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Varkuti BH, Kepiro M, Liu Z, Vick K, Avchalumov Y, Pacifico R, MacMullen CM, Kamenecka TM, Puthanveettil SV, Davis RL. Neuron-based high-content assay and screen for CNS active mitotherapeutics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw8702. [PMID: 31934620 PMCID: PMC6949038 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and function are hallmarks of many neurological and psychiatric disorders, but direct screens for mitotherapeutics using neurons have not been reported. We developed a multiplexed and high-content screening assay using primary neurons and identified 67 small-molecule modulators of neuronal mitostasis (MnMs). Most MnMs that increased mitochondrial content, length, and/or health also increased mitochondrial function without altering neurite outgrowth. A subset of MnMs protected mitochondria in primary neurons from Aβ(1-42) toxicity, glutamate toxicity, and increased oxidative stress. Some MnMs were shown to directly target mitochondria. The top MnM also increased the synaptic activity of hippocampal neurons and proved to be potent in vivo, increasing the respiration rate of brain mitochondria after administering the compound to mice. Our results offer a platform that directly queries mitostasis processes in neurons, a collection of small-molecule modulators of mitochondrial dynamics and function, and candidate molecules for mitotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglarka H. Varkuti
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Miklos Kepiro
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kyle Vick
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yosef Avchalumov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Rodrigo Pacifico
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Ronald L. Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Marchi E, Furi L, Arioli S, Morrissey I, Di Lorenzo V, Mora D, Giovannetti L, Oggioni MR, Viti C. Novel insight into antimicrobial resistance and sensitivity phenotypes associated to qac and norA genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Res 2014; 170:184-94. [PMID: 25081379 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus strains harboring QacA, QacB, QacC, QacG transporters and norA promoter up-regulating mutations were characterized by phenotype microarray (PM), standard methods for susceptibility testing, and ethidium bromide efflux assays, in order to increase knowledge on phenotypes associated to efflux pumps and their substrates. PM data and standard susceptibility testing lead to the identification of new potential efflux targets, such as guanidine hydrochloride or 8-hydroxyquinoline for QacA and QacC pumps, respectively. The identification of compounds to which the presence of efflux pumps induced increased susceptibility opens new perspectives for potential adjunct anti-resistance treatment (i.e. strains bearing QacB transporters showed increased susceptibility to thioridazine, amitriptyline and orphenadrine). Although the tested isolates were characterized by high degree of heterogeneity, a hallmark of clinical isolates, direct ethidium bromide efflux assays were effective in highlighting differences in efflux efficiency among strains. These data add to characterization of substrate specificity in the different classes of staphylococcal multidrug efflux systems conferring specific substrate profiles and efflux features to each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuela Marchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DiSPAA), Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine, 18, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - Leonardo Furi
- LAMMB, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte (lotto 5, piano 1), Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Stefania Arioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, via Mangiagalli, 25, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Ian Morrissey
- Quotient Bioresearch, Newmarket Road, Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW, UK; IHMA Europe Sàrl, Route de la Corniche 9A, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Di Lorenzo
- Quotient Bioresearch, Newmarket Road, Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW, UK; IHMA Europe Sàrl, Route de la Corniche 9A, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Diego Mora
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, via Mangiagalli, 25, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Luciana Giovannetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DiSPAA), Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine, 18, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - Marco Rinaldo Oggioni
- LAMMB, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte (lotto 5, piano 1), Siena, SI, Italy; Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Carlo Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DiSPAA), Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine, 18, Firenze, FI, Italy.
