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Romanova EB, Ryabinina ES, Lyapkov SM. Body Size, Age, Phenetic, Morphophysiological, and Cytogenetic Characteristics of Pelophylax ridibundus (Amphibia, Ranidae) Populations Inhabiting Polluted Thermal Reservoirs of Kamchatka. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021070256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tanaka A, Watanabe S. Can cytoplasmic donation rescue aged oocytes? Reprod Med Biol 2019; 18:128-139. [PMID: 30996676 PMCID: PMC6452014 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pregnancy and delivery rates following assisted reproductive technology (ART) start to decrease and that the miscarriage rate increases rapidly from 35 years old. The miscarriage rate exceeds 50% at 43 years old. The number of aneuploid fetuses in miscarriages increases according to female age, reaching more than 90% when women are over 40 years old. METHODS Different cytoplasmic donation technologies used to rescue aged oocytes with high percentage of aneuploidy were analyzed, and their efficacy compared. MAIN FINDINGS RESULTS Germinal vesicle transfer (GVT) might be superior to spindle chromosome transfer (ST) theoretically from the point of higher capability of rescuing the disjunction at meiosis I which cannot be helped by ST. However, actually, in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte after GVT has not yet been totally completed. ST among other nuclear donations showed the higher possibility to rescue them, due to the fact it does not require in vitro maturation and it has an ethical advantage over pronuclear transfer (PNT) which requires the destruction of an embryo. CONCLUSION Spindle chromosome transfer has the potential to rescue aged oocytes to some extent, but we have to continue the basic study further to establish the clinical application of cytoplasmic donation to rescue aged oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Saint Mother Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic and Institute for ARTFukuokaJapan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Anatomical ScienceHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineAomoriJapan
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Jeong CH, Postigo C, Richardson SD, Simmons JE, Kimura SY, Mariñas BJ, Barcelo D, Liang P, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Occurrence and Comparative Toxicity of Haloacetaldehyde Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13749-59. [PMID: 25942416 PMCID: PMC4791037 DOI: 10.1021/es506358x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of drinking water disinfection greatly reduced waterborne diseases. However, the reaction between disinfectants and natural organic matter in the source water leads to an unintended consequence, the formation of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are the third largest group by weight of identified DBPs in drinking water. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence and comparative toxicity of the emerging HAL DBPs. A new HAL DBP, iodoacetaldehyde (IAL) was identified. This study provided the first systematic, quantitative comparison of HAL toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The rank order of HAL cytotoxicity is tribromoacetaldehyde (TBAL) ≈ chloroacetaldehyde (CAL) > dibromoacetaldehyde (DBAL) ≈ bromochloroacetaldehyde (BCAL) ≈ dibromochloroacetaldehyde (DBCAL) > IAL > bromoacetaldehyde (BAL) ≈ bromodichloroacetaldehyde (BDCAL) > dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL) > trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL). The HALs were highly cytotoxic compared to other DBP chemical classes. The rank order of HAL genotoxicity is DBAL > CAL ≈ DBCAL > TBAL ≈ BAL > BDCAL>BCAL ≈ DCAL>IAL. TCAL was not genotoxic. Because of their toxicity and abundance, further research is needed to investigate their mode of action to protect the public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H. Jeong
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Benito J. Mariñas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R China
| | - Elizabeth D. Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J. Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute and the Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 217-333-3614.
