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Slon E, Slon B, Kowalczuk D. Azulene and Its Derivatives as Potential Compounds in the Therapy of Dermatological and Anticancer Diseases: New Perspectives against the Backdrop of Current Research. Molecules 2024; 29:2020. [PMID: 38731510 PMCID: PMC11085646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The scientific article focuses on the role of azulene and its derivatives in the therapy of dermatological diseases, presenting the latest laboratory and clinical research as well as prospects for further studies. In a synthetic literature review, various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Database of Polish Scientific Journals were queried to select relevant articles concerning azulene. The conclusions drawn from the thematic analysis of the studies emphasize the multifaceted pharmacological actions of azulene and its derivatives including their anti-inflammatory properties, potential anticancer effects, photoprotective abilities, alleviation of itching, management of atopic dermatitis, and treatment of erectile dysfunction. However, there are certain limitations associated with the application of unmodified azulene on the skin, particularly related to photodecomposition and the generation of reactive oxygen species under UV radiation. These effects, in turn, necessitate further research on the safety of azulene and azulene-derived substances, especially regarding their long-term use and potential application in phototherapy. The authors of this work emphasize the necessity of conducting further preclinical and clinical studies to fully understand the mechanisms of action. Incorporating azulene and its derivatives into the therapy of dermatological disorders may represent an innovative approach, thereby opening new treatment avenues for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Slon
- Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- A-Sense Sp. z o.o., Moscickiego 1, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Slon
- A-Sense Sp. z o.o., Moscickiego 1, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kowalczuk
- Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Akram W, Tagde P, Ahmed S, Arora S, Emran TB, Babalghith AO, Sweilam SH, Simal-Gandara J. Guaiazulene and related compounds: A review of current perspective on biomedical applications. Life Sci 2023; 316:121389. [PMID: 36646376 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of people worldwide pass away yearly due to neurological disorders, cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections. Additionally, a sizable population has also been impacted by hepatotoxicity, ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and breast fissure. These ailments are likewise steadily increasing along with the increase in life expectancy. Finding innovative therapies to cure and consequently lessen the impact of these ailments is, therefore, a global concern. METHODS AND MATERIALS All provided literature on Guaiazulene (GA) and its related compounds were searched using various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier, Springer, ACS, CNKI, and books via the keywords Guaiazulene, Matricaria chamomilla, GA-related compounds, and Guaiazulene analogous. RESULTS The FDA has approved the bicyclic sesquiterpene GA, commonly referred to as azulon or 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene, as a component in cosmetic colorants. The pleiotropic health advantages of GA and related substances, especially their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, attracted a lot of research. Numerous studies have found that GA can help to manage various conditions, including bacterial infections, tumors, immunomodulation, expectorants, diuretics, diaphoresis, ulcers, dermatitis, proliferation, and gastritis. These conditions all involve lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response. In this review, we have covered the biomedical applications of GA. Moreover, we also emphasize the therapeutic potential of guaiazulene derivatives in pre-clinical and clinical settings, along with their underlying mechanism(s). CONCLUSION GA and its related compounds exhibit therapeutic potential in several diseases. Still, it is necessary to investigate their potential in animal models for various other ailments and establish their safety profile. They might be a good candidate to advance to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akram
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Priti Tagde
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India; PRISAL Foundation (Pharmaceutical Royal International Society), India.
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Swamita Arora
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain.
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liu Y, Cao M, Zhang S, Wang Z, Dai X, Jiang X, Dong Y, Fu J. Synthesis of C3-functionalized indole derivatives via Brønsted acid-catalyzed regioselective arylation of 2-indolylmethanols with guaiazulene. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1510-1517. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first Brønsted acid catalyzed method for the construction of guaiazulenyl C3-functionalized indole derivatives was established. The reactions proceeded smoothly at ambient temperature by used (±)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as catalyst,...
