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Tomlinson B, Li YH, Chan P. Evaluating gliclazide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1869-1877. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2141108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yan-hong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Differential metabolic network construction for personalized medicine: Study of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients' response to gliclazide-modified-release-treated. J Biomed Inform 2021; 118:103796. [PMID: 33932596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in genetic and environmental factors can cause the differences in metabolic phenotypes, which may have an effect on drug responses of patients. Deep exploration of patients' responses to therapeutic agents is a crucial and urgent event in the personalized treatment study. Using machine learning methods for the discovery of suitability evaluation biomarkers can provide deep insight into the mechanism of disease therapy and facilitate the development of personalized medicine. To find important metabolic network signals for the prediction of patients' drug responses, a novel method referred to as differential metabolic network construction (DMNC) was proposed. In DMNC, concentration changes in metabolite ratios between different pathological states are measured to construct differential metabolic networks, which can be used to advance clinical decision-making. In this study, DMNC was applied to characterize type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients' responses against gliclazide modified-release (MR) therapy. Two T2DM metabolomics datasets from different batches of subjects treated by gliclazide MR were analyzed in depth. A network biomarker was defined to assess the patients' suitability for gliclazide MR. It can be effective in the prediction of significant responders from nonsignificant responders, achieving area under the curve values of 0.893 and 1.000 for the discovery and validation sets, respectively. Compared with the metabolites selected by the other methods, the network biomarker selected by DMNC was more stable and precise to reflect the metabolic responses in patients to gliclazide MR therapy, thereby contributing for the personalized medicine of T2DM patients. The better performance of DMNC validated its potential for the identification of network biomarkers to characterize the responses against therapeutic treatments and provide valuable information for personalized medicine.
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Easy to Swallow “Instant” Jelly Formulations for Sustained Release Gliclazide Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2474-2484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gliclazide attenuates acetic acid-induced colitis via the modulation of PPARγ, NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 391:114919. [PMID: 32045587 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative Colitis is a universal autoimmune disease with high incidence rates worldwide. It is characterized by the existence of many other concurrent immune-associated ailments, including diabetes. The used strategies for the management of this highly costing and complicated disease face great challenges. Therefore, the urge for new medication with fewer side effects and high efficacy is growing. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and nuclear factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) can be considered as crucial targets for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Several studies reported the antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions of gliclazide and evaluated its cardioprotective and renoprotective effects. However, its impact on ulcerative colitis has never been investigated. This study delineated the effect of gliclazide administration on ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid in rats and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Gliclazide (10 mg/kg; p.o) prominently decreased colon tissue injury as assessed by the histopathological analysis as well as myeloperoxidase, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels. Gliclazide significantly alleviated the proinflammatory mediator, IL-6, promoted the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 and, withheld oxidative stress in the injured colon tissues. The protective effect of gliclazide was mediated through the upregulation of PPARγ and downregulation of NF-κB expression. The diminution of ulcerative colitis was also accompanied by an inhibition of the elevated activity and expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspase-3 as assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Our findings spotlight, for the first time, the potential of the antidiabetic agent, gliclazide, to attenuate the experimentally induced ulcerative colitis. Therefore, gliclazide might be a propitious agent for the management of ulcerative colitis in diabetic patients.
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Lin SY. Thermoresponsive gating membranes embedded with liquid crystal(s) for pulsatile transdermal drug delivery: An overview and perspectives. J Control Release 2019; 319:450-474. [PMID: 31901369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the circadian rhythm regulation of almost every biological process in the human body, physiological and biochemical conditions vary considerably over the course of a 24-h period. Thus, optimal drug delivery and therapy should be effectively controlled to achieve the desired therapeutic plasma concentrations and therapeutic drug responses at the required time according to chronopharmacological concepts, rather than continuous maintenance of constant drug concentrations for an extended time period. For many drugs, it is not always necessary to constantly deliver a drug into the human body under disease conditions due to rhythmic variations. Pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDSs) have been receiving more attention in pharmaceutical development by providing a predetermined lag period, followed by a fast or rate-controlled drug release after application. PDDSs are characterized by a programmed drug release, which may release a drug at repeatable pulses to match the biological and clinical needs of a given disease therapy. This review article focuses on thermoresponsive gating membranes embedded with liquid crystals (LCs) for transdermal drug delivery using PDDS technology. In addition, the principal rationale and the advanced approaches for the use of PDDSs, the marketed products of chronotherapeutic DDSs with pulsatile function designed by various PDDS technologies, pulsatile drug delivery designed with thermoresponsive polymers, challenges and opportunities of transdermal drug delivery, and novel approaches of LC systems for drug delivery are reviewed and discussed. A brief overview of all academic research articles concerning single LC- or binary LC-embedded thermoresponsive membranes with a switchable on-off permeation function through topical application by an external temperature control, which may modulate the dosing interval and administration time according to the therapeutic needs of the human body, is also compiled and presented. In the near future, since thermal-based approaches have become a well-accepted method to enhance transdermal delivery of different water-soluble drugs and macromolecules, a combination of the thermal-assisted approach with thermoresponsive LCs membranes will have the potential to improve PDDS applications but still poses a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yang Lin
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, No.306, Yuanpei Street, Hsin Chu 30015, Taiwan.
