upon the discontinuation of ethanol. The histological examination of the pigmented skin demonstrated the presence of melanin-like deposits, mainly in the epidermis. In conclusion, we report a novel finding that the intake of ethanol induces skin hyperpigmentation in an ALDH2 activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ichiba
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Chiho Akao
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Matsumoto A. The Bidirectional Effect of Defective ALDH2 Polymorphism and Disease Prevention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1193:69-87. [PMID: 31368098 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes, the defective polymorphism (rs671), which is highly prevalent among East Asians, does not show a serious phenotype, such as congenital abnormality. However, unfavorable and favorable impacts of the variant allele, ALDH2*2, on various disease risks have been reported. The underlying mechanisms are often complicated due to the compensatory aldehyde detoxification systems. As the phenotypes emerge due to overlapping environmental factors (e.g., alcohol intake and tobacco smoke) or individual vulnerabilities (e.g., aging and apolipoprotein E ε4 allele), polymorphism is therefore considered to be important in the field of preventative medicine. For example, it is important to recognize that ALDH2*2 carriers are at a high risk of alcohol drinking-related cancers; however, their drinking habit has less adverse effects on physiological indices, such as blood pressure, body mass index, levels of lipids, and hepatic deviation enzymes in the blood, than in non-ALDH2*2 carriers. Therefore, opportunities to reconsider their excessive drinking habit before adverse events occur can be missed. To perform effective disease prevention, the effects of ALDH2*2 on various diseases and the biological mechanisms should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, Japan.
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Matsumoto A. [Importance of an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Polymorphism in Preventive Medicine]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:9-20. [PMID: 29386454 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Unlike genetic alterations in other aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes, a defective ALDH2 polymorphism (rs671), which is carried by almost half of East Asians, does not show a clear phenotype such as a shortened life span. However, impacts of a defective ALDH2 allele, ALDH2*2, on various disease risks have been reported. As ALDH2 is responsible for the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes, a negative effect of this polymorphism is predicted, but bidirectional effects have been actually observed and the mechanisms underlying such influences are often complex. One reason for this complexity may be the existence of compensatory aldehyde detoxification systems and the secondary effects of these systems. There are many issues to be addressed with regard to the ALDH2 polymorphism in the field of preventive medicine, including the following concerns. First, ALDH2 in the fetal stage plays a role in aldehyde detoxification; therefore, prenatal health effects of environmental aldehyde exposure are of concern for ALDH2*2-carrying fetuses. Second, ALDH2*2 carriers are at high risk of drinking-related cancers. However, their drinking habits result in less worsening of physiological findings, such as energy metabolism index and liver functions, compared with non-ALDH2*2 carriers, and therefore opportunities to detect excessive drinking can be lost. Third, personalized medicine such as personalized prescriptions for ALDH2*2 carriers will be required in the clinical setting, and accumulation of evidence is awaited. Lastly, since the ALDH2 polymorphism is not considered in workers' limits of exposure to aldehydes and their precursors, efforts to lower exposure levels beyond legal standards are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine
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Matsumoto A, Thompson DC, Chen Y, Kitagawa K, Vasiliou V. Roles of defective ALDH2 polymorphism on liver protection and cancer development. Environ Health Prev Med 2016; 21:395-402. [PMID: 27714678 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because serum transaminases elevate alcohol dose dependently as a consequence of liver injury, they serve as useful biological markers of excessive drinking. However, these markers are inadequate in individuals with a defective allele of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene, ALDH2*2, because they show a different correlation with the amount of ethanol. For example, the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level could become even lower than the baseline after alcohol intake in ALDH2*2 carriers. In fact, multiple studies suggest that ALDH2*2 is a hepato-protective factor in healthy individuals. Importantly, excessive drinking is particularly dangerous in carriers of ALDH2*2 because the risk of alcohol-related cancer is much higher than that for ALDH2*1/*1 carriers. Without recognizing the genotype interaction on serum transaminase, the opportunity to warn people about potential cancer risks is missed owing to incorrect interpretation. This is particularly important in East Asian countries where approximately half of the population carries the ALDH2*2 allele. To date, the mechanism of liver protection from ethanol load in individuals with ALDH2*2 has not been fully elucidated. However, some reasonable mechanisms have been suggested by experimental studies, including remodelling of detoxifying systems. Further studies to uncover the whole mechanism are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, 12850 E. Aurora, Denver, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, 431-3125, Japan