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Ye Q, Zhou L, Jin P, Li L, Zheng S, Huang Z, Liu J, Qin S, Liu H, Zou B, Xie K. Guaiazulene Triggers ROS-Induced Apoptosis and Protective Autophagy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:621181. [PMID: 33935713 PMCID: PMC8082441 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.621181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide, yet effective treatment remains a clinical challenge. Guaiazulene (GYZ), a cosmetic color additive, has previously been characterized as a potential antitumor agent due to observed anticancer effects. However, the efficacy of GYZ in the treatment of NSCLC and the involved molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we indicated a role for GYZ in the suppression of NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo via triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis. Concomitantly, GYZ induced complete autophagic flux in NSCLC cells via inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which displayed cytoprotective effect against GYZ-induced growth suppression. Accompanied with autophagy inhibition obviously enhanced the effects of GYZ. Notably, GYZ acts synergistically with paclitaxel in the suppression of NSCLC in vitro. Together, our results for the first time reported that GYZ suppressed the proliferation of NSCLC and suggested a potential strategy for inhibiting NSCLC growth by combinational use of GYZ and autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ye
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuwen Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Paiva JP, Diniz RR, Leitão AC, Cabral LM, Fortunato RS, Santos BAMC, de Pádula M. Insights and controversies on sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:707-723. [PMID: 33064037 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1826899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although sunlight provides several benefits, ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays an important role in the development of various skin damages such as erythema, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Despite cells having endogenous defense systems, damaged DNA may not be efficiently repaired at chronic exposure. In this sense, it is necessary to use artificial defense strategies such as sunscreen formulations. UV filters should scatter, reflect, or absorb solar UV radiation in order to prevent direct or indirect DNA lesions. However, the safety of UV filters is a matter of concern due to several controversies reported in literature, such as endocrine alterations, allergies, increased oxidative stress, phototoxic events, among others. Despite these controversies, the way in which sunscreens are tested is essential to ensure safety. Sunscreen regulation includes mandatory test for phototoxicity, but photogenotoxicity testing is not recommended as a part of the standard photosafety testing program. Although available photobiological tests are still the first approach to assess photosafety, they are limited. Some existing tests do not always provide reliable results, mainly due to limitations regarding the nature of the assessed phototoxic effect, cell UV sensitivity, and the irradiation protocols. These aspects bring queries regarding the safety of sunscreen wide use and suggest the demand for the development of robust and efficient in vitro screening tests to overcome the existing limitations. In this way, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has stood out as a promising model to fill the gaps in photobiology and to complete the mandatory tests enabling a more extensive and robust photosafety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Paiva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiane R Diniz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro C Leitão
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular (Radmol), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio M Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Sinalização Redox, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca A M C Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento Farmacêutico e Simulação Computacional (LaPFarSC), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Pádula
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nguyen AK, Goering PL, Elespuru RK, Sarkar Das S, Narayan RJ. The Photoinitiator Lithium Phenyl (2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoyl) Phosphinate with Exposure to 405 nm Light Is Cytotoxic to Mammalian Cells but Not Mutagenic in Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assays. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1489. [PMID: 32635323 PMCID: PMC7408440 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium phenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate (LAP) is a free radical photo-initiator used to initiate free radical chain polymerization upon light exposure, and is combined with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to produce a photopolymer used in bioprinting. The free radicals produced under bioprinting conditions are potentially cytotoxic and mutagenic. Since these photo-generated free radicals are highly-reactive but short-lived, toxicity assessments should be conducted with light exposure. In this study, photorheology determined that 10 min exposure to 9.6 mW/cm2 405 nm light from an LED light source fully crosslinked 10 wt % GelMA with >3.4 mmol/L LAP, conditions that were used for subsequent cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assessments. These conditions were cytotoxic to M-1 mouse kidney collecting duct cells, a cell type susceptible to lithium toxicity. Exposure to ≤17 mmol/L (0.5 wt %) LAP without light was not cytotoxic; however, concurrent exposure to ≥3.4 mmol/L LAP and light was cytotoxic. No condition of LAP and/or light exposure evaluated was mutagenic in bacterial reverse mutation assays using S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and E. coli WP2 uvrA. These data indicate that the combination of LAP and free radicals generated from photo-excited LAP is cytotoxic, but mutagenicity was not observed in bacteria under typical bioprinting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Nguyen
- Joint UNC/NCSU Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.L.G.); (R.K.E.); (S.S.D.)
| | - Peter L. Goering
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.L.G.); (R.K.E.); (S.S.D.)
| | - Rosalie K. Elespuru
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.L.G.); (R.K.E.); (S.S.D.)
| | - Srilekha Sarkar Das
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.L.G.); (R.K.E.); (S.S.D.)
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint UNC/NCSU Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
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Phutim-Mangkhalthon A, Teerakapong A, Tippayawat P, Morales NP, Morkmued S, Puasiri S, Priprem A, Damrongrungruang T. Anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy using guaiazulene and red lasers on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101747. [PMID: 32200021 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy improves oral mucositis treatment. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from this reaction could contribute to an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing inflammatory cells. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy using guaiazulene and a red laser in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Guaiazulene solutions (1, 2, 5, 25, 35, and 100 μM in 99.8 % methanol) were irradiated with red laser light (625 nm, 146.2 mW/cm2) in continuous mode at 0, 4, and 8 J/cm2 in black 96-well plates. ROS were measured using spin trapping technique with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and fluorescence. The two highest concentrations were tested using cell viability (PrestoBlue®) and anti-inflammation (RANTES and PGE2 ELISA) assay kits. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analyses with significant differences at p-value < 0.05. RESULTS Guaiazulene solutions between 2 and 5 μM exposed to red laser light at 4-8 J/cm2 generated significantly more singlet oxygen compared to the no guaiazulene group (p < 0.01) and reduced RANTES and PGE2 levels in TNF-α-inflamed peripheral blood mononuclear cells without affecting cell viability. CONCLUSION Photodynamic activation of guaiazulene generated singlet oxygen and suppressed inflammatory markers in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampika Phutim-Mangkhalthon
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Aroon Teerakapong
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand; Lasers in Dentistry Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand.
| | | | - Supawich Morkmued
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Subin Puasiri
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Aroonsri Priprem
- Melatonin Research Group and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Teerasak Damrongrungruang
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand; Lasers in Dentistry Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
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9
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Li X, An R, Liang K, Wang X, You L. Phototoxicity of traditional chinese medicine (TCM). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1012-1019. [PMID: 30542599 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00141c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototoxicity can cause toxic responses such as edemas and lesions, and is one of the severe adverse effects that largely limit the use of these phototoxic drugs. Some traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and their constituents have been reported to be phototoxic. However, to date, their phototoxicity information is still very limited, and lacks systemic investigation. This article presents the phototoxicity potential of various types of TCMs and their active components in an effort to provide valuable information for drug research and discovery to mitigate phototoxicity concerns. Some potential mechanisms of action (MoAs) of phototoxicity are discussed. In addition, in vivo and in vitro phototoxicity assays are summarized this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Chemistry , College of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China .
| | - Rui An
- Department of Chemistry , College of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China .
| | - Kun Liang
- Department of Chemistry , College of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China .