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Shaik M, Shaik S, Kilari EK. Population pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in normal and diabetic rabbits. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:265-274. [PMID: 29679474 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliclazide is a second-generation sulphonylurea drug widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, there is no single report to describe the population pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in animal models. This study was aimed to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of gliclazide in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. A total of 90 New Zealand white rabbits were administered with three doses (4.13, 8.27 and 16.53 mg/kg b.wt) of gliclazide by an oral route. Blood samples were collected up to 24 hr and the gliclazide concentrations in rabbit were determined using the HPLC method. The non-compartmental and classical compartmental PK analyses were performed using Phoenix WinNonlin. Population PK analysis of gliclazide was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects model software NONMEM and Phoenix NLME considering the weight, age, sex, health and dose as covariates. The final population values for clearance (CL), volume of distribution (V) and the absorption rate constant (ka ) were 5270 ml/hr, 55700 ml and 0.708 hr-1 , respectively. The inter-individual variability in gliclazide CL, V and ka was 16.3%, 14.9% and 26.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between NONMEM and Phoenix NLME pharmacokinetic results. The visual predictive check and bootstrap analysis confirmed the predictive ability, model stability and precision of the parameter estimates from this model. This population PK model demonstrated that gliclazide pharmacokinetics is best described by one-compartment model with first-order absorption in rabbits. Body weight is a covariate that significantly influences gliclazide kinetic disposition in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastan Shaik
- Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Medical Services, Satyamarg, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India
| | - Shabana Shaik
- Research Consultant, Venkata Reddy Nagar, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswar Kumar Kilari
- Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology Division, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Potential Applications of Gliclazide in Treating Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Formulation with Bile Acids and Probiotics. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:269-280. [PMID: 29039071 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major advancement in therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the discovery of new treatment which avoids and even replaces the absolute requirement for injected insulin. The need for multiple drug therapy of comorbidities associated with T1DM increases demand for developing novel therapeutic alternatives with new mechanisms of actions. Compared to other sulphonylurea drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gliclazide exhibits a pleiotropic action outside pancreatic β cells, the so-called extrapancreatic effects, such as antiinflammatory and cellular protective effects, which might be beneficial in the treatment of T1DM. Results from in vivo experiments confirmed the positive effects of gliclazide in T1DM that are even more pronounced when combined with other hypoglycaemic agents such as probiotics and bile acids. Even though the exact mechanism of interaction at the molecular level is still unknown, there is a clear synergistic effect between gliclazide, bile acids and probiotics illustrated by the reduction of blood glucose levels and improvement of diabetic complications. Therefore, the manipulation of bile acid pool and intestinal microbiota composition in combination with old drug gliclazide could be a novel therapeutic approach for patients with T1DM.