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Orphenadrine-induced convulsive status epilepticus in rats responds to the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:399-403. [PMID: 24905515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of new molecular targets as well as the new models recapitulating different aspects of pathophysiology of status epilepticus (SE) in humans might prove essential for the breakthrough in the efforts against pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Recently, we described a new model of generalized convulsive SE induced with orphenadrine (ORPH) in rats with unique characteristics [5]. The current study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of a new generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and some of the experimental agents in suppressing ORPH-evoked seizures in rats. METHODS ORPH was administered intraperitoneally (ip) in the dose of 80 mg/kg in male Wistar rats. The latency to first seizure, the number of seizure episodes and the duration of overt SE, as well as the incidence of deaths was scored with simultaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. RESULTS ORPH induced seizures in 100% of animals at a dose of 80 mg/kg, associated with low mortality and good behavioural outcome. Among new generation AEDs: felbamate, levetiracetam, topiramate, lamotrigine and progabide did not affect the seizure incidence. Among the experimental drugs, only dizocilpine, the non-competitive NMDA antagonist, dose-dependently affected the occurrence of the SE (p<0.001). However, CGP-39551 competitive NMDA antagonist, the same as scopolamine and mecamylamine (muscarinic and nicotinic receptors antagonists, respectively) showed no effect. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above findings, one may speculate that NMDA activation is partly involved in the proconvulsant activity of orphenadrine but may not be the primary pathomechanism. ORPH-induced seizures may provide an interesting option for studying novel targets for pharmacological interventions in status epilepticus.
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Edwin B, Hubert Joe I. Vibrational spectra and density functional theoretical calculations on the anti-neurodegenerative drug: Orphenadrine hydrochloride. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 97:838-846. [PMID: 22902582 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectral analysis and quantum chemical computations based on density functional theory have been performed on the anti-neuro-degenerative drug Orphenadrine hydrochloride. The geometry, intermolecular hydrogen bond, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the title molecule have been investigated with the help of B3LYP method. The calculated molecular geometry has been compared with the experimental data. The various intramolecular interactions have been exposed by natural bond orbital analysis. The distribution of Mulliken atomic charges and bending of natural hybrid orbitals also reflect the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The analysis of the electron density of HOMO and LUMO gives an idea of the delocalization and low value of energy gap indicates electron transport in the molecule and thereby bioactivity. Effective docking of the drug molecule with NMDA receptor subunit 3A also enhances its bioactive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bismi Edwin
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research, Department of Physics, Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram 695 015, Kerala, India
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Rejdak K, Nieoczym D, Czuczwar M, Kiś J, Wlaź P, Turski WA. Orphenadrine induces secondarily generalized convulsive status epilepticus in rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84:389-93. [PMID: 21272614 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to assess the convulsant potency of orphenadrine (ORPH) in rats together with a screen of different conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on their efficacy to suppress it. ORPH was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in doses of 50-80 mg/kg in male Wistar rats. The latency to first seizure, the number of seizure episodes and the duration of overt status epilepticus (SE) as well as the incidence of deaths was scored with simultaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Subsequently, the effects of conventional AEDs on ORPH-evoked (80 mg/kg) seizure incidence were studied. ORPH dose-dependently induced seizures in increasing number of animals, reaching 100% at a dose of 80 mg/kg, associated with low mortality and no drug-related neurotoxicity. Epileptic attacks started as complex partial fits consisting of stereotyped behavior, limb movements, head shaking and myoclonic twitches of the body. Subsequently, an overt generalized convulsive SE appeared, lasting for approximately 2h. Among conventional AEDs: carbamazepine, ethosuximide and phenytoin had no effect while valproate (p<0.001), diazepam (p<0.01), and phenobarbital (p<0.001) dose-dependently suppressed seizure activity. All the above characteristics make the new model, a useful, easy to perform experimental tool to study the pathophysiology of SE as well as the effects of new AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Str., Lublin, Poland.