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry , College of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China .
| | - Lisha You
- Department of Chemistry , College of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China .
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Fernandes A, Mazzei J, Evangelista H, Marques M, Ferraz E, Felzenszwalb I. Protection against UV-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage by Amazon moss extracts. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 183:331-341. [PMID: 29758545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amazon mosses, such as Holomitriopsis laevifolia and Leucobryum sp. are naturally exposed to high levels of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Theoretically, under environmental stress conditions these mosses have developed protective chemical and metabolic strategies against UV damage, by way of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids. The present paper aimed to evaluate the free-radical scavenging activity, and the photoprotective, mutagenic and photomutagenic potencies of the methanolic (ME), aqueous (AE), hydroalcoholic (HE), ethanolic (EE) extracts of H. laevifolia and Leucobryum sp. The phenolic contents were evaluated by spectrophotometry and by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The present findings showed that the AE and HE of H. laevifolia and the AE of Leucobryum sp. presented the highest phenolic contents. The HPLC analysis indicated the presence mainly of phenolic and cinnamic acids, flavonols, flavones and flavanones. The AE and EE of H. laevifolia and the AE and HE of Leucobryum sp. efficiently scavenged the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. All extracts showed significant values of in vitro Sun Protection Factor alone, and HE of Leucobryum sp. showed a synergistic effect in association with benzophenone-3. None of the extracts induced mutagenicity in the auxotrophic strains for histidine of Salmonella typhimurium, and photomutagenicity of the TA102 and TA104 strains was not detected after exposure to UV-A radiation. Besides, all extracts showed photoprotective activity against UV-A radiation for the TA104 strain, including synergistic protection in association with BP-3. Thus, the constituents in H. Laevifolia and Leucobryum sp. could be good candidates for cosmetic and dermatological applications, particularly in association with synthetic UV filters, since the concentration of the filters in the final product could be reduced.
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Cardoso Dos Santos M, Goetz J, Bartenlian H, Wong KL, Charbonnière LJ, Hildebrandt N. Autofluorescence-Free Live-Cell Imaging Using Terbium Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1327-1334. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cardoso Dos Santos
- NanoBioPhotonics (nanofret.com), Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Univeristé Paris-Sud, CNRS, CEA, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - J. Goetz
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l’Analyse (LIMAA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - H. Bartenlian
- NanoBioPhotonics (nanofret.com), Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Univeristé Paris-Sud, CNRS, CEA, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - K.-L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - L. J. Charbonnière
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l’Analyse (LIMAA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - N. Hildebrandt
- NanoBioPhotonics (nanofret.com), Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Univeristé Paris-Sud, CNRS, CEA, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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12
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Protection against UV-induced toxicity and lack of mutagenicity of Antarctic Sanionia uncinata. Toxicology 2017; 376:126-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Xia Q, Chou MW, Yin JJ, Howard PC, Yu H, Fu PP. Photoirradiation of representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and twelve isomeric methylbenz[a]anthracene with UVA light: formation of lipid peroxidation. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 22:147-56. [PMID: 16786836 DOI: 10.1191/0748233706th259oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread genotoxic environmental pollutants, which require metabolic activation in order to exert biological activities, including mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Photoactivation is another activation pathway that can lead to PAH genotoxicity. In this paper, we demonstrate that photoirradiation of a series of representative PAHs, with and without bearing a methyl substituent, with UVA light in the presence of methyl linoleate resulted in the formation of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides (a lipid peroxide). The lipid peroxide formation was inhibited by dithiothreitol (DTT) (free radical scavenger), NaN3 (singlet oxygen and free radical scavenger), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (superoxide scavenger), but was enhanced by the presence of deuterium oxide (D2O) (extends singlet oxygen lifetime). These results suggest that photoirradiation of PAHs by UVA light generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Newsome AG, Culver CA, van Breemen RB. Nature's palette: the search for natural blue colorants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6498-511. [PMID: 24930897 DOI: 10.1021/jf501419q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The food and beverage industry is seeking to broaden the palette of naturally derived colorants. Although considerable effort has been devoted to the search for new blue colorants in fruits and vegetables, less attention has been directed toward blue compounds from other sources such as bacteria and fungi. The current work reviews known organic blue compounds from natural plant, animal, fungal, and microbial sources. The scarcity of blue-colored metabolites in the natural world relative to metabolites of other colors is discussed, and structural trends common among natural blue compounds are identified. These compounds are grouped into seven structural classes and evaluated for their potential as new color additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Newsome
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy , 833 South Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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15