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
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Matsumoto A, Thompson D, Chen Y, Vasiliou V, Kawamoto T, Ichiba M. Heme oxygenase 1 protects ethanol-administered liver tissue in Aldh2 knockout mice. Alcohol 2016; 52:49-54. [PMID: 27139237 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A genetic polymorphism of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene, ALDH2*2, encodes an enzymatically defective ALDH2 protein. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that possessing ALDH2*2 is a protective factor for liver tissue in healthy individuals, although these studies lack a mechanistic explanation. Our animal studies have shown the same trend: levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were lower in Aldh2 knockout (Aldh2(-/-)) mice than in wild-type (Aldh2(+/+)) mice after ethanol administration. To propose a mechanistic hypothesis, residual liver specimens from the previous experiment were analyzed. An anti-oxidative protein, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and an oxidative stress-producing protein, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), were detected at higher levels in Aldh2(-/-) mice than in Aldh2(+/+) mice, regardless of ethanol treatment. Other oxidative stress-related proteins and inflammatory cytokines did not show such a significant difference. To conclude, we propose a protective role of HO-1 in individuals with ALDH2*2. Our continued studies support the epidemiological finding that possession of ALDH2*2 is a protective factor in the liver of the healthy individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - David Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-0804, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ichiba
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Matsumoto A. [Fundamental Properties of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and the Importance of the ALDH2 Polymorphism]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2016; 71:55-68. [PMID: 26832618 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.71.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a 56 kDa mitochondrial protein that forms homodimers through hydrogen bonding interactions between the Glu487 and Arg475 residues of two ALDH2 proteins. Two ALDH2 homodimers can interact to form an ALDH2 tetramer. ALDH2 is widely distributed throughout the organs of the body. In addition to its dehydrogenase activity, ALDH2 also exhibits esterase and reductase activities, with the main substrates for these three activities being aldehydes, 4-nitrophenyl acetate and nitroglycerin, respectively. ALDH2 can be readily inhibited by a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, but the induction or activation of this enzyme remains unlikely. The polymorphism of ALDH2 to the corresponding ALDH2*2 variant results in a severe deficiency in ALDH2 activity, and this particular polymorphism is prevalent among people of Mongoloid descent. It seems reasonable to expect that people with the ALDH2*2 variant would be more vulnerable to stress and diseases because ALDH2 defends the human body against toxic aldehydes. However, it has been suggested that people with the ALDH2*2 variant are protected by alternative stress-defending systems. The ALDH2*2 variant has been reported to be associated with many different kinds of diseases, although the mechanisms underlying these associations have not yet been elucidated. ALDH2 polymorphism has a significant impact on human health; further studies are therefore required to determine the practical implications of this polymorphism in the fields of preventive and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine
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Lawlor DA, Benn M, Zuccolo L, De Silva NMG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Smith GD, Nordestgaard BG. ADH1B and ADH1C genotype, alcohol consumption and biomarkers of liver function: findings from a Mendelian randomization study in 58,313 European origin Danes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114294. [PMID: 25503943 PMCID: PMC4266606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of alcohol consumption on liver function is difficult to determine because of reporting bias and potential residual confounding. Our aim was to determine this effect using genetic variants to proxy for the unbiased effect of alcohol. Methods We used variants in ADH1B and ADH1C genes as instrumental variables (IV) to estimate the causal effect of long-term alcohol consumption on alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl-transferase (γ-GT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and prothrombin action. Analyses were undertaken on 58,313 Danes (mean age 