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Sperling K, Neitzel H, Scherb H. Evidence for an increase in trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) in Europe after the Chernobyl reactor accident. Genet Epidemiol 2011; 36:48-55. [DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Sperling
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Heidemarie Neitzel
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Hagen Scherb
- Institute of Biomathematics and Biometry; Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health; Neuherberg; Germany
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Mailhes JB. Faulty spindle checkpoint and cohesion protein activities predispose oocytes to premature chromosome separation and aneuploidy. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:642-58. [PMID: 18626998 DOI: 10.1002/em.20412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy accounts for a major proportion of human reproductive failures, mental and physical anomalies, and neoplasms. To heighten our understanding of normal and abnormal chromosome segregation, additional information is needed about the underlying molecular mechanisms of chromosome segregation. Although many hypotheses have been proposed for the etiology of human aneuploidy, there has not been general acceptance of any specific hypothesis. Moreover, it is important to recognize that many potential mechanisms exist whereby chromosome missegregation may occur. One area for investigating aneuploidy centers on the biochemical changes that take place during oocyte maturation. In this regard, recent results have shown that faulty mRNA of spindle-assembly checkpoint proteins and chromosome cohesion proteins may lead to aneuploidy. Also, postovulatory and in vitro aging of mouse oocytes has been shown to lead to decreased levels of Mad2 transcripts and elevated frequencies of premature centromere separation. The intent of this review is to highlight the major events surrounding chromosome segregation and to present the published results that support the premise that faulty chromosome cohesion proteins and spindle checkpoint proteins compromise accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Mailhes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA.
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Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Adler ID, Carere A, Pacchierotti F. Gender differences in germ-cell mutagenesis and genetic risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:22-36. [PMID: 17156773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Current international classification systems for chemical mutagens are hazard-based rather than aimed at assessing risks quantitatively. In the past, germ-cell tests have been mainly performed with a limited number of somatic cell mutagens, and rarely under conditions aimed at comparing gender-specific differences in susceptibility to mutagen exposures. There are profound differences in the genetic constitution, and in hormonal, structural, and functional aspects of differentiation and control of gametogenesis between the sexes. A critical review of the literature suggests that these differences may have a profound impact on the relative susceptibility, stage of highest sensitivity and the relative risk for the genesis of gene mutation, as well as structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in male and female germ cells. Transmission of germ-cell mutations to the offspring may also encounter gender-specific influences. Gender differences in susceptibility to chemically derived alterations in imprinting patterns may pose a threat for the health of the offspring and may also be transmitted to future generations. Recent reports on different genetic effects from high acute and from chronic low-dose exposures challenge the validity of conclusions drawn from standard methods of mutagenicity testing. In conclusion, research is urgently needed to identify genetic hazards for a larger range of chemical compounds, including those suspected to disturb proper chromosome segregation. Alterations in epigenetic programming and their health consequences will have to be investigated. More attention should be paid to gender-specific genetic effects. Finally, the database for germ-cell mutagens should be enlarged using molecular methodologies, and genetic epidemiology studies should be performed with these techniques to verify human genetic risk.
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Pacchierotti F, Adler ID, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Mailhes JB. Gender effects on the incidence of aneuploidy in mammalian germ cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:46-69. [PMID: 17292877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy occurs in 0.3% of newborns, 4% of stillbirths, and more than 35% of all human spontaneous abortions. Human gametogenesis is uniquely and gender-specific susceptible to errors in chromosome segregation. Overall, between 1% and 4% of sperm and as many as 20% of human oocytes have been estimated by molecular cytogenetic analysis to be aneuploid. Maternal age remains the paramount aetiological factor associated with human aneuploidy. The majority of extra chromosomes in trisomic offspring appears to be of maternal origin resulting from nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division. Differences in the recombination patterns between male and female meiosis may partly account for the striking gender- and chromosome-specific differences in the genesis of human aneuploidy, especially in aged oocytes. Nondisjunction of entire chromosomes during meiosis I as well as premature separation of sister chromatids or homologues prior to meiotic anaphase can contribute to aneuploidy. During meiosis, checkpoints at meiotic prophase and the spindle checkpoint at M-phase can induce meiotic arrest and/or cell death in case of disturbances in