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Czyrski A, Resztak M, Hermann T. Determination of gliclazide minimum concentration in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1267-1270. [PMID: 30119196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem. Many drugs can be used in its treatment. One of them is gliclazide - the sulfonylurea derivative. It is dosed in modified release tablets. The study aimed to determine the minimum steady-state concentration of gliclazide at patients taking modified release tablets. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin level, and glycated hemoglobin were also assayed in this study. Ten patients of the primary care physician clinic took 30-90 mg of gliclazide daily. The statistical analysis proved that there is a statistically significant correlation between insulin level and body weight (p = 0.044) as well as between the dose and gliclazide concentrations (p = 0.015) and also between insulin level and minimum concentration of the drug (p = 0.0074). The linear correlation between dose and gliclazide's minimum steady state concentration proved its linear pharmacokinetics. The correlation between the minimum concentration of gliclazide and insulin level might be a potential predictor of patients compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Czyrski
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Matylda Resztak
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Hermann
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
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High-Loading Dose of Microencapsulated Gliclazide Formulation Exerted a Hypoglycaemic Effect on Type 1 Diabetic Rats and Incorporation of a Primary Deconjugated Bile Acid, Diminished the Hypoglycaemic Antidiabetic Effect. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:1005-1011. [PMID: 28547295 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gliclazide is a drug commonly used in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, gliclazide has shown desirable pharmacological effects such as immunoregulatory and anti-clotting effects, which suggests potential applications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Gliclazide has variable absorption after oral administration, and thus using targeted-delivery techniques, such as microencapsulation, may optimise gliclazide absorption and potential applications in T1DM. Bile acids such as cholic acid have shown microcapsule-stabilising and controlled-release effects, and thus their incorporation into gliclazide microcapsules may further optimise gliclazide release, absorption and antidiabetic effects. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the hypoglycaemic effects of gliclazide microcapsules with and without cholic acid, in a rat model of T1DM. METHODS Thirty-five alloxan-induced T1DM rats were randomly divided into five equal groups and gavaged a single dose of empty microcapsules, gliclazide, gliclazide microcapsules, gliclazide-cholic acid or gliclazide-cholic acid microcapsules. Blood samples were collected over 10 h post-dose and analysed for blood glucose and gliclazide serum concentrations. RESULTS Gliclazide microcapsules exerted a hypoglycaemic effect in the diabetic rats, and cholic acid incorporation diminished the hypoglycaemic effects, which suggests the lack of synergistic effects between gliclazide and cholic acid. In addition, neither microencapsulation nor cholic acid incorporation optimised gliclazide absorption which suggests that hypoglycaemic effects of gliclazide are independent of its absorption and serum concentrations. This also suggests that hypoglycaemic effects of gliclazide may be associated with gut-metabolic activation rather than gut-targeted delivery and systemic absorption. CONCLUSION Gliclazide microcapsules exerted hypoglycaemic effects in T1DM rats independent of insulin and thus may have potentials in treatment of T1DM.
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Kura RR, Kilari EK, Shaik M. Influence of aprepitant on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in rats and rabbits. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4798. [PMID: 29844963 PMCID: PMC5969050 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Concomitant drug administration is a general phenomenon in patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Among the currently available oral antidiabetic drugs, gliclazide is a commonly prescribed drug considering its multiple benefits in diabetic patients. Aprepitant is a commonly prescribed antiemetic drug which is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, reported to have modest inductive and inhibitory effects on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, respectively. Since gliclazide is metabolized by CYP2C9 (major) and CYP3A4 (minor), it is very difficult to predict the influence of aprepitant and its metabolic interaction with gliclazide. Considering the complexity associated with the combination of aprepitant and gliclazide, this study was designed to evaluate the influence of aprepitant on the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of gliclazide in animal models. Methods The PD interaction studies were conducted in both rodent (normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats) and non-rodent (rabbits) animal models (n = 6) while the PK interaction study was conducted in normal rabbits (n = 6). An extrapolated human therapeutic oral dose of gliclazide, aprepitant and their combination were administered to rats and rabbits with 7 days washout between each treatment. For the multiple-dose interaction study, the same groups were administered with an interacting drug (aprepitant) for 7 days and then the combination of aprepitant and gliclazide on the 8th day. From the collected animal blood samples, blood glucose (by Glucose-Oxidase/Peroxidase method), insulin (by ELISA method) and gliclazide concentration levels (by HPLC method) were determined. Non-compartmental PK analysis was conducted by Phoenix WinNonlin software to determine the PK parameters of gliclazide. Statistical analysis was performed by student’s paired t-test. Results The pharmacodynamic activity (blood glucose reduction and insulin levels) of gliclazide was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by aprepitant in normal and diabetic condition without any convulsions in animals. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in concentration levels and Area Under the Curve of gliclazide while significant (p < 0.05) decrease in clearance levels of gliclazide in rabbits. The PK interaction with gliclazide is relatively more with the multiple dose treatment of aprepitant over single dose treatment. Conclusion In combination, aprepitant significantly influenced the pharmacodynamic activity of gliclazide in animal models. Considering this, care should be taken when this combination is prescribed for the clinical benefit in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunandan Reddy Kura
- Pharmacology Division, Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswar Kumar Kilari
- Pharmacology Division, Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mastan Shaik
- Medical Services, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Zhou Y, Hu C, Zhao X, Luo P, Lu J, Li Q, Chen M, Yan D, Lu X, Kong H, Jia W, Xu G. Serum Metabolomics Study of Gliclazide-Modified-Release-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using a Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1575-1585. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dandan Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongwei Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Danafar H, Jaberizadeh H, Andalib S. In vitro and in vivo delivery of gliclazide loaded mPEG-PCL micelles and its kinetic release and solubility study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1625-1636. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1386191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Danafar
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hoda Jaberizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sina Andalib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Abstract
Gliclazide is a second-generation oral hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It belongs to the sulfonylurea class that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by inhibiting ATP-dependent potassium channels. Gliclazide also possesses unique antioxidant properties and other beneficial hemobiological effects. This profile represents a comprehensive description of the physical properties, chemical synthesis, spectroscopic characterization (FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV, and single-crystal X-ray), methods of analysis, pharmacological actions, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the title drug.
