1
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Titov VN, Rozhkova TA, Kaminnaya VI, Alchinova IB. [Clinical biochemistry methods in objectiva evalution of overeating foood of carnivores (meat)by a phylogenetically herbivorous homo sapiens (a patient).]. Klin Lab Diagn 2019; 64:4-13. [PMID: 30912878 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-1-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of food of carnivores (meat) by phylogeneticallyI herbivorous Homo sapiens (a patient) initiates atherosclerosis. Addressing biogenetic law of E. Haeckel that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny (a universal anamnesis), we suggest a diagnostic technique that allows evaluation of the meat diet abuse by a herbivorous Homo sapiens. This technique is based on application of phylogenetic theory of general pathology to clinical practice. The degrees of objective evaluation of nonphysiological overeating of meat are: the first, an increase in the fast plasma content of oleic triglycerides palmitoyl-oleyl-palmitate (POP). The second, hyperglyceridemia + an increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CL) content. The third, increased plasma content of apoС-III. The fourth, an increase in the concentration of apoВ-48. If electrophoregrams are analyzed and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type is determined according to WHO classification, the first degree of meat overeating is not informative, the second, corresponds to type IV HLP; the third, to type IIb HLP, and the forth, to type V HLP, i.e, the patient diet consists practically of the food of carnivores. Hyperlipoproteinemia coincides with insulin resistance syndrome, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which is based on blood increase of fatty acids in the form of polar unesterified fatty acids (UFA). According to phylogenetic theory of general pathology, in vivo cells do not internalize glucose if there is a possibility to internalize UFA. Preventive examination allows evaluation of disorders in the biological function of trophology (food consumption). Thus, the use of different methods in the analysis of this function offers evaluation of the effectiveness of diet therapy from the level of disorders when treatment was started.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Titov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 121552, Moscow
| | - T A Rozhkova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 121552, Moscow
| | - V I Kaminnaya
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 121552, Moscow
| | - I B Alchinova
- FGBNU "Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology", Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, 125315, Moscow
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2
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Abstract
Accumulating clinical evidence has suggested serum triglyceride (TG) is a leading predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, comparable to low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (C) in populations with type 2 diabetes, which exceeds the predictive power of hemoglobinA1c. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in diabetes consists of elevated serum concentrations of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), a high prevalence of small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and low concentrations of cholesterol-rich high-density lipoprotein (HDL)2-C. A central lipoprotein abnormality is an increase in large TG-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)1, and other lipoprotein abnormalities are metabolically linked to increased TRLs. Insulin critically regulates serum VLDL concentrations by suppressing hepatic VLDL production and stimulating VLDL removal by activation of lipoprotein lipase. It is still debated whether hyperinsulinemia compensatory for insulin resistance is causally associated with the overproduction of VLDL. This review introduces experimental and clinical observations revealing that insulin resistance, but not hyperinsulinemia stimulates hepatic VLDL production. LDL and HDL consist of heterogeneous particles with different size and density. Cholesterol-depleted small dense LDL and cholesterol-rich HDL2 subspecies are particularly affected by insulin resistance and can be named “Metabolic LDL and HDL,” respectively. We established the direct assays for quantifying small dense LDL-C and small dense HDL(HDL3)-C, respectively. Subtracting HDL3-C from HDL-C gives HDL2-C. I will explain clinical relevance of measurements of LDL and HDL subspecies determined by our assays. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) substantially worsens plasma lipid profile thereby potentiated atherogenic risk. Finally, I briefly overview pathophysiology of dyslipidemia associated with DKD, which has not been so much taken up by other review articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hirano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine
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3
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Sundaram M, Curtis KR, Amir Alipour M, LeBlond ND, Margison KD, Yaworski RA, Parks RJ, McIntyre AD, Hegele RA, Fullerton MD, Yao Z. The apolipoprotein C-III (Gln38Lys) variant associated with human hypertriglyceridemia is a gain-of-function mutation. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2188-2196. [PMID: 28887372 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent cell culture and animal studies have suggested that expression of human apo C-III in the liver has a profound impact on the triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich VLDL1 production under lipid-rich conditions. The apoC-III Gln38Lys variant was identified in subjects of Mexican origin with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. We postulated that Gln38Lys (C3QK), being a gain-of-function mutation, promotes hepatic VLDL1 assembly/secretion. To test this hypothesis, we expressed C3QK in McA-RH7777 cells and apoc3-null mice to contrast its effect with WT apoC-III (C3WT). In both model systems, C3QK expression increased the secretion of VLDL1-TAG (by 230%) under lipid-rich conditions. Metabolic labeling experiments with C3QK cells showed an increase in de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Fasting plasma concentration of TAG, cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and FA were increased in C3QK mice as compared with C3WT mice. Liver of C3QK mice also displayed an increase in DNL and expression of lipogenic genes as compared with that in C3WT mice. These results suggest that C3QK variant is a gain-of-function mutation that can stimulate VLDL1 production, through enhanced DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kaitlin R Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mohsen Amir Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nicholas D LeBlond