56). Results In both confounder adjusted multivariable and genetic-IV analyses greater alcohol consumption, amongst those who drank any alcohol, was associated with higher ALT [mean difference per doubling of alcohol consumption: 3.4% (95% CI: 3.1, 3.7) from multivariable analyses and 3.7% (−4.5, 11.9) from genetic-IV analyses] and γ-GT [8.2% (7.8, 8.5) and 6.8% (−2.8, 16.5)]. The point estimates from the two methods were very similar and statistically the results from the two methods were consistent with each other for effects with ALT and γ-GT (both pdiff>0.3). Results from the multivariable analyses suggested a weak inverse association of alcohol with ALP [−1.5% (−1.7, −1.3)], which differed from the strong positive effect found in genetic-IV analyses [11.6% (6.8, 16.4)] (pdiff<0.0001). In both multivariable and genetic-IV analyses associations with bilirubin and protrombin action were weak and close to the null. Conclusions Our results suggest that greater consumption of alcohol is related to poorer liver function as indicated by higher ALT, γ-GT and ALP, but not to clotting or bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marianne Benn
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - N. Maneka G. De Silva
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Matsumoto A, Vasiliou V, Kawamoto T, Tanaka K, Ichiba M. Ethanol reduces lifespan, body weight, and serum alanine aminotransferase level of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 knockout mouse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1883-93. [PMID: 24930774 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) knockout mouse is an animal model of a polymorphism at the human ALDH2 locus (ALDH2*2). To detect differences in the basic phenotype of this animal model, lifespan, body weight (BW), and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level were evaluated. METHODS Aldh2(+/+) , Aldh2(+/-) , and Aldh2(-/-) mice were maintained, from 10 weeks of age, on standard solid food, with liquid supplied as ethanol (EtOH) solution at a concentration of 0 to 20% (forced EtOH consumption). RESULTS For animals provided with water (without EtOH), mice of the distinct genotypes exhibited no difference in lifespan, with the mean values ranging from 90 to 96 weeks for female mice and 97 to 105 weeks for male mice. For animals provided with EtOH, there was a dose-dependent reduction of lifespan in Aldh2(-/-) mice with p for trend <0.001. For example, the mean lifespans of the Aldh2(-/-) females in the 0, 3, 10, and 20% groups were 95, 85, 70, and 29 weeks, respectively. No influence on lifespan was found for Aldh2(+/+) and Aldh2(+/-) mice. BW and ALT level of Aldh2(-/-) mice were significantly lower than those of Aldh2(+/+) mice when the mice were treated with EtOH. While multiple regression analysis suggested that the BW and ALT level in Aldh2(-/-) mice correlated with lifespan, adjustment for EtOH concentration revealed that this correlation was not significant (i.e., reflected EtOH dependence). CONCLUSIONS Aldh2(-/-) mice were unchanged in terms of their basic phenotype under standard laboratory conditions. However, chronic EtOH administration (forced consumption) in these mice resulted in dose-dependent reductions in lifespan, BW, and serum ALT level.
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Mali VR, Ning R, Chen J, Yang XP, Xu J, Palaniyandi SS. Impairment of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adduct formation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in mice fed a high-fat diet and injected with low-dose streptozotocin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:610-8. [PMID: 24651616 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213520109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) are generated in the myocardium in cardiac disease. 4HNE and other toxic aldehydes form adducts with proteins, leading to cell damage and organ dysfunction. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) metabolize toxic aldehydes such as 4HNE into nontoxic metabolites. Both ALDH levels and activity are reduced in cardiac disease. We examined whether reduced ALDH2 activity contributes to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in mice fed a high-fat diet and injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ). These mice exhibited most of the characteristics of metabolic syndrome/type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM): increased blood glucose levels depicting hyperglycemia (415.2 ± 18.7 mg/dL vs. 265.2 ± 7.6 mg/dL; P < 0.05), glucose intolerance with normal plasma insulin levels, suggesting insulin resistance and obesity as evident from increased weight (44 ± 3.1 vs. 34.50 ± 1.32 g; P < 0.05) and body fat. Myocardial ALDH2 activity was 60% lower in these mice (0.1 ± 0.012 vs. 0.04 ± 0.015 µmol/min/mg protein; P < 0.05). Myocardial 4HNE levels were also elevated in the hyperglycemic hearts. Co-immunoprecipitation study showed that 4HNE formed adducts on myocardial ALDH2 protein in the mice exhibiting metabolic syndrome/type-2 DM, and they had obvious cardiac hypertrophy compared with controls as evident from increased heart weight (HW), HW to tibial length ratio, left ventricular (LV) mass and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was correlated inversely with ALDH2 activity (R (2 )= 0.7; P < 0.05). Finally, cardiac dysfunction was observed in mice with metabolic syndrome/type-2 DM. Therefore, we conclude that reduced ALDH2 activity may contribute to cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice presenting with some of the characteristics of metabolic syndrome/type-2 DM when on a high-fat diet and low-dose STZ injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal R Mali