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Mooranian A, Negrulj R, Mathavan S, Martinez J, Sciarretta J, Chen-Tan N, Mukkur T, Mikov M, Lalic-Popovic M, Stojančević M, Golocorbin-Kon S, Al-Salami H. Stability and Release Kinetics of an Advanced Gliclazide-Cholic Acid Formulation: The Use of Artificial-Cell Microencapsulation in Slow Release Targeted Oral Delivery of Antidiabetics. J Pharm Innov 2014; 9:150-157. [PMID: 24829616 PMCID: PMC4013442 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-014-9182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In previous studies carried out in our laboratory, a bile acid (BA) formulation exerted a hypoglycaemic effect in a rat model of type-1 diabetes (T1D). When the antidiabetic drug gliclazide (G) was added to the bile acid, it augmented the hypoglycaemic effect. In a recent study, we designed a new formulation of gliclazide-cholic acid (G-CA), with good structural properties, excipient compatibility and exhibits pseudoplastic-thixotropic characteristics. The aim of this study is to test the slow release and pH-controlled properties of this new formulation. The aim is also to examine the effect of CA on G release kinetics at various pH values and different temperatures. Method Microencapsulation was carried out using our Buchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our laboratory. Using sodium alginate (SA) polymer, both formulations were prepared: G-SA (control) and G-CA-SA (test) at a constant ratio (1:3:30), respectively. Microcapsules were examined for efficiency, size, release kinetics, stability and swelling studies at pH 1.5, pH 3, pH 7.4 and pH 7.8 and temperatures of 20 and 30 °C. Results The new formulation is further optimised by the addition of CA. CA reduced microcapsule swelling of the microcapsules at pH 7.8 and pH 3 at 30 °C and pH 3 at 20 °C, and, even though microcapsule size remains similar after CA addition, percent G release was enhanced at high pH values (pH 7.4 and pH 7.8, p < 0.01). Conclusion The new formulation exhibits colon-targeted delivery and the addition of CA prolonged G release suggesting its suitability for the sustained and targeted delivery of G and CA to the lower intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Rebecca Negrulj
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Sangeetha Mathavan
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jorge Martinez
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jessica Sciarretta
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Nigel Chen-Tan
- Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Tk Mukkur
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montenegro Podgorica, 8100 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Mladena Lalic-Popovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Stojančević
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montenegro Podgorica, 8100 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
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Rojanasthien N, Autsavakitipong T, Kumsorn B, Manorot M, Teekachunhatean S. Bioequivalence Study of Modified-Release Gliclazide Tablets in Healthy Volunteers. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:375134. [PMID: 23029622 PMCID: PMC3458286 DOI: 10.5402/2012/375134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate bioequivalence of modified-release 30 mg gliclazide tablets in 18 healthy Thai volunteers. A test product, Glycon MR (Siam Bheasach, TH), was compared with a reference product, Diamicron MR (Servier, France). The study was performed under a single-dose, two-treatment, two-period, and two-sequence crossover design in fasted and fed conditions with a washout period of 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected for 72 h after drug administration. Drug plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC with a UV detector. Analysis of pharmacokinetic characteristics was based on a non-compartmental model. The logarithmically transformed data of Cmax and AUCs were analyzed for 90% confidence intervals using ANOVA. The test product gave slightly higher Cmax in both conditions and shorter Tmax in the fed condition. However, there is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic characteristics between both products under fasted and fed conditions. Effect of food was not significantly observed. The 90% confidence intervals were within the acceptance criteria of 0.80–1.25 regardless of the food effect, indicating bioequivalence between the two products on the rate and extent of gliclazide MR absorption without regard to meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppamas Rojanasthien