pairing/recombination or spindle attachment of chromosomes. It has been suggested that gender differences in aneuploidy may result from more permissive checkpoints in females than males. Furthermore, age-related loss of chromosome cohesion in oocytes as a cause of aneuploidy may be female-specific. Comparative data about the susceptibility of human male and female germ cells to aneuploidy-causing chemicals is lacking. Increases of aneuploidy frequency in sperm have been shown after exposure to therapeutic drugs, occupational agents and lifestyle factors. Conversely, data on oocyte aneuploidy caused by exogenous agents is limited because of the small numbers of oocytes available for analysis combined with potential maternal age effects. The vast majority of animal studies on aneuploidy induction in germ cells represent cause and effect data. Specific studies designed to evaluate possible gender differences in induction of germ cell aneuploidy have not been found. However, the comparison of rodent data available from different laboratories suggests that oocytes are more sensitive than male germ cells when exposed to chemicals that effect the meiotic spindle. Only recently, in vitro experiments, analyses of transgenic animals and knockdown of expression of meiotic genes have started to address the molecular mechanisms underlying chromosome missegregation in mammalian germ cells whereby striking differences between genders could be shown. Such information is needed to clarify the extent and the mechanisms of gender effects, including possible differential susceptibility to environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pacchierotti
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Mailhes JB, Marchetti F. Mechanisms and chemical induction of aneuploidy in rodent germ cells. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 111:384-91. [PMID: 16192721 DOI: 10.1159/000086916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to suggest that the advances being made in our understanding of the molecular events surrounding chromosome segregation in non-mammalian and somatic cell models be considered when designing experiments for studying aneuploidy in mammalian germ cells. Accurate chromosome segregation requires the temporal control and unique interactions among a vast array of proteins and cellular organelles. Abnormal function and temporal disarray among these, and others to be identified, biochemical reactions and cellular organelles have the potential for predisposing cells to aneuploidy. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that certain chemicals (mainly those that alter microtubule function) can induce aneuploidy in mammalian germ cells, it seems relevant to point out that such data can be influenced by gender, meiotic stage, and time of cell-fixation post-treatment. Additionally, a consensus has not been reached regarding which of several germ cell aneuploidy assays most accurately reflects the human condition. More recent studies have shown that certain kinase, phosphatase, proteasome, and topoisomerase inhibitors can also induce aneuploidy in rodent germ cells. We suggest that molecular approaches be prudently incorporated into mammalian germ cell aneuploidy research in order to eventually understand the causes and mechanisms of human aneuploidy. Such an enormous undertaking would benefit from collaboration among scientists representing several disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Mailhes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Mouse genetic models for aneuploidy induction in germ cells. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 111:392-400. [PMID: 16192722 DOI: 10.1159/000086917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents have been successfully used as models to identify risks of chemical exposures or age to aneuploidy induction in germ cells, which may be transmitted to the progeny. For this administration in vivo as well as exposures to in vitro maturing germ cells have been useful. Genetic models involving mice with structural chromosomal rearrangements and transgenic animals have the potential to model conditions predisposing to aneuploidy in one or both sexes, and in this way to identify potential targets for aneugens and gender-effects. The review provides an overview of mouse genetic models for aneuploidy induction in mammalian germ cells and discusses perspectives for combining genetic with experimental approaches in aneuploidy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Eichenlaub-Ritter
- Institute of Gentechnology/Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Van Wemmel K, Gobbers E, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Smitz J, Cortvrindt R. Ovarian follicle bioassay reveals adverse effects of diazepam exposure upon follicle development and oocyte quality. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 20:183-93. [PMID: 15907652 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A mouse ovarian follicle bioassay was used to study folliculogenesis and oocyte quality in vitro. Diazepam (DZ) was chosen as test compound to evaluate the system for its ability to detect possible effects of chemicals on reproduction. The bioassay is suitable to analyze the influence of DZ on each of the follicular components at any stage of development. A dose finding study revealed that follicle growth, differentiation and steroidogenesis were significantly disturbed by > or =5 microg/ml DZ. A transient exposure procedure was used to examine stage-specific sensitivities of oogenesis to DZ. The oocyte appeared to be most vulnerable during its growth process within the follicle. Resumption of meiosis was disturbed dose-dependently with reduced oocyte quality after chronic exposure to > or =2.5 microg/ml DZ. The bioassay is a highly efficient and informative tool to assess the hazards of chemical compounds for female fertility and to elucidate their mechanisms of action.