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn D Margison
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Yaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Adam D McIntyre
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Morgan D Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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4
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Cho JY, Choi J, Park JG, Yi YS, Hossen MJ, Kim H, Ro J, Cha BC, Yoo ES, Kim JH, Lee J. Alcohol-induced Hyperlipidemia Is Ameliorated by Orally Administered DWP208, a Sodium Succinate Form of ZYM201. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:469-74. [PMID: 25598660 PMCID: PMC4296035 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DWP208 is a sodium succinate form of ZYM-201 which is a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from Sanguisorba officinalis, a medicinal plant prescribed for various diseases, such as duodenal ulcers and bleeding in East Asian counties. We demonstrated that this compound is able to normalize the altered lipid metabolism induced by hyperglycemia and a high fat diet. In this study, we determined whether hyperlipidemic conditions induced with chronically treated alcohol can also be restored by DWP208. Similar to our previous results, orally administered DWP208 (1 to 10 mg/kg) also ameliorated the hyperlipidemia that was induced by alcohol. This compound reversed the alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia including (i) up-regulated hyperlipidemic parameters such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), atherosclerotic index (AI), triglyceride, and total cholesterol, and (ii) down-regulated hyperlipidemic parameters such as absolute body weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum and liver. According to our data, the ameliorative activity of DWP208 is due to its indirect anti-oxidative activity as a result of which lipid peroxide and hydroxyl radical levels were reduced and the activity of SOD was enhanced. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that DWP208 can be used as a remedy against alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jongwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736, Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea. ; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barisal 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Jieun Ro
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Bae Cheon Cha
- College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Yoo
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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5
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Yamamoto T, Obika S, Nakatani M, Yasuhara H, Wada F, Shibata E, Shibata MA, Harada-Shiba M. Locked nucleic acid antisense inhibitor targeting apolipoprotein C-III efficiently and preferentially removes triglyceride from large very low-density lipoprotein particles in murine plasma. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 723:353-9. [PMID: 24269597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A 20-mer phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide having locked nucleic acids (LNA-AON) was used to reduce elevated serum triglyceride levels in mice. We repeatedly administered LNA-AON, which targets murine apolipoprotein C-III mRNA, to high-fat-fed C57Bl/6J male mice for 2 weeks. The LNA-AON showed efficient dose-dependent reductions in hepatic apolipoprotein C-III mRNA and decreased serum apolipoprotein C-III protein concentrations, along with efficient dose-dependent reductions in serum triglyceride concentrations and attenuation of fat accumulation in the liver. Through precise lipoprotein profiling analysis of sera, we found that serum reductions in triglyceride and cholesterol levels were largely a result of decreased serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglycerides and -cholesterol. It is noteworthy that larger VLDL particles were more susceptible to removal from blood than smaller particles, resulting in a shift in particle size distribution to smaller diameters. Histopathologically, fatty changes were markedly reduced in antisense-treated mice, while moderate granular degeneration was frequently seen the highest dose of LNA-AON. The observed granular degeneration of hepatocytes may be associated with moderate elevation in the levels of serum transaminases. In conclusion, we developed an LNA-based selective inhibitor of apolipoprotein C-III. Although it remains necessary to eliminate its potential hepatotoxicity, the present LNA-AON will be helpful for further elucidating the molecular biology of apolipoprotein C-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Moeka Nakatani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Fumito Wada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Eiko Shibata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masa-Aki Shibata
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
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6
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Tien ES, Hannon DB, Thompson JT, Vanden Heuvel JP. Examination of Ligand-Dependent Coactivator Recruitment by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPARalpha). PPAR Res 2011; 2006:69612. [PMID: 17259669 PMCID: PMC1664713 DOI: 10.1155/ppar/2006/69612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand-dependent recruitment of coactivators to peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) was
examined. PPAR-binding protein (PBP), PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), steroid receptor
coactivator-1 (SRC-1), and CBP/p300-interacting transactivator
with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2) affected PPARα activity in the
presence of Wy-14,643. The effects on PPARα activity in
light of increased or decreased expression of these coactivators
were qualitatively different depending on the ligand examined.