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thatree Autsavakitipong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Boonyium Kumsorn
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Maleeya Manorot
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Barakat NS, Shazly GA, Almedany AH. Influence of polymer blends on the characterization of gliclazide – encapsulated into poly (Æ-caprolactone) microparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:352-62. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.681383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Maderuelo C, Zarzuelo A, Lanao JM. Optimization of Release Kinetics from Sustained-Release Formulations using Model-Independent Pharmacokinetic Simulation. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3260-3267. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of gliclazide and metformin combination: a multicentric study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled on monotherapy with sulfonylurea or metformin. Am J Ther 2011; 17:559-65. [PMID: 20093927 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181c6c0f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of gliclazide/metformin on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled on monotherapy with sulfonylurea or metformin. This was a prospective, open-labeled, multicentric study over 12 weeks. Patients who were diagnosed of Type 2 diabetes and were uncontrolled on monotherapy with oral hypoglycemic agents, including gliclazide and metformin, characterized by HbA1c 7% or greater and 10% or less and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 140 mg/dL or greater were enrolled in this study. The treatment regimen was started at 80 mg gliclazide plus 500 mg metformin once a day and was titrated to the next dose level depending on the clinician's judgment, not exceeding a total daily dose of 320 mg gliclazide and 2000 mg metformin. Changes from baseline HbA1c, FPG, and postprandial glucose were examined. After 12-weeks treatment, the gliclazide + metformin combination showed improvement in metabolic control as assessed by changes in HbA1c, FPG, and postprandial glucose. The primary efficacy parameter, HbA1c, was significantly reduced to 7.35 ± 1.10 at the end of treatment from the baseline value (8.51 ± 0.77) (P < 0.001). A total of 84.35% of patients showed a 0.5% or greater reduction in HbA1c and 37.39% of patients reported less than 7% HbA1c at the end of therapy. FPG and postprandial glucose were significantly reduced at the end of therapy as compared with baseline values (P < 0.001). Moreover, the lipid profile was also improved during the treatment period. The addition of gliclazide to metformin is an effective treatment for patients inadequately controlled on sulfonylurea or metformin alone. A combination of gliclazide with metformin achieves good glycemic control and improves lipid levels with better tolerability profile.
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Barakat NS, Almurshedi AS. Design and development of gliclazide-loaded chitosan microparticles for oral sustained drug delivery: in-vitro/in-vivo evaluation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:169-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this study was to prepare gliclazide–chitosan microparticles with tripolyphosphate by ionic crosslinking.
Methods
Chitosan microparticles were produced by emulsification and ionotropic gelation. The effects of process variables including chitosan concentration, pH of tripolyphosphate solution, glutaraldehyde volume and release modifier agent such as pectin added to the tripolyphosphate crosslinking solution were evaluated. The microparticles were examined with scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning colorimetry. The serum glucose lowering effect of gliclazide microparticles was studied in streptozotocin-diabetic rabbits compared with the effect of pure gliclazide powder and gliclazide commercial tablets.
Key findings
The particle sizes of tripolyphosphate–chitosan microparticles were over the range 675–887 µm and the loading efficiency of drug was greater than 94.0%. In-vivo testing of the gliclazide–chitosan microparticles in diabetic rabbits demonstrated a significant antidiabetic effect of gliclazide–chitosan microparticles after 8 h that lasted for 18 h compared with gliclazide powder, which produced a maximum hypoglycaemic effect after 4 h.