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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14
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Li S, Liu X, Wei L, Wang H, Zhang J, Wei H, Qian X, Jiang Y, He F. Plasma biomarker screening for liver fibrosis with the N-terminal isotope tagging strategy. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:393-402. [PMID: 21574042 PMCID: PMC7088802 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A non-invasive diagnostic approach is crucial for the evaluation of severity of liver disease, treatment decisions, and assessing drug efficacy. This study evaluated plasma proteomic profiling via an N-terminal isotope tagging strategy coupled with liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry measurement to detect liver fibrosis staging. Pooled plasma from different liver fibrosis stages, which were assessed in advance by the current gold-standard of liver biopsy, was quantitatively analyzed. A total of 72 plasma proteins were found to be dysregulated during the fibrogenesis process, and this finding constituted a valuable candidate plasma biomarker bank for follow-up analysis. Validation results of fibronectin by Western blotting reconfirmed the mass-based data. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis showed four types of metabolic networks for the functional effect of liver fibrosis disease in chronic hepatitis B patients. Consequently, quantitative proteomics via the N-terminal acetyl isotope labeling technique provides an effective and useful tool for screening plasma candidate biomarkers for liver fibrosis. We quantitatively monitored the fibrogenesis process in CHB patients. We discovered many new valuable candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and also partly identified the mechanism involved in liver fibrosis disease. These results provide a clearer understanding of liver fibrosis pathophysiology and will also hopefully lead to improvement of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuLong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
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15
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Haruta I, Hashimoto E, Kabutake A, Taniai M, Tokushige K, Shiratori K. Spur cell anemia associated with a cirrhotic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patient. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:482-5. [PMID: 17539820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spur cell anemia is an acquired hemolytic anemia, which may occur in patients with severe liver dysfunction, especially in those with alcoholic cirrhosis. Recently, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been highlighted as one of the causes of chronic liver diseases, which could progress to cirrhosis. Histological features of NASH are indistinguishable from those of alcoholic hepatitis. We report on a cirrhotic NASH patient who developed progressive indirect dominant jaundice and intractable hemolytic anemia during his follow-up. This report shows the first case of a cirrhotic NASH patient who died as a result of spur cell anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Haruta
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Ono M, Saibara T. Clinical features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Japan: Evidence from the literature. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:725-32. [PMID: 16988759 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, that is, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia, is a new disease entity prevailing worldwide, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is believed to be a hepatic expression of this syndrome. NASH is characterized by zone 3-dominant hepatic steatosis with ballooned hepatocytes and Mallory bodies, zone 3 pericellular and perivenular fibrosis with or without bridging fibrosis, and lobular inflammatory cell infiltration. Indeed, 90% of NASH has been revealed to be complicated by visceral obesity, and two-thirds of NASH patients fulfill the criteria of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, a variety of lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus may share the same background. NASH is most prevalent and well characterized in Caucasians; however, little is known about its occurrence in Asia-Oceania, because obesity has not been frequent in countries in these areas. Obesity is expected to become a serious social problem in Asia-Oceania in the next two decades, so we need to prevent a corresponding increase of NASH. For that purpose, we need to know much about not only NASH but also ourselves. To elucidate the status of NASH in Japan, recent progress in the study of NASH in Japan is reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kochi Medical School, Oko, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
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