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Scairati R, Auriemma RS, Del Vecchio G, Di Meglio S, Pivonello R, Colao A. Prolactin effects on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14190. [PMID: 38470045 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone promoting lactation in response to the suckling reflex. Beyond its well-known effects, novel tissue-specific and metabolic functions of PRL are emerging. AIMS To dissect PRL as a critical mediator of whole-body gluco-insulinemic sensitivity. METHODS PubMed-based search with the following terms 'prolactin', 'glucose metabolism', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'gestational diabetes mellitus' was performed. DISCUSSION The identification of the PRL-glucose metabolism network poses the basis for unprecedented avenues of research in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2, as well as of gestational diabetes. In this regard, it is of timely relevance to define properly the homeostatic PRL serum levels since glucose metabolism could be influenced by the circulating amount of the hormone. RESULTS This review underscores the basic mechanisms of regulation of pancreatic β-cell functions by PRL and provides a revision of articles which have investigated the connection between PRL unbalancing and diabetes mellitus. Future studies are needed to elucidate the burden and the role of PRL in the regulation of glucose metabolism and determine the specific PRL threshold that may impact the management of diabetes. CONCLUSION A careful evaluation and context-driven interpretation of PRL levels (e.g., pregnancy, PRL-secreting pituitary adenomas, drug-related hyper- and hypoprolactinemia) could be critical for the correct screening and management of glucometabolic disorders, such as type 1 or 2 as well as gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Scairati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Guendalina Del Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Di Meglio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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2
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Ramos-Martínez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Valencia J, Ramos-Martínez JC, Hernández-Zimbrón L, Rico-Luna A, Pérez-Campos E, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Cerbón M. Modulatory role of prolactin in type 1 diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 44:79-88. [PMID: 35852366 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported to have elevated prolactin levels and a possible relationship between prolactin levels and the development of the disease has been proposed. However, some studies show that prolactin mediates beneficial functions in beta cells. Therefore, we review information on the roles of prolactin in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Content
Here we summarize the functions of prolactin in the immune system and in pancreatic beta cells, in addition, we describe studies related to PRL levels, its regulation and alterations of secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Summary
Studies in murine models have shown that prolactin protects beta cells from apoptosis, stimulates their proliferation and promotes pancreatic islet revascularization. In addition, some studies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have shown that elevated prolactin levels correlate with better disease control.
Outlook
Prolactin treatment appears to be a promising strategy to improve beta-cell vascularization and proliferation in transplantation and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Jorge Valencia
- Endocrine Research Unit , UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos-Martínez
- Cardiology Department , Hospital General Regional Lic Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS , Mérida , Yucatán , México
| | - Luis Hernández-Zimbrón
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Licenciatura en Optometría, Unidad León , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Anaiza Rico-Luna
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO. Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca , Oaxaca , México
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana. Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
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3
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Koekkoek LL, van der Gun LL, Serlie MJ, la Fleur SE. The Clash of Two Epidemics: the Relationship Between Opioids and Glucose Metabolism. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:301-310. [PMID: 35593927 PMCID: PMC9188528 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We are currently in the midst of a global opioid epidemic. Opioids affect many physiological processes, but one side effect that is not often taken into consideration is the opioid-induced alteration in blood glucose levels. RECENT FINDINGS This review shows that the vast majority of studies report that opioid stimulation increases blood glucose levels. In addition, plasma levels of the endogenous opioid β-endorphin rise in response to low blood glucose. In contrast, in hyperglycaemic baseline conditions such as in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), opioid stimulation lowers blood glucose levels. Furthermore, obesity itself alters sensitivity to opioids, changes opioid receptor expression and increases plasma β-endorphin levels. Thus, opioid stimulation can have various side effects on glycaemia that should be taken into consideration upon prescribing opioid-based medication, and more research is needed to unravel the interaction between obesity, glycaemia and opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Koekkoek
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, K2-283, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luna L van der Gun
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, K2-283, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, K2-283, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, K2-283, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Lemini M, Ruiz-Herrera X, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Díaz-Lezama N, De los Ríos EA, López-Barrera F, Méndez I, Martínez de la Escalera G, Macotela Y, Clapp C. Prolactin anterior pituitary expression and circulating levels are reduced in obese and diabetic rats: role of TGF-β and TNF-α. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R792-9. [PMID: 25715833 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00327.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The levels of the hormone prolactin (PRL) are reduced in the circulation of patients with Type 2 diabetes and in obese children, and lower systemic PRL levels correlate with an increased prevalence of diabetes and a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. The secretion of anterior pituitary (AP) PRL in metabolic diseases may be influenced by the interplay between transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which inhibit and can stimulate AP PRL synthesis, respectively, and are known contributors to insulin resistance and metabolic complications. Here, we show that TGF-β and TNF-α antagonize the effect of each other on the expression and release of PRL by the GH4C1 lactotrope cell line. The levels of AP mRNA and circulating PRL decrease in high-fat diet-induced obese rats in parallel with increased and reduced AP levels of TGF-β and TNF-α mRNA, respectively. Likewise, AP expression and circulating levels of PRL are reduced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and are associated with higher AP expression and protein levels of TGF-β and TNF-α. The opposing effects of the two cytokines on cultured AP cells, together with their altered expression in the AP of obese and diabetic rats suggest they are linked to the reduced PRL production and secretion characteristics of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lemini