Conclusions
The results suggests that gliclazide–chitosan microparticles are a valuable system for the sustained delivery of gliclazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla S Barakat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood S Almurshedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Barakat NS, Almurshedi AS. Design and development of gliclazide-loaded chitosan for oral sustained drug delivery:In vitro/in vivoevaluation. J Microencapsul 2010; 28:122-33. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.535621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Barakat NS, Almurshedi AS. Preparation and characterization of chitosan microparticles for oral sustained delivery of gliclazide: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Influence of atazanavir on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdm.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mastan SK, Kumar KE. Influence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz and nevirapine) on the pharmacodynamic activity of gliclazide in animal models. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2009; 1:15. [PMID: 19825151 PMCID: PMC2765430 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes may occur as a result of HIV infection and/or its treatment. Gliclazide is a widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Efavirenz and nevirapine are widely used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. The role of Efavirenz and nevirapine on the pharmacodynamic activity of gliclazide is not currently known. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of oral administration of efavirenz and nevirapine on blood glucose and investigate their effect on the activity of gliclazide in rats (normal and diabetic) and rabbits to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the combination. METHODS Studies in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of 2 mg/kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 54 mg/kg bd. wt. of efavirenz or 18 mg/kg bd. wt. of nevirapine and their combination with adequate washout periods in between treatments. Studies in normal rabbits were conducted with 5.6 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 42 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of efavirenz or 14 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of nevirapine and their combination given orally. Blood samples were collected at regular time intervals in rats from retro orbital puncture and by marginal ear vein puncture in rabbits. All the blood samples were analysed for blood glucose by GOD/POD method. RESULTS Efavirenz and nevirapine alone have no significant effect on the blood glucose level in rats and rabbits. Gliclazide produced hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity at 2 h and 8 h and hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits at 3 h. In combination, efavirenz reduced the effect of gliclazide in rats and rabbits, and the reduction was more significant with the single dose administration of efavirenz than multiple dose administration. In combination, nevirapine has no effect on the activity of gliclazide in rats and rabbits. CONCLUSION Thus, it can be concluded that the combination of efavirenz and gliclazide may need dose adjustment and care should be taken when the combination is prescribed for their clinical benefit in diabetic patients. The combination of nevirapine and gliclazide was safe. However, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Mastan
- Pharmacology Division, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Duvvada, Gajuwaka, Visakhapatnam-530 046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K Eswar Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Del Guerra S, D’Aleo V, Lupi R, Masini M, Bugliani M, Boggi U, Filipponi F, Marchetti P. Effects of exposure of human islet beta-cells to normal and high glucose levels with or without gliclazide or glibenclamide. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2009; 35:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Varshosaz J, Tavakoli N, Minayian M, Rahdari N. Applying the Taguchi design for optimized formulation of sustained release gliclazide chitosan beads: an in vitro/in vivo study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:158-65. [PMID: 19205888 PMCID: PMC2663681 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliclazide is a second generation of hypoglycemic sulfonylurea and acts selectively on pancreatic beta cell to control diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to produce a controlled release system of gliclazide using chitosan beads. Chitosan beads were produced by dispersion technique using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as gelating agent. The effects of process variables including chitosan molecular weight, concentration of chitosan and TPP, pH of TPP, and cross-linking time after addition of chitosan were evaluated by Taguchi design on the rate of drug release, mean release time (MRT), release efficiency (RE(8)%), and particle size of the beads. The blood glucose lowering effect of the beads was studied in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The optimized formulation CL(2)T(5)P(2)t(10) with about 31% drug loading, 2.4 h MRT, and 69.16% RE(8)% decreased blood glucose level in normal rats for 24 h compared to pure powder of gliclazide that lasted for just 10 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varshosaz