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Lapchak PA, Schubert DR, Maher PA. De-Risking of Stilbazulenyl Nitrone (STAZN), a Lipophilic Nitrone to Treat Stroke Using a Unique Panel of In Vitro Assays. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:209-17. [PMID: 22003372 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a comprehensive panel of in vitro assays to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stilbazulenyl nitrone (STAZN) as a lead compound to treat acute ischemic stroke. First, we measured neuroprotection in vitro using two different HT22 hippocampal nerve cell assays. Secondly, to de-risk drug development, we used CeeTox analysis with the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line to determine the acute toxicity profile of STAZN. Third, STAZN was tested in microsomes from four species for measures of metabolic stability. Last, we determined the Ames test genotoxicity profile of STAZN using Salmonella typhimurium TA989 and TA100. In vitro, STAZN was neuroprotective against toxicity induced by iodoacetic acid, and oxytosis-induced glutathione depletion was initiated by glutamate, with an EC(50) value of 1-5 μM. Secondly, using CeeTox analysis, the estimated C(Tox) value (i.e., sustained concentration expected to produce toxicity in a rat 14-day repeat dose study) for STAZN was calculated to be 260 μM. Third, the half-life of STAZN in humans, dogs, and rats was 60-78 min. Last, the genotoxicity profile showed that STAZN did not induce bacterial colony growth under any conditions tested, indicating the lack of mutagenicity with this compound. STAZN appears to be a multi-target neuroprotective compound that has an excellent safety profile in both the CeeTox and Ames mutagenicity assays. STAZN may have significant potential as a novel neuroprotective agent to treat stroke and should be pursued in clinically relevant embolic stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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16
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Xia Q, Chiang HM, Yin JJ, Chen S, Cai L, Yu H, Fu PP. UVA photoirradiation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites: induction of cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:898-910. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713484648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) is a prototype for studying carcinogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We have long been interested in studying the phototoxicity of PAHs. In this study, we determined that metabolism of BaP by human skin HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in six identified phase I metabolites, for example, BaP trans-7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP t-7,8-diol), BaP t-4,5-diol, BaP t-9,10-diol, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP), BaP (7,10/8,9)tetrol, and BaP (7/8,9,10)tetrol. The photocytotoxicity of BaP, 3-OH-BaP, BaP t-7,8-diol, BaP trans-7,8-diol- anti-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), and BaP (7,10/8,9)tetrol in the HaCaT keratinocytes was examined. When irradiated with 1.0 J/cm2 UVA light, these compounds when tested at doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 μM, all induced photocytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. When photoirradiation was conducted in the presence of a lipid (methyl linoleate), BaP metabolites, BPDE, and three related PAHs, pyrene, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP trans-7,8-diol, and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP trans-9,10-diol, all induced lipid peroxidation. The formation of lipid peroxides by BaP t-7,8-diol was inhibited by NaN3 and enhanced by deuterated methanol, which suggests that singlet oxygen may be involved in the generation of lipid peroxides. The formation of lipid hydroperoxides was partially inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Electron spin resonance spin trapping experiments indicated that both singlet oxygen and superoxide radical anion were generated from UVA photoirradiation of BPDE in a light dose responding manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
- Department of Cosmecutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shoujun Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Lining Cai
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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17
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Zhao Y, Wang S, Yu H, Chiang HM. Phototoxicity of herbal plants and herbal products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:213-255. [PMID: 24024520 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.824206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are used by humans in daily life in many different ways, including as food, herbal medicines, and cosmetics. Unfortunately, many natural plants and their chemical constituents are photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic, and these phototoxic phytochemicals are widely present in many different plant families. To date, information concerning the phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity of many plants and their chemical constituents is limited. In this review, we discuss phototoxic plants and their major phototoxic constituents; routes of human exposure; phototoxicity of these plants and their constituents; general mechanisms of phototoxicity of plants and phototoxic components; and several representative phototoxic plants and their photoactive chemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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18
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Zhao Y, Xia Q, Yin JJ, Yu H, Fu PP. Photoirradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diones by UVA light leading to lipid peroxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:83-91. [PMID: 21680011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous genotoxic environmental pollutants and potentially pose a health risk to humans. In most if not all cases, PAHs in the environment can be oxidized into their corresponding PAH-diones. This process is considered a detoxification pathway with regard to tumorigenicity. Nevertheless, photo-induced toxicological activity of PAH-diones has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we show that 27 potential environmental PAH-diones induced lipid peroxidation, in a dose (light) response manner, when irradiated with UVA at 7 and 21 J cm(-2). Photoirradiation in the presence of sodium azide, deuterated methanol, or superoxide dismutase revealed that lipid peroxidation is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping studies supported this observation. These results suggest that UVA photoirradiation of PAH-diones generates reactive oxygen species and induces lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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19