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Roberts R, Iatropoulou A, Ciantar D, Stark J, Becker DL, Franks S, Hardy K. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Affects Metaphase I Chromosome Alignment and Increases Aneuploidy in Mouse Oocytes Matured in Vitro1. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:107-18. [PMID: 15371272 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) at a wide range of doses is routinely added to culture media during in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes, but the effects on oocyte health are unclear. The suggestion that superovulation may cause aneuploidy and fetal abnormalities prompted us to study the potential role of FSH in the genesis of chromosomal abnormalities during meiosis I. Mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) isolated from the antral follicles of unprimed, sexually immature B6CBF1 mice were cultured in increasing concentrations of FSH. Following culture, matured oocytes were isolated, spread, stained with DAPI, and the numbers of chromosomes counted. Significantly increased aneuploidy, arising during the first meiotic division, was observed in metaphase II oocytes matured in higher concentrations of FSH (> or =20 ng/ml). The effect of FSH on spindle morphology and chromosome alignment during metaphase I was then explored using immunocytochemistry and three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal sections. High FSH had no effect on gross spindle morphology but did alter chromosome congression during prometaphase and metaphase, with the spread of chromosomes across the spindle at this time being significantly greater in oocytes cultured in 2000 ng/ml compared with 2 ng/ml FSH. Analysis of three-dimensional reconstructions of spindles in oocytes matured in 2000 ng/ml FSH shows that chromosomes are more scattered and farther apart than they are following maturation in 2 ng/ml FSH. These results demonstrate that exposure to high levels of FSH during IVM can accelerate nuclear maturation and induce chromosomal abnormalities and highlights the importance of the judicious use of FSH during IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Roberts
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Zenzes MT, Bielecki R. Nicotine-induced Disturbances of Meiotic Maturation in Cultured Mouse Oocytes: Alterations of Spindle Integrity and Chromosome Alignment. Tob Induc Dis 2004; 2:151-61. [PMID: 19570282 PMCID: PMC2671544 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-2-3-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether nicotine exposure in vitro of mouse oocytes affects spindle and chromosome function during meiotic maturation (M-I and M-II). Oocytes in germinal vesicle (GV) stage were cultured in nicotine for 8 h or for 16 h, to assess effects in M-I and in metaphase II (M-II). The latter culture setting used the three protocols: 8 h nicotine then 8 h medium (8N + 8M); 16 h nicotine (16N); 8 h medium then 8 h nicotine (8M + 8N). Non-toxic concentrations of nicotine at 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol/L were used. Spindle-chromosome configurations were analyzed with wide-field optical sectioning microscopy. In 8 h cultures, nicotine exposure resulted in dose-related increased proportions of M-I oocytes with defective spindle-chromosome configurations. A dose-related delayed entry into anaphase I was also detected. In 16 h cultures, nicotine exposure for the first 8 h (8N + 8M), or for 16 h (16N), resulted in dose- and time-related increased proportions of oocytes arrested in M-I (10 mmol/L; 8 h: 53.2%, controls 9.6%; 16 h: 87.6%, controls 8.5%). Defects in M-I spindles and chromosomes caused M-I arrest leading to dose-related decreased proportions of oocytes that reached metaphase-II (10 mmol/L 8 h: 46.8%, controls 90.4%;16 h: 12.4%, controls 91.5%). A delayed anaphase-I affected the normal timing of M-II, leading to abnormal oocytes with dispersed chromosomes, or with double spindles and no polar body. Nicotine exposure during the second 8 h (8M + 8N) resulted in dose-related, increased proportions of M-II oocytes with defective spindles and chromosomes (10 mmol/L: 42.9%, controls 2.0%). Nicotine has no adverse effects on GV break down, but induces spindle and chromosome defects compromising oocyte meiotic maturation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Zenzes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mailhes JB, Hilliard C, Fuseler JW, London SN. Vanadate, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases, induced premature anaphase in oocytes and aneuploidy and polyploidy in mouse bone marrow cells. Mutat Res 2003; 538:101-7. [PMID: 12834759 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases are needed for activating maturation promoting factor, meiotic spindle assembly and spindle checkpoint inactivation. The protein phosphatase inhibitor vanadate was used to upset the kinase-phosphatase equilibrium during oocyte maturation (OM) and the metaphase anaphase transition (MAT) prior to cytogenetic analyses of mouse oocytes and bone marrow cells. ICR females received pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and 48h later received human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Vanadate doses of 0, 5, 15, and 25mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally immediately after hCG and ovulated oocytes and bone marrow cells were processed for cytogenetic analyses 18h after hCG. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Vanadate induced different cytogenetic abnormalities in oocytes and in bone marrow cells. The frequencies of oocytes exhibiting premature anaphase (spontaneous activation) in vanadate exposed mice were significantly (P<0.01) elevated over controls; whereas, in bone marrow cells, the levels of tetraploidy, hyperploidy and premature centromere separation were significantly (P<0.01) increased by vanadate treatment. These results suggest that alteration of the kinase-phosphatase equilibrium during OM and the MAT leads to cytogenetic abnormalities that differ between oocytes and bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Mailhes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Kirsch-Volders M, Vanhauwaert A, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Decordier I. Indirect mechanisms of genotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2003; 140-141:63-74. [PMID: 12676452 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Indirect mechanisms of genotoxicity correspond to interactions of mutagens with non-DNA targets, and are expected to show threshold concentration-effect response curves. If these thresholds can be proven experimentally they may provide a third alternative for risk assessment, besides the No Effect Level/Safety Factor approach and the low dose linear extrapolation method. We contributed significantly to the in vitro assessment of thresholds in human lymphocytes exposed to the spindle inhibitors nocodazole and carbendazim showing dose dependency and existence of lower thresholds for induction of non-disjunction as compared to chromosome loss. Micronuclei correlated with p53-independent or p53-dependent apoptosis and elimination of aneuploid cells. Extrapolation from in vitro threshold values to the in vivo situation remains unsolved. Comparing the in vitro threshold values for griseofulvin in human and rat lymphocytes with in vivo NOAEL/LOAEL in bone marrow/gut/erythrocytes suggests that the in vitro human system is the most sensitive. The threshold for induction of non-disjunction in in vitro maturing, nocodazole-exposed mouse oocytes was in the same low range. Regulators (UK Committee on Mutagenicity, http://www.doh.gov.uk/com/com.htm) considered the importance of thresholds for indirect mechanisms of genotoxicity. Acceptance of a non-linear extrapolation for mutagens requires mechanistic studies identifying the mutagen/target interactions. Moreover appropriate risk evaluation will require additional studies on individual susceptibility for indirect mutagenic effects and on interactions of aneugens in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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Wilson JT, Dixon DR, Dixon LRJ. Numerical chromosomal aberrations in the early life-history stages of a marine tubeworm, Pomatoceros lamarckii (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2002; 59:163-175. [PMID: 12127734 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment provides a sink for a host of toxic chemicals, directly or inadvertently, released as a result of human activity. Some of these chemicals have the potential to act as aneugens, substances that cause numerical chromosomal aberrations (NCAs). NCAs are one of the most important classes of genetic abnormality and are implicated in a variety of deleterious effects, including premature ageing, birth defects and cancer. Clearly, any increase in the incidence of these agents in the marine environment poses a risk to the indigenous biota and its predators, including man. In this paper, we describe our recent success with applying the fluorescence in situ hybridisation technique (FISH) to detect NCAs in the interphase cell nuclei of Pomatoceros lamarckii, a common rocky shore invertebrate. Given the lack of requirement for any detailed cytogenetic knowledge, the method holds considerable promise for laboratory and field studies in general, and should lend itself to automated screening protocols, where large numbers of cells can be screened rapidly, for example, using a flow cytometer. When exposed either under acute or chronic (viz. adult) exposure conditions, colchicine and di-butylphthalate (DBP) (a widely-used plasticiser), two recognised aneugens, induced significant increases in the levels of NCAs, in the dose range 1 x 10(-6)-5 x 10(-6) M, in both four to eight cell embryo stages and 24 h-old larvae. In keeping with the severely debilitating effects of this class of agent, an inverse correlation was observed between the induced levels of NCAs and larval fitness based on the results of a standard 48-h larval bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Wilson
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton, UK.