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Barnett AH, Krentz AJ, Strojek K, Sieradzki J, Azizi F, Embong M, Imamoglu S, Perusicová J, Uliciansky V, Winkler G. The efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a gliclazide modified release-based regimen. A multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, 6-month evaluation (DINAMIC 1 study). Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:1239-47. [PMID: 18494813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine if therapeutic management programmes for type 2 diabetes that include self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) result in greater reductions in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) compared with programmes without SMBG in non-insulin requiring patients. METHODS Multicentre, randomized, parallel-group trial. A total of 610 patients were randomized to SMBG or non-SMBG groups. Patients in both groups received the same oral antidiabetic therapy using a gliclazide modified release (MR)-based regimen for 27 weeks. The primary efficacy end-point was the difference between groups in HbA1c at the end of observation. RESULTS A total of 610 patients were randomized: 311 to the SMBG group and 299 to the non-SMBG group. HbA1c decreased from 8.12 to 6.95% in the SMBG group and from 8.12 to 7.20% in the non-SMBG group; between-group difference was 0.25% (95% CI: 0.06, 1.03; p = 0.0097). Symptoms suggestive of mild to moderate hypoglycaemia was the most commonly reported adverse event, reported by 27 (8.7%) and 21 (7.0%) patients in the SMBG and non-SMBG groups, respectively; the incidence of symptomatic hypoglycaemia was lower in the SMBG group. CONCLUSION In patients with type 2 diabetes, the application of SMBG as an adjunct to oral antidiabetic agent therapy results in further reductions in HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Barnett
- Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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Kigawa Y, Oba K, Futami-Suda S, Norose J, Yasuoka H, Suzuki K, Ouchi M, Watanabe K, Suzuki T, Nakano H. Daily blood glucose profiles of glibenclamide and gliclazide taken once or twice daily in elderly type 2 diabetic patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2008; 8:160-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Al-Salami H, Butt G, Tucker I, Skrbic R, Golocorbin-Kon S, Mikov M. Probiotic Pre-treatment Reduces Gliclazide Permeation (ex vivo) in Healthy Rats but Increases It in Diabetic Rats to the Level Seen in Untreated Healthy Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 1:35-41. [PMID: 20157366 PMCID: PMC2817444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-5174.2008.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the influence of probiotic pre-treatment on the permeation of the antidiabetic drug gliclazide in healthy and diabetic rats. Methods Wistar rats (age 2–3 months, weight 350 ± 50 g) were randomly allocated into one of 4 groups (N = 16 each group): healthy control, healthy probiotic, diabetic control, and diabetic probiotic. Probiotics (75 mg/kg, equal quantities of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were administered twice a day for three days to the appropriate groups after diabetes had been induced with alloxan i.v. 30 mg/kg. Rats were sacrificed, ileal tissues mounted in Ussing chambers and gliclazide (200 µg/mL) was administered for the measurement of the mucosal to serosal absorption Jss(MtoS) and serosal to mucosal secretion Jss(StoM) of gliclazide. Results Treatment of healthy rats with probiotics reduced Jss(MtoS) of gliclazide from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 0.3 ± 0.1 µg/min/cm2 (P < 0.01) and increased Jss(StoM)from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 1.4 ± 0.3 (P < 0.01) resulting in net secretion while, in diabetic tissues, treatment with probiotics increased both Jss(MtoS) and Jss(StoM)fluxes of gliclazide to the comparable levels of healthy tissues resulting in net absorption. Discussion In healthy rats, the reduction in Jss(MtoS) after probiotics administration could be explained by the production of bacterial metabolites that upregulate the mucosal efflux drug transporters Mrp2 that control gliclazide transport. In diabetic rats, the restored fluxes of gliclazide after probiotic treatment, suggests the normalization of the functionality of the drug transporters resulting in a net absorption. Conclusion Probiotics may alter gliclazide transport across rat ileal tissue studied ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - Grant Butt
- Department of Physiology, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian Tucker
- School of Pharmacy, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ranko Skrbic
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja Banja LukaBosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja Banja LukaBosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Momir Mikov
- School of Pharmacy, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
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Pallardo Sánchez L. Sulfonilureas en el tratamiento del paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(08)76259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Satyanarayana S, Eswar Kumar K, Rajasekhar J, Thomas L, Rajanna S, Rajanna B. Influence of aqueous extract of fenugreek-seed powder on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in rats/rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14750708.4.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oba K, Inuzuka Y, Yamashita-Onodera N, Watanabe K, Matsumura N, Igari Y, Suzuki T, Nakano H. Lower occurrence of low blood glucose level in elderly type 2 diabetic patients treated with gliclazide versus glibenclamide. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2007.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang Y, Si D, Chen X, Lin N, Guo Y, Zhou H, Zhong D. Influence of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of gliclazide MR in Chinese subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 64:67-74. [PMID: 17298483 PMCID: PMC2000619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the influence of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of gliclazide modified release (MR) in healthy Chinese subjects. METHODS In a single-dose pharmacokinetic study, 24 healthy male subjects with various CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes received an oral dose of 30 mg gliclazide MR and plasma was sampled for 72 h postdose. In a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study, 17 other CYP2C9*1 homozygotes with various CYP2C19 genotypes received 30 mg gliclazide MR once daily for 6 days and plasma was sampled after the last dose. The plasma concentrations of gliclazide were measured using a validated LC/MS/MS method. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS In the single-dose study, no significant difference in any pharmacokinetic parameters was found in CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*3 and *1/*13 subjects. In contrast, the AUC(0-infinity) of gliclazide was significantly increased by 3.4-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5, 4.7; P < 0.01] in CYP2C19 poor metabolizer (PM) subjects compared with CYP2C19*1 homozygotes. The half-life (t(1/2)) was prolonged from 15.1 to 44.5 h (P < 0.01). Similar differences were found in the multiple-dose study. The parameters of gliclazide AUC(ss), AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) were 3.4-fold (95% CI 2.9, 4.0), 4.5-fold (95% CI 3.8, 5.4) and 2.9-fold (95% CI 2.4, 3.4) increased (P < 0.01) in CYP2C19 PM subjects, respectively, compared with CYP2C19*1 homozygotes, and t(1/2) was increased from 13.5 to 24.6 h (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetics of gliclazide MR are affected mainly by CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism instead of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Ling G, Sun J, Tang J, Xu X, Sun Y, He Z. Liquid Chromatography‐Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method for Determination of Gliclazide in Human Plasma. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600668541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Satyanarayana S, Kilari EK. Influence of nicorandil on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in rats and rabbits. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 291:101-5. [PMID: 16715184 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diabetes precipitates ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and many other disorders. IHD inturn is shown in the form of angina initially. According to EUROPA study, the incidence of angina is high in type II diabetics. Gliclazide, a second generation sulphonylurea derivative is widely used in the treatment of type-II diabetes and is known to release insulin by K(+) channel inhibition. Nicorandil, a newer antianginal drug widely used now a days acts by opening potassium channels in the cardiac muscle cell and also by releasing nitric oxide. However its action on pancreatic cell K(+) channel is not known. Since there is possibility for drug interaction leading to decreased activity of gliclazide the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the combination. Studies in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of 2 mg/kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 1.8 mg/kg bd. wt. of nicorandil and their combination with adequate washout periods in between treatments. Studies in normal rabbits were conducted with 5.6 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 1.4 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of nicorandil and their combination given orally. Blood samples were collected in rats from retro orbital puncture at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h and by marginal ear vein puncture in rabbits at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. All the blood samples were analysed for glucose by GOD/POD method. The blood samples of rabbits were analysed by HPLC for gliclazide. Gliclazide produced hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity at 1 h and 8 h and hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits at 3 h, while nicorandil alone produced significant hyperglycaemia at 4 h and reduced the effect of gliclazide with no significant change in pharmacokinetics when administered in combination. The interaction observed appears to be pharmacodynamic at the receptor level as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Satyanarayana
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Zammitt NN, Frier BM. Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiology, frequency, and effects of different treatment modalities. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:2948-61. [PMID: 16306561 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.12.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola N Zammitt
- Department of Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, U.K
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Schernthaner G, Grimaldi A, Di Mario U, Drzewoski J, Kempler P, Kvapil M, Novials A, Rottiers R, Rutten GEHM, Shaw KM. GUIDE study: double-blind comparison of once-daily gliclazide MR and glimepiride in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:535-42. [PMID: 15305887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive beta-cell failure is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes; consequently, beta-cell secretagogues are useful for achieving sufficient glycaemic control. The European GUIDE study is the first large-scale head-to-head comparison of two sulphonylureas designed for once-daily administration used under conditions of everyday clinical practice. DESIGN Eight hundred and forty-five type 2 diabetic patients were randomized to either gliclazide modified release (MR) 30-120 mg daily or glimepiride 1-6 mg daily as monotherapy or in combination with their current treatment (metformin or an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor) according to a double-blind, 27-week, parallel-group design. Efficacy was evaluated by HbA1c and safety by hypoglycaemic episodes using the European Agency definition. RESULTS HbA1c decreased similarly in both groups from 8.4% to 7.2% on gliclazide MR and from 8.2% to 7.2% on glimepiride. Approximately 50% of the patients achieved HbA1c levels less than 7%, and 25% less than 6.5%. The mean difference between groups of the final HbA1c was -0.06% (noninferiority test P < 0.0001). No hypoglycaemia requiring external assistance occurred. Hypoglycaemia with blood glucose level < 3 mmol L(-1) occurred significantly less frequently (P = 0.003) with gliclazide MR (3.7% of patients) compared with glimepiride (8.9% of patients). The distribution of the sulphonylurea doses was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into therapeutic strategies using sulphonylureas. It shows that gliclazide MR is at least as effective as glimepiride, either as monotherapy or in combination. The safety of gliclazide MR was significantly better, demonstrating approximately 50% fewer confirmed hypoglycaemic episodes in comparison with glimepiride.
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