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Struwe M, Csato M, Singer T, Gocke E. Comprehensive assessment of the photomutagenicity, photogenotoxicity and photo(cyto)toxicity of azulene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:129-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Wang S, Lawson R, Ray PC, Yu H. Toxic effects of gold nanoparticles on Salmonella typhimurium bacteria. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:547-54. [PMID: 21415096 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710393395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanometer-sized gold, due to its beautiful and bountiful color and unique optical properties, is a versatile material for many industrial and societal applications. We have studied the effect of gold nanoparticles on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 102. The gold nanoparticles in solution prepared using the citrate reduction method is found not to be toxic or mutagenic but photomutagenic to the bacteria; however, careful control experiments indicate that the photomutagenicity is due to the co-existing citrate and Au³⁺ ions, not due to the gold nanoparticle itself. Au³⁺ is also found to be photomutagenic to the bacteria at concentrations lower than 1 µM, but toxic at higher concentrations. The toxicity of Au³⁺ is enhanced by light irradiation. The photomutagenicity of both citrate and Au³⁺ is likely due to the formation of free radicals, as a result of light-induced citrate decarboxylation or Au³⁺ oxidation of co-existing molecules. Both processes can generate free radicals that may cause DNA damage and mutation. Studies of the interaction of gold nanoparticles with the bacteria indicate that gold nanoparticles can be absorbed onto the bacteria surface but not able to penetrate the bacteria wall to enter the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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21
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Fiori J, Teti G, Gotti R, Mazzotti G, Falconi M. Cytotoxic activity of guaiazulene on gingival fibroblasts and the influence of light exposure on guaiazulene-induced cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 25:64-72. [PMID: 20854889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Guaiazulene (GA) is widely used as a natural ingredient in many health care products and solutions. Although it has been reported to have interesting biological effects, GA and azulene derivatives have been proven to be cytotoxic against normal human cells and human tumor cells; moreover, guaiazulene has shown photomutagenic properties on bacterial strains. Therefore, we evaluated and compared the cytotoxicity of GA at different concentrations on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell cultures under normal conditions and under UV irradiation (UV-A dose: 6.4 J/cm(2)). The compound tested was found to significantly reduce cell viability (dose-dependent trend, IC(50) 72.1 μM), decrease protein procollagen α1 type I synthesis, a marker for HGF protein, and COL1A1 mRNA expression. The cytotoxic effects were accompanied by activation of an intrinsic apoptotic pathway, studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and caspase-3 activation. The light exposure of the cell culture treated decreased GA-induced cell death (IC(50) 128.9 μM), suggesting a photoprotective effect due to the photodegradation of the toxic agent, guaiazulene. Furthermore, the products of the photodegradation reaction of GA proved not to be toxic against HGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fiori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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22
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Photoirradiation of azulene and guaiazulene—Formation of reactive oxygen species and induction of lipid peroxidation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Wang L, Wang S, Yin JJ, Fu PP, Yu H. Light-Induced Toxic Effects of Tamoxifen: A Chemotherapeutic and Chemopreventive Agent. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009; 201:50-56. [PMID: 20046228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a powerful drug used to treat breast cancer patients, and more than 500,000 women in the U. S. are being treated with this drug. In our study, tamoxifen is found to be photomutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 at concentrations as low as 0.08 muM and reaches maximum photomutagenicity at 0.4 muM under a light dose equivalent to 20 min sunlight. These concentrations are comparable to the plasma tamoxifen concentration of 0.4 to 3 muM for patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy. The toxicity seems to be the result of DNA damage and/or lipid peroxidation caused by light irradiation of tamoxifen. The DNA damage caused by irradiation of PhiX174 DNA in the presence of tamoxifen appears to be formation of DNA-tamoxifen covalent adducts, not single strand/double strand cleavages, and there is no oxygen involvement. This is confirmed by EPR experiments that carbon-centerd radicals are formed by light irradiation of tamoxifen and there is no singlet oxygen formation. Although superoxide radical is formed, it is not involved in DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217
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24
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Phototoxicity of phenylenediamine hair dye chemicals in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and human skin keratinocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3780-4. [PMID: 18940226 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenylenediamines (PD) are dye precursors used to manufacture hair dyes. The three PDs, 1,2-,1,3-, and 1,4-PD and three chlorinated PDs, 4-chloro-1,2-PD, 4-chloro-1,3-PD, and 4,5-dichloro-1,2-PD were studied for their mutagenic effect in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102, cytotoxicity in human skin keratinocyte cells, and for DNA cleavage. The results show that all six compounds are not toxic/mutagenic in TA 102 bacteria or skin cells, and do not cause DNA cleavage in PhiX 174 phage DNA. If the same tests are carried out by exposing them to light irradiation concurrently, all three chlorinated PDs cause mutation in TA 102 bacteria and single strand cleavage in PhiX174 phage DNA. This indicates that chlorination of the PDs makes these compounds more photochemically active and produces reactive species that cause DNA damage and mutation. For the photocytotoxicity test in skin cells, it appears there is no such structure-activity relationship. Two chlorinated PDs and two non-chlorinated PDs are cytotoxic at a fairly high concentration (1000microM) upon exposure to light irradiation.