Diminished expression of PGC-1α, SRC-1, or PBP by RNAi
plasmids affected natural or synthetic agonist activity whereas
only Wy-14,643 was affected by decreased PGC-1α. The
interaction of PPARα with an LXXLL-containing peptide
library showed ligand-specific patterns, indicative of differences
in conformational change. The association of coactivators to
PPARα occurs predominantly
via the carboxyl-terminus and
mutating 456LHPLL to 456LHPAA resulted in a
dominant-negative construct. This research confirms that
coactivator recruitment to PPARα is ligand-dependent and
that selective receptor modulators (SRMs) of this important
protein are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Tien
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and
Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University,
201 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- NIEHS, MD E4-07, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Daniel B. Hannon
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and
Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University,
201 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jerry T. Thompson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and
Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University,
201 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John P. Vanden Heuvel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and
Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University,
201 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- *John P. Vanden Heuvel:
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7
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Haeusler RA, Han S, Accili D. Hepatic FoxO1 ablation exacerbates lipid abnormalities during hyperglycemia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26861-26868. [PMID: 20573950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.134023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes suffer disproportionately from impaired lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease, but the relevant roles of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in these processes are unclear. Transcription factor FoxO1 is regulated dually by insulin and nutrients. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that, in addition to its established role to regulate hepatic glucose production, FoxO1 controls aspects of lipid metabolism in the diabetic liver. Mice with a liver-specific deletion of FoxO1 (L-FoxO1) and their control littermates were rendered hyperglycemic by streptozotocin administration. Subsequently, we monitored serum lipids, liver VLDL secretion, and hepatic expression of genes related to lipid metabolism. Hepatic FoxO1 ablation resulted in increased VLDL secretion, increased cholesterol, and increased plasma free fatty acids, three hallmarks of the diabetic state. l-FoxO1 mice expressed increased levels of SREBP-2 and FGF21 without affecting lipogenic genes. We propose that FoxO1 fine tunes lipolysis through its actions on FGF21 and that hepatic FoxO1 ablation increases availability of substrates for hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis and VLDL secretion. The implications of these findings are that FoxO1 protects against excessive hepatic lipid production during hyperglycemia and that its inhibition by intensive insulin treatment may exacerbate paradoxically the lipid abnormalities of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seongah Han
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.
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8
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Abstract
The concurrence of visceral obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia comprises the concept of the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is an escalating problem in developed and developing societies that tracks with the obesity epidemic. Dyslipidaemia in the metabolic syndrome is potently atherogenic and, hence, is a major risk factor for CVD (cardiovascular disease) in these subjects. It is globally characterized by hypertriglyceridaemia, near normal LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol and low plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol. ApoC-III (apolipoprotein C-III), an important regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, is strongly associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and the progression of CVD. ApoC-III impairs the lipolysis of TRLs [triacylglycerol (triglyceride)-rich lipoproteins] by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase and the hepatic uptake of TRLs by remnant receptors. In the circulation, apoC-III is associated with TRLs and HDL, and freely exchanges among these lipoprotein particle systems. However, to fully understand the complex physiology and pathophysiology requires the application of tracer methodology and mathematical modelling. In addition, experimental evidence shows that apoC-III may also have a direct role in atherosclerosis. In the metabolic syndrome, increased apoC-III concentration, resulting from hepatic overproduction of VLDL (very-LDL) apoC-III, is strongly associated with delayed catabolism of triacylglycerols and TRLs. Several therapies pertinent to the metabolic syndrome, such as PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor) agonists and statins, can regulate apoC-III transport in the metabolic syndrome. Regulating apoC-III metabolism may be an important new therapeutic approach to managing dyslipidaemia and CVD risk in the metabolic syndrome.