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Xarubet Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - María G. Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Nundehui Díaz-Lezama
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Ericka A. De los Ríos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Fernando López-Barrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Isabel Méndez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Yazmín Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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Radikova Z, Penesova A, Cizmarova E, Huckova M, Kvetnansky R, Vigas M, Koska J. Decreased pituitary response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in young lean male patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20:510-6. [PMID: 16617309 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is associated with changes in central catecholaminergic pathways which might also be reflected in the pituitary response to stress stimuli. The aim of this study was to determine whether the response of pituitary hormones, cortisol, plasma renin activity, aldosterone and catecholamines to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is changed in hypertension. We studied 22 young lean male patients with newly diagnosed untreated essential hypertension and 19 healthy normotensive, age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. All subjects underwent an insulin tolerance test (0.1 IU insulin/kg body weight intravenously) with blood sampling before and 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after insulin administration. Increased baseline levels of norepinephrine (P<0.05), increased response of norepinephrine (P<0.001) and decreased response of growth hormone (P<0.001), prolactin (P<0.001), adrenocorticotropic hormone (P<0.05) and cortisol (P<0.001) were found in hypertensive patients when compared to normotensive controls. Increased norepinephrine levels and a decreased pituitary response to metabolic stress stimuli may represent another manifestation of chronically increased sympathetic tone in early hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Radikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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6
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Oltmanns KM, Peters A, Kern W, Fehm HL, Born J, Schultes B. Preserved inhibitory effect of recurrent hypoglycaemia on the male gonadotrophic axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 62:217-22. [PMID: 15670199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoglycaemia-induced decreases in male LH and testosterone concentrations are possibly mediated by activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or by an increase in PRL. As counterregulatory stress hormone release is attenuated during recurrent hypoglycaemia, we questioned whether the gonadotrophic axis and PRL adapt similarly. DESIGN We performed two consecutive hypoglycaemic clamps on day 1 and one clamp on the following day in 15 healthy men. Blood concentrations of gonadotrophins, PRL, testosterone, ACTH and cortisol were measured during the first and the third clamp, taking place at the same time of day. RESULTS During hypoglycaemia, serum concentrations of LH and testosterone decreased (P < 0.003 for both), PRL, ACTH and cortisol increased (P < 0.001), and FSH remained unchanged (P = 0.90). The hypoglycaemia-induced decreases in LH and testosterone concentrations were similar during the first and the last clamp (P > 0.28 for both) whereas the increase in PRL, ACTH and cortisol was markedly attenuated during the third clamp (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS LH and testosterone responses do not adapt to recurrent hypoglycaemia, whereas the increase in PRL is attenuated, indicating adaptation. Considering the marked decrease in the responses of PRL and the HPA axis after antecedent hypoglycaemia, the data suggest that the hypoglycaemia-induced decreases in LH and testosterone concentrations, not adapting to recurrent hypoglycaemia, are mediated independently, probably by blood glucose itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin M Oltmanns
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leubeck, Luebeck, Germany.
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7
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Radikova Z, Penesova A, Jezova D, Kvetnansky R, Vigas M, Macho L, Koska J. Body position and the neuroendocrine response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy subjects. Arch Physiol Biochem 2003; 111:399-405. [PMID: 15764080 DOI: 10.3109/13813450312331337658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Changes in body fluid distribution are known to influence neuroendocrine function. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that changes in plasma volume affect the counterregulatory neuroendocrine response to hypoglycemia. The tests were performed in 12 subjects in two situations: 'head-up' (+60 degrees head-up tilt standing for 30 min and hypoglycemia in sitting position afterwards) and 'leg-up' (leg-up position for 30 min and hypoglycemia in leg-up position afterwards) in a random order. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia was adjusted to 2.7 mmol/l for 15 min by glucose infusion. Plasma volume was greater by 2.2% (p < 0.001) in leg-up and lower by 9.6% (p < 0.001) in head-up position compared to the basal value in sitting position. Head-up position was associated with increases in ACTH, aldosterone, norepinephrine levels and plasma renin activity (p < 0.01). Leg-up position resulted in decreases in plasma growth hormone and epinephrine concentrations (p < 0.05). Except epinephrine, the neuroendocrine response to hypoglycemia, if any, was mild. Hypoglycemia failed to activate ACTH release after head-up position. Body fluid redistribution did not modify hormonal changes during insulin hypoglycemia. In conclusion, we suggest that body position and accompanying plasma volume changes do not appear to affect neuroendocrine and counterregulatory responses to moderate, short duration hypoglycemia in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Radikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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