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25
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Fiori J, Gotti R, Albini A, Cavrini V. Study on the photostability of guaiazulene by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2698-2706. [PMID: 18680092 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The photostability of guaiazulene (1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene; GA), a natural azulenic compound used in cosmetic and health-care products, as well as in pharmaceutical preparations, was investigated in solution (methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile), by different techniques: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and UV detection (LC/APCI-MS and HPLC/UV). A solar simulator (xenon-arc lamp) was used as UV-A radiation source. The study involved: monitoring compound decomposition, identifying products of photodegradation (PPs), assessing the role of oxygen and evaluating the kinetics of the process. Minor PPs are volatile compounds and were characterized by GC/MS, while oligomeric polyoxygenated compounds, tentatively characterized on the basis of MS and MS/MS spectra, were found to be the main photoproducts. The photodegradation was found to be enhanced by the presence of oxygen; nevertheless, determination of the singlet oxygen quantum yield for GA gave a lower value than that for the reference standard Rose Bengal. The obtained results and the developed stability-indicating methods (GC/MS and LC/MS) are of interest for stability studies and/or quality control purposes of GA as raw material or cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fiori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bologna, Italy
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26
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Fiori J, Gotti R, Valgimigli L, Cavrini V. Guaiazulene in health care products: Determination by GC–MS and HPLC-DAD and photostability test. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:710-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Hans RK, Agrawal N, Verma K, Misra RB, Ray RS, Farooq M. Assessment of the phototoxic potential of cosmetic products. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Mosley CN, Wang L, Gilley S, Wang S, Yu H. Light-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a sunscreen agent, 2-phenylbenzimidazole in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT keratinocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2008; 4:126-31. [PMID: 17617675 PMCID: PMC3728577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2007040006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylbenzimidazole (PBI) is an ingredient found in sunscreen agents. PBI can absorb the UV portion of the solar light and undergo a series of light-induced reactions to cause adverse effects in humans. Therefore, chemical and photochemical toxicity of PBI were investigated in the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and human skin keratinocyte cells. There is no appreciable bacteria death due to the exposure to PBI alone, indicating that PBI is not chemically toxic to the bacteria at a dose as high as 625μM. However, exposure to PBI and a solar simulator light (300-W Xe/Hg lamp, 30 min, 18.6 J/cm2, equivalent to 30 min outdoor sunlight) causes significant bacteria death: 35% at 25μM and 55% at 625μM PBI. Exposure of the bacteria to light and PBI at doses 5–25μM causes the bacteria to revert, an indication of mutation. In the presence of PBI but without light irradiation, the number of revertant bacteria colonies is around 200 due to spontaneous mutation. Combination of light irradiation and PBI causes the number of revertant TA 102 colonies to increase in a dose dependent manner, reaching a maximum of around 1700 revertant colonies at 25 μM PBI. At higher PBI concentrations, the number of revertant colonies remains constant. This result clearly indicates that PBI is photomutagenic in TA 102. Exposure of the human skin HaCaT keratinocytes in aqueous solution in the presence of PBI causes the cell to lose its viability with or without light irradiation. There is no significant difference in cell viability for the light irradiated or non-irradiated groups, indication PBI is not photocytotoxic. However, exposure of the cells to both PBI and light irradiation causes cellular DNA damage, while exposure to PBI alone does not cause DNA damage.
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29
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Verma K, Agrawal N, Misra RB, Farooq M, Hans RK. Phototoxicity assessment of drugs and cosmetic products using E. coli. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:249-53. [PMID: 17919881 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (Dh5alpha strain) was developed as an alternate test system of phototoxicity. Eight drugs (antibiotics) and cosmetic products (eight face creams) were examined for their phototoxicity using this test system. Five known phototoxic compounds were used to validate the test system. UVA-radiation induced phototoxicity of these compounds was tested by agar gel diffusion assay. Decrease in colony forming units (CFU) was taken as an end point of phototoxicity. The phototoxic compounds and antibiotics produced significant reduction in CFU (p<0.001) at 80 microg/ml concentrations under exposure to UVA-radiation (5.4-10.8 J/cm(2)). One face cream was found phototoxic and produced significant decrease in CFU of E. coli at 1.0mg/ml concentration under UVA exposure (10.8 J/cm(2)). The minimum effective concentration of tetracycline and dose of UVA-radiation were also determined by observing growth inhibition of E. coli through disc diffusion assay. The observations suggested that E. coli can be used as an alternative test system for phototoxicity evaluation of chemicals. A battery of test systems is required to conclude the toxic/phototoxic potential of a chemical agent. In view of the speed, easiness, sensitivity and low cost, E. coli is introduced as one of the alternate test system for phototoxicity studies in safety evaluation of various chemical ingredients or formulations used in cosmetics and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Verma
- Photobiology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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30
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Yu H, Xia Q, Yan J, Herreno-Saenz D, Wu YS, Tang IW, Fu PP. Photoirradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with UVA light - a pathway leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and dna damage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2006; 3:348-54. [PMID: 17159277 PMCID: PMC2701161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2006030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of genotoxic environmental contaminants. We have long been interested in determining the mechanisms by which PAHs induce genotoxicity. Although the metabolic activation of PAHs leading to biological activities has been well studied, the photo-induced activation pathway has seldom reported. In this paper, we review the study of photoirradiation of PAHs with UVA irradiation results in (i) cytotoxicity and DNA damage (ii) DNA single strand cleavage; (iii) formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine adduct (8-OHdG), and (iv) formation of lipid peroxidation. Evidence has been shown that these photobiological activities are mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Diogenes Herreno-Saenz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00935