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9
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Chan DC, Chen MM, Ooi EMM, Watts GF. An ABC of apolipoprotein C-III: a clinically useful new cardiovascular risk factor? Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:799-809. [PMID: 18201179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridaemia, commonly found in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and may provide a new approach to assessing hypertriglyceridaemia. AIMS We review the role of apoC-III in regulating TRL metabolism and address the potential importance of apoC-III in clinical practice. DISCUSSION Hypertriglyceridaemia is chiefly a consequence of alterations in the kinetics of TRLs, including overproduction and delayed clearance of very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL). ApoC-III is an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase and of TRLs remnant uptake by hepatic lipoprotein receptors. Elevated apoC-III, usually resulting from hepatic overproduction of VLDL apoC-III, may cause accumulation of plasma TRLs leading to hypertriglyceridaemia. The results from recent observational studies demonstrate that apoC-III is a strong predictor of risk for CHD, but this chiefly relates to apoC-III in apoB-containing lipoproteins. Lifestyle and pharmacological intervention can correct hypertriglyceridaemia by a mechanism of action that regulates apoC-III transport. CONCLUSIONS Targeting apoC-III metabolism may therefore be an important, new therapeutic approach to managing dyslipidaemia and CHD risk in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, further work is required to establish the practical aspects of measuring apoC-III in routine laboratory service and the precise therapeutic targets for serum total apoC-III and/or apoC-III in apoB-containing lipoproteins. While showing much promise as a potentially useful cardiovascular risk factor, apoC-III is not yet ready for prime time use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Chan
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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10
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Sébert SP, Lecannu G, Sené S, Hucteau S, Chetiveaux M, Ouguerram K, Champ MMJ. Obesity induced during sexual maturation is linked to LDL-triacylglycerols in Yucatan miniature swine. Br J Nutr 2007; 94:282-9. [PMID: 16115364 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of childhood obesity is rising dramatically throughout industrialised countries. To evaluate and study the impact of childhood obesity on lipoprotein metabolism, we developed a new animal model of premature obesity. Yucatan mini-pigs aged 4 months were studied over a 12-month period from childhood to adulthood. Animals were divided into two groups: the first group were overfed a Western misbalanced diet; the second group were normally fed a recommended human-type diet. Cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations in VLDL-, LDL- and HDL-lipoproteins were followed from baseline to adulthood by fast protein liquid chromatography. At 10 (the end of sexual maturation) and 16 months old (adulthood), liver, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were sampled. Real-time RT-PCR was performed in order to compare apo AI, apo B, apo C-III, PPAR-α, insulin receptor and lipoprotein lipase gene expression between groups and ages. Differences between groups were observed only after sexual maturity. Adult overfed mini-pigs had a higher LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (P<0·05; 0·55 (SE 0·06) for overfedv. 0·42 (SE 0·04) for normally fed pigs at the tenth month of the study). In both groups, VLDL-triacylglycerol decreased (P<0·05). VLDL-triacylglycerol evolution in the overfed group was associated with an increase in LDL-triacylglycerol plasma concentrations (P<0·05) after sexual maturation. LDL-triacylglycerol concentration in overfed mini-pigs went from an average of 0·28 mmol/l before sexual maturation to reach an average concentration of 0·56 mmol/l afterwards. This phenomenon has never been observed in similar studies when obesity is induced in adult mini-pigs and may represent a specific hallmark of an obesity induced during sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain P Sébert
- Human Nutrition and Gut Functions Unit, National Institute of Agronomic Research Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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11
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Atzmon G, Rincon M, Schechter CB, Shuldiner AR, Lipton RB, Bergman A, Barzilai N. Lipoprotein genotype and conserved pathway for exceptional longevity in humans. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:e113. [PMID: 16602826 PMCID: PMC1413567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of single genes involved in nutrient and lipoprotein metabolism increases longevity in several animal models. Because exceptional longevity in humans is familial, it is likely that polymorphisms in genes favorably influence certain phenotypes and increase the likelihood of exceptional longevity. A group of Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians (