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Baumgartner A, Schmid TE, Schuetz CG, Adler ID. Detection of aneuploidy in rodent and human sperm by multicolor FISH after chronic exposure to diazepam. Mutat Res 2001; 490:11-9. [PMID: 11152967 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy induction in male germ cells of mice and men after chronic exposure to diazepam (DZ; CAS 439-14-5; Valium was assessed by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). DZ, a widely administered sedative and muscle relaxant, was proposed to act as an aneugen by disturbing spindle function in various assay systems. Male mice were treated by oral intubation with 3mg/kg DZ once or daily for 14 consecutive days. At 22 days after the last treatment, epididymal sperm were collected from the caudae epididymes. Evaluation of aneuploid and diploid sperm (10,000 sperm per animal) was performed by multicolor FISH employing DNA probes specific for chromosomes X, Y, and 8 simultaneously. We found a significant increase in the frequency of disomy 8 in subchronically DZ-treated mice when compared to the concurrent solvent control group (2.4-fold; P<0.01), while no increase was detected for sex-chromosome hyperhaploidies. No effect was seen when mice were treated with a single dose (3mg/kg DZ). In a parallel human approach, two men were evaluated who chronically ingested >0.3mg/kg/d DZ for more than 6 months. Multicolor FISH was applied to human sperm probing for chromosomes X, Y, and 13. Frequencies for sperm with disomy 13, disomy X, and total sex-chromosomal disomies were found to be elevated among the two subjects after chronic DZ-exposure compared to control subjects. In conclusion, the results indicate that diazepam acts as an aneugen during meiosis in male spermatogenesis, both in mice and humans. The quantitative comparison indicates that humans may be at least 10 times more sensitive than mice for aneuploidy induction by DZ during male meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baumgartner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, D-85758, Neuherberg, Germany
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Mailhes JB, Young D, Caldito G, London SN. Sensitivity of mouse oocytes to nicotine-induced perturbations during oocyte meiotic maturation and aneuploidy in vivo and in vitro. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 6:232-7. [PMID: 10694270 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/6.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte meiosis is sensitive to endogenous and exogenous perturbations that upset the temporal sequence of biochemical reactions during oocyte maturation (OM) and predispose oocytes to aneuploidy. Nicotine is an alkaloid that has been reported to disrupt the rate of OM, reduce ovulation and fertilization rates, and increase diploidy. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that nicotine perturbs the rate of OM and induces aneuploidy in mouse oocytes in vivo and in vitro. Female mice were given 7.5 IU pregnant mare's serum and either 0, 5.0, 7.5, or 10 mg/kg nicotine in vivo at -3, 0, and +3 h relative to a 5 IU injection of HCG. Oocytes were also cultured in vitro in the presence of 0, 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mmol/l nicotine. In vivo, significant (P < 0.05) differences in the proportions of oocytes with premature centromere separation and premature anaphase were found at 10.0 mg/kg nicotine suggesting that the rate of OM was advanced. Also, at this dose the proportion of ovulated oocytes was reduced by approximately 50% relative to controls. In vitro, only non-significant differences were found among the parameters measured. Although nicotine reduced the ovulation rate and perturbed the rate of OM in vivo, these data show that the rate of aneuploidy was not significantly elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Mailhes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LSU Medical Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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de Stoppelaar JM, van de Kuil T, Bedaf M, Verharen HW, Slob W, Mohn GR, Hoebee B, van Benthem J. Increased frequencies of diploid sperm detected by multicolour FISH after treatment of rats with carbendazim without micronucleus induction in peripheral blood erythrocytes. Mutagenesis 1999; 14:621-32. [PMID: 10567038 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/14.6.