| | - Yuh-Shen Wu
- Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Wah Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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31
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Gotti R, Fiori J, Mancini F, Cavrini V. Analysis of neutral nitromusks in incenses by capillary electrophoresis in organic solvents and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3325-32. [PMID: 16080214 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitromusks used as fragrances in a variety of personal-care products, cleansers, and domestic deodorants, including incense sticks, are neutral nitro aromatic compounds; some of these have been reported as photosensitizers. In this work, their analysis was performed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in a methanol-based background electrolyte (BGE). In particular, a 10 mM solution of citric acid in methanol was used; under these conditions the strong suppression of the electroosmotic flow favored the use of negatively charged surfactants as additives for the anodic migration of the studied analytes. To this end, sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDC) was supplemented at high concentration (190 mM) to the organic background electrolyte (BGE), showing strong indication of the ability to give micelle-like aggregates. Since nitromusks are characterized by the presence of a nitroaromatic ring with low charge density, their association with TDC aggregates can be ascribed to donor-acceptor interactions. Separation of musk xylene, musk ketone, and the banned musk moskene and musk ambrette was obtained under full nonaqueous BGE; the addition of relatively small water percentages (15% v/v) was found to be useful in improving the separation of pairs of adjacent peaks. Under optimized conditions (190 mM sodium TDC in methanol-water, 85-15 v/v containing citric acid 10 mM) the system was applied to the analysis of nitromusks in incense sticks extracted with methanol. The results were compared with those obtained by the analysis of the same samples using gas chromatography with mass detector. The expected different selectivity of separation obtained using the two techniques can be useful in the unambiguous determination of the analytes; furthermore, a substantial accord of the preliminary quantitative results achieved with the two methods was assumed as the confirmation of the potential reliability of CE performed with high percentage of organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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32
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Yu H, Yan J, Jiao Y, Fu PP. Photochemical Reaction of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and Formation of DNA Covalent Adducts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2005; 2:114-22. [PMID: 16705809 PMCID: PMC3814705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2005010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, is a widely studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that has long been recognized as a probable human carcinogen. It has been found that DMBA is phototoxic in bacteria as well as in animal or human cells and photomutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA102. This article tempts to explain the photochemistry and photomutagenicity mechanism. Light irradiation converts DMBA into several photoproducts including benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, 7-hydroxy-12-keto-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7,12-epidioxy-7,12-dihydro-DMBA, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 12-hydroxymethyl-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene. Structures of these photoproducts have been identified by either comparison with authentic samples or by NMR/MS. At least four other photoproducts need to be assigned. Photo-irradiation of DMBA in the presence of calf thymus DNA was similarly conducted and light-induced DMBA-DNA adducts were analyzed by 32P-postlabeling/TLC, which indicates that multiple DNA adducts were formed. This indicates that formation of DNA adducts might be the source of photomutagenicity of DMBA. Metabolites obtained from the metabolism of DMBA by rat liver microsomes were reacted with calf thymus DNA and the resulting DNA adducts were analyzed by 32P-postlabeling/TLC under identical conditions. Comparison of the DNA adduct profiles indicates that the DNA adducts formed from photo-irradiation are different from the DNA adducts formed due to the reaction of DMBA metabolites with DNA. These results suggest that photo-irradiation of DMBA can lead to genotoxicity through activation pathways different from those by microsomal metabolism of DMBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Wang L, Yan J, Hardy W, Mosley C, Wang S, Yu H. Light-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella TA102 and genotoxicity/cytotoxicity in human T-cells by 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine: a chemical used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments and in tattoo inks. Toxicology 2005; 207:411-8. [PMID: 15664269 PMCID: PMC3764506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DCB, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, is used primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of diarylide yellow or azo red pigments for printing ink, textile, paint, and plastics. It is also used in tattoo inks. In this article, we investigate light-induced toxicity of DCB in both bacteria and human Jurkat T-cells. DCB itself is not toxic or mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA102, but is photomutagenic at concentrations as low as 2 microM and phototoxic at concentrations >100 microM when bacteria are exposed to DCB and light at the same time (1.2 J/cm2 of UVA and 2.1 J/cm2 of visible light). Furthermore, DCB is both photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic to human Jurkat T-cells. Under a light irradiation dose of 2.3 J/cm2 of UVA and 4.2 J/cm2 of visible light, it causes the Jurkat T-cells to become nonviable in a DCB dose-dependent manner and the nonviable cells reaches 60% at DCB concentrations higher than 50 microM. At the same time, DNA fragmentation is observed for cells exposed to both DCB and light, determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (alkaline comet assay). As much as 5% (average) DNA fragmentation was observed when exposed to 200 microM DCB and light irradiation. This suggests that DCB can penetrate the cell membrane and enter the cell. Upon light activation, DCB in the cells can cause various cellular damages, leading to nonviable Jurkat T-cells. It appears, the nonviable cells are not caused solely by fragmentation of cellular DNA, but by other damages such as to proteins and cell membranes, or DNA alkylation. Therefore, persons exposed to DCB through environmental contamination or through tattoo piercing using DCB-containing inks must not only concern about its toxicity without exposing to light, but also its phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongtao Yu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: (601) 979-2174. Fax: (601) 979-3674.