n = 213), their offspring (
n = 216), and an age-matched Ashkenazi control group (
n = 258) were genotyped for 66 polymorphisms in 36 candidate genes related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). These genes were tested for association with serum lipoprotein levels and particle sizes, apolipoprotein A1, B, and C-3 levels and with outcomes of hypertension, insulin resistance, and mortality. The prevalence of homozygosity for the −641C allele in the
APOC3 promoter (rs2542052) was higher in centenarians (25%) and their offspring (20%) than in controls (10%) (
p = 0.0001 and
p = 0.001, respectively). This genotype was associated with significantly lower serum levels of APOC3 and a favorable pattern of lipoprotein levels and sizes. We found a lower prevalence of hypertension and greater insulin sensitivity in the −641C homozygotes, suggesting a protective effect against CVD and the metabolic syndrome. Finally, in a prospectively studied cohort, a significant survival advantage was demonstrated in those with the favorable −641C homozygote (
p < 0.0001). Homozygosity for the
APOC3 −641C allele is associated with a favorable lipoprotein profile, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, and longevity. Because modulation of lipoproteins is also seen in genetically altered longevity models, it may be a common pathway influencing lifespan from nematodes to humans.
An allele of apolipoprotein C3 (which regulates lipoprotein metabolism) is more prevalent in centenarian humans than controls. This genotype is associated with a favorable lipoprotein profile, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Atzmon
- 1Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- 2Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Marielisa Rincon
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Clyde B Schechter
- 2Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- 4Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- 6Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- 8University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard B Lipton
- 1Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- 5Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- 6Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Aviv Bergman
- 7Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Nir Barzilai
- 1Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- 2Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Bevilacqua M, Righini V, Barrella M, Vago T, Chebat E, Dominguez LJ. Effects of fluvastatin slow-release (XL 80 mg) versus simvastatin (20 mg) on the lipid triad in patients with type 2 diabetes. Adv Ther 2005; 22:527-42. [PMID: 16510370 DOI: 10.1007/bf02849947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lipid triad is the association of small, dense (sd) low-density lipoprotein (LDL), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and hypertriglyceridemia, all of which play a role in coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Although statins have demonstrated clear positive effects on cardiovascular morbidity/mortality in patients with diabetes and on single components of the lipid triad, it remains controversial whether they affect all components of the triad in these patients. Therefore, we performed a single-center, parallel-group, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint (PROBE)-type comparison of fluvastatin extended-release (XL) 80 mg (n=48) and simvastatin 20 mg (n=46), each given once daily for 2 months to patients with type 2 diabetes with the lipid triad, who were enrolled after a 1-month lifestyle modification and dietary intervention program. After fluvastatin therapy, LDL (-51%; P<.01), apolipoprotein B (ApoB; -33%; P<.01), intermediate-density LDL (idLDL) (-14.3%; P<.05), sdLDL (-45%; P<.01), and triglycerides (-38%; P<.01) were significantly decreased, and HDL (+14.3%; P<.05) and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I; +7%; P<.05) were increased; large buoyant (lb) LDL did not change (P=NS). Simvastatin therapy decreased LDL (-55.1%; P<.01), ApoB (-46%; P<.01), lbLDL (-33.3%; P<.05), idLDL (-22.7%; P<.05), sdLDL (-33.3%; P<.05), and triglycerides (-47.9%; P<.01); HDL was not changed (P=NS) after simvastatin, but ApoA-I was increased (+11.3%; P<.01). HDL increases (P<.01) and sdLDL decreases (P<.01) were significantly greater after fluvastatin compared with simvastatin therapy; LDL, triglycerides, ApoB, and idLDL changes were similar after both therapies (P=NS), and lbLDL decreases were greater with simvastatin therapy (P<.05). With both treatments, classic mean LDL and ApoB target levels were achieved in most patients. We conclude that the lipid triad can be controlled with fluvastatin XL 80 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bevilacqua
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit and LORENZ Research Center, Department of Medicine, Luigi Sacco Hospital (Vialba)-University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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