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a single oral dose of carbendazim (CARB) on the frequencies of numerical chromosome aberrations in sperm and on micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes of rats. Dual colour FISH on epididymal sperm of rats treated 31 days before sacrifice (0, 50, 150, 450 and 800 mg/kg body wt CARB in corn oil), corresponding to exposure during late pachytene, revealed a clear induction of diploid sperm. Induction of aneuploid sperm was not observed. Although the absolute frequencies of diploidy were low, ranging from 0.03% in the control group to 0.22% in the highest dose group, the observed dose-response relationship was highly significant. In sperm of rats killed 50 days after treatment with CARB (corresponding to exposure of spermatogonial stem cells) the effect was no longer apparent. In a second experiment, in addition to more dose groups in the low dose range, the peripheral blood micronucleus assay was incorporated. Results of triple colour FISH on epididymal sperm of rats treated with CARB (0-800 mg/kg body wt) again showed induction of diploid, but not of aneuploid sperm. Induction was less prominent than in the first experiment, but the dose-response relationship for diploidy was again significant. In blood samples drawn from the tail vein 48 h after treatment with CARB induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes was not observed, whereas the micronucleus frequency was significantly increased after a single i. p. dose of mitomycin C (3 mg/kg body wt). In conclusion, the present results show that CARB induces diploidy in sperm, without an accompanying induction of micronuclei in erythrocytes. This finding suggests that in rats the peripheral blood micronucleus assay is a less sensitive indicator for the genotoxic potential of CARB than the epididymal sperm aneuploidy/diploidy assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M de Stoppelaar
- Laboratory of Health Effects Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Shi Q, Schmid TE, Adler I. Griseofulvin-induced aneuploidy and meiotic delay in male mouse germ cells: detected by using conventional cytogenetics and three-color FISH. Mutat Res 1999; 441:181-90. [PMID: 10333532 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Griseofulvin (GF) was tested in male mouse germ cells for the induction of meiotic delay and aneuploidy. Starved mice were orally treated with 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of GF in corn oil and testes were sampled 22 h later for meiotic delay analysis and chromosome counting in spermatocytes at the second meiotic metaphase (MMII). A dose-related increase in meiotic delay by dose-dependently arresting spermatocytes in first meiotic metaphase (MMI) or/and prolonging interkinesis was observed. Hyperhaploid MMII cells were not significantly increased. Sperm were sampled from the Caudae epididymes 22 days after GF-treatment of the males for three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The frequencies of diploidies were 0.01-0.02% in sperm of the solvent control animals and increased dose-dependently to 0.03%, 0.068% and 0.091%, respectively, for 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of GF. The frequencies of disomic sperm were increased significantly above the controls in all GF-treated groups but showed no dose response. The data for individual classes of disomic sperm indicated that MII was more sensitive than MI to GF-induced non-disjunction in male mice. A comparison of the present data from male mice and literature data from female mice suggests that mouse oocytes are more sensitive than mouse spermatocytes to GF-induced meiotic delay and aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shi
- Institut fuer Saeugetiergenetik, GSF Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Correlations between parental age, aneuploidy in germ cells and recent findings on aetiological factors in mammalian trisomy formation are reviewed. METHODS Data from observations in human oocytes, molecular studies on the origin of extra chromosomes in trisomies, experiments in a mouse model system, and transgenic approaches are shown. RESULTS Errors in chromosome segregation are most frequent in meiosis I of oogenesis in mammals and predominantly predispose specific chromosomes and susceptible chiasmate configurations to maternal age-related nondisjunction. Studies on spindle structure, cell cycle and chromosome behaviour in oocytes of the CBA/Ca mouse used as a model for the maternal age-effect suggest that hormonal homeostasis and size of the follicle pool influence the quality, maturation competence and spindle size of the mammalian oocyte. Predisposition to errors in chromosome segregation are critically dependent on altered cell cycles. Compromised protein synthesis and mitochondrial function affect maturation kinetics and spindle formation, and cause untimely segregation of chromosomes (predivision), mimicking an aged phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Altered cell cycles and untimely resolution of chiasmata but also nondisjunction of late segregating homologues caused by asynchrony in cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation appear to be causal to errors in chromosome segregation with advanced maternal age. Oocytes appear to lack checkpoints guarding against untimely chromosome segregation. Genes and exposures affecting pool size, hormonal homeostasis and interactions between oocytes and their somatic compartment and thus quality of follicles and oocytes have the potential to critically influence chromosome distribution in female meiosis and affect fertility in humans and other mammals.
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