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Cherng SH, Xia Q, Blankenship LR, Freeman JP, Wamer WG, Howard PC, Fu PP. Photodecomposition of Retinyl Palmitate in Ethanol by UVA LightFormation of Photodecomposition Products, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Lipid Peroxides†. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:129-38. [PMID: 15720116 DOI: 10.1021/tx049807l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodecomposition of retinyl palmitate (RP), an ester and the storage form of vitamin A (retinol), in ethanol under UVA light irradiation was studied. The resulting photodecomposition products were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and identified by spectral analysis and comparison with the chromatographic and spectral properties of synthetically prepared standards. The identified products include 5,6-epoxy-RP, 4-keto-RP, 11-ethoxy-12-hydroxy-RP, 13-ethoxy-14-hydroxy-RP, anhydroretinol (AR), palmitic acid, ethyl palmitate, and four tentatively assigned cis and trans isomeric 15-ethoxy-ARs. AR was formed as a mixture of all-trans-AR, 6Z-cis-AR, 8Z-cis-AR, and 12Z-cis-AR with all-trans-AR predominating. 5,6-Epoxy-RP, 4-keto-RP, 11-ethoxy-12-hydroxy-RP, and 13-ethoxy-14-hydroxy-RP were also formed from reaction of RP with alkylperoxy radicals generated by thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile). Formation of these photodecomposition products was inhibited in the presence of sodium azide (NaN3), a free radical inhibitor. These results suggest that formation of 5,6-epoxy-RP, 4-keto-RP, 11-ethoxy-12-hydroxy-RP, and 13-ethoxy-14-hydroxy-RP from photoirradiation of RP is mediated by a light-initiated free radical chain reaction. AR and the isomeric 11-ethoxy-ARs were not formed from reaction of RP with alkylperoxy radicals generated from 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), and their formation was not inhibited when NaN3 was present during the photoirradiation of RP. We propose that these products were formed through an ionic photodissociation mechanism, which is similar to the reported formation of AR through ionic photodissociation of retinyl acetate. RP and all its identified photodecomposition products described above (i) were not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA104 in the presence and absence of S9 activation enzymes, (ii) were not photomutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 upon UVA irradiation, and (iii) did not bind with calf thymus DNA in the presence of microsomal metabolizing enzymes. These results suggest that RP and its decomposition products are not genotoxic; however, photoirradiation of RP, 5,6-epoxy-RP, and AR with UVA light in the presence of methyl linoleate resulted in lipid peroxide (methyl linoleate hydroperoxides) formation. The lipid peroxide formation was inhibited by dithiothreitol (DTT) (free radical scavenger), NaN3 (singlet oxygen and free radical scavenger), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (superoxide scavenger) but was enhanced by the presence of deuterium oxide (D2O) (enhancement of singlet oxygen lifetime). These results suggest that photoirradiation of RP, 5,6-epoxy-RP, and AR by UVA light generated reactive oxygen species resulting in lipid (methyl linoleate) peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Cherng
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Wang L, Yan J, Wang S, Cohly H, Fu PP, Hwang HM, Yu H. Phototoxicity and DNA damage induced by the cosmetic ingredient chemical azulene in human Jurkat T-cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2004; 562:143-50. [PMID: 15279837 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous study showed that the cosmetic ingredient chemical azulene and its derivative gauiazulene exhibited photomutagenicity four- to five-fold higher than spontaneous mutation in Salmonella typhimurium TA102. In this study, phototoxicity including photogenotoxicity of azulene in human Jurkat T-cells is reported. When the cell suspensions are irradiated by light (UVA plus visible light) in the presence of azulene, an azulene dose-dependent cellular DNA damage is observed. At the highest azulene concentration of 50 microM, the average DNA fragmentation is 33 +/- 10%, determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay). Cell viability assay using fluorescein diacetate indicates that the cells could endure the damage and remain viable. Further study revealed that the combination of light and azulene can cause single-strand cleavage on pure PhiX174 plasmid DNA in solution. Studies using scavengers reveal that singlet oxygen and free radicals are involved in causing DNA cleavage. This suggests that the photomutagenicity of azulene in S. typhimurium TA102 could be due to DNA fragmentation caused by the concurrent exposure to azulene and light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 JR Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Yan J, Wang L, Fu PP, Yu H. Photomutagenicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the US EPA priority pollutant list. Mutat Res 2004; 557:99-108. [PMID: 14706522 PMCID: PMC2713671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photomutagenicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), all on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority pollutant list, was studied. Concomitant exposing the Salmonella typhimurium bacteria strain TA102 to one of the PAHs and light (1.1 J/cm2 UVA+2.1 J/cm2 visible) without the activation enzyme S9, strong photomutagenic response is observed for anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and pyrene. Under the same conditions, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, and fluorene are weakly photomutagenic. Benzo[b]fluoranthene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene are not photomutagenic. These results indicate that PAHs can be activated by light and become mutagenic in Salmonella TA102 bacteria. At the same time, the mutagenicity for all the 16 PAHs was examined with the standard mutagenicity test with 10% S9 as the activation system. Benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene are weakly mutagenic, while the rest of the PAHs are not. In general, the photomutagenicity of PAHs in TA102 does not correlate with their S9-activated mutagenicity in either TA102 or TA98/TA100 since they involve different activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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