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Folch J, Alvira D, López-Querol M, Tajes M, Sureda FX, Forsby A, Rimbau V, Camins A, Pallàs M. Evaluation of transcriptional activity of caspase-3 gene as a marker of acute neurotoxicity in rat cerebellar granular cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 24:465-71. [PMID: 19815060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-3 is a key protein involved in the classical apoptosis mechanism in neurons, as in many other cells types. In the present research, we describe the transcriptional activity of caspase-3 gene as a marker of acute toxicity in a primary culture model of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). CGNs were incubated for 16h in complete medium containing the chemicals at three concentrations (10, 100microM and 1mM). A total of 48 different compounds were tested. Gene transcriptional activity was determined by low-density array assays, and by single Taqman caspase-3 assays. Results from the PCR arrays showed that the caspase-3 gene was up-regulated when CGNs were exposed to neurotoxic chemicals. Significative correlations were found between the transcriptional activity of caspase-3 and the activity of some other genes related to apoptosis, cell-cycle and ROS detoxification. In our experiments, acute exposure of CGNs to well-documented pro-apoptotic xenobiotics modulated significantly caspase-3 gene expression, whereas chemicals not related to apoptosis did not modify caspase-3 gene expression. In conclusion, acute exposure of CGNs to neurotoxic compounds modulates the transcriptional activity of genes involved in the classical apoptotic pathway, oxidative stress and cell-cycle control. Transcriptional activity of caspase-3 correlates significantly with these changes and it could be a good indicator of acute neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Folch
- Unitat de Bioquimica, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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Czuczwar M, Cięszczyk J, Czuczwar K, Kiś J, Saran T, Turski WA. Influence of orphenadrine upon the protective activity of various antiepileptics in the maximal electroshock-induced convulsions in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:732-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Neurotoxins and medicinals for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Part 3: Drugs indirectly influencing the dopaminergic system (a review). Pharm Chem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-006-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sureda FX, Pallàs M, Camins A. Flow cytometric determination of cytoplasmic oxidants and mitochondrial membrane potential in neuronal cells. Methods Enzymol 2002; 352:71-9. [PMID: 12125378 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)52008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Sureda
- Pharmacology Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41:261-309. [PMID: 11978145 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200241040-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Current research in Parkinson's disease (PD) focuses on symptomatic therapy and neuroprotective interventions. Drugs that have been used for symptomatic therapy are levodopa, usually combined with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, synthetic dopamine receptor agonists, centrally-acting antimuscarinic drugs, amantadine, monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors. Drugs for which there is at least some evidence for neuroprotective effect are certain dopamine agonists, amantadine and MAO-B inhibitors (selegiline). Levodopa remains the most effective drug for the treatment of PD. Several factors contribute to the complex clinical pharmacokinetics of levodopa: erratic absorption, short half-life, peripheral O-methylation and facilitated transport across the blood-brain barrier. In patients with response fluctuations to levodopa, the concentration-effect curve becomes steeper and shifts to the right compared with patients with stable response. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling can affect decisions regarding therapeutic strategies. The dopamine agonists include ergot derivatives (bromocriptine, pergolide, lisuride and cabergoline), non-ergoline derivatives (pramipexole, ropinirole and piribedil) and apomorphine. Most dopamine agonists have their specific pharmacological profile. They are used in monotherapy and as an adjunct to levodopa in early and advanced PD. Few pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are available regarding centrally acting antimuscarinic drugs. They are characterised by rapid absorption after oral intake, large volume of distribution and low clearance relative to hepatic blood flow, with extensive metabolism. The mechanism of action of amantadine remains elusive. It is well absorbed and widely distributed. Since elimination is primarily by renal clearance, accumulation of the drug can occur in patients with renal dysfunction and dosage reduction must be envisaged. The COMT inhibitors entacapone and tolcapone dose-dependently inhibit the formation of the major metabolite of levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa, and improve the bioavailability and reduce the clearance of levodopa without significantly affecting its absorption. They are useful adjuncts to levodopa in patients with end-of-dose fluctuations. The MAO-B inhibitor selegiline may have a dual effect: reducing the catabolism of dopamine and limiting the formation of neurotoxic free radicals. The pharmacokinetics of selegiline are highly variable; it has low bioavailability and large volume of distribution. The oral clearance is many-fold higher than the hepatic blood flow and the drug is extensively metabolised into several metabolites, some of them being active. Despite the introduction of several new drugs to the antiparkinsonian armamentarium, no single best treatment exists for an individual patient with PD. Particularly in the advanced stage of the disease, treatment should be individually tailored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Deleu
- College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 35, Al Khod, Sultanate of Oman.
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Pubill D, Verdaguer E, Canudas AM, Sureda FX, Escubedo E, Camarasa J, Pallàs M, Camins A. Orphenadrine prevents 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:693-702. [PMID: 11159722 PMCID: PMC1572610 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Previous studies indicate that 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) neurotoxicity involves the excitotoxic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Thus, we examined the effect of orphenadrine (an anticholinergic drug with NMDA receptor antagonist properties) on 3-NPA neurotoxicity in both cultured rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and in rats. 2. Orphenadrine protected CGCs from 3-NPA-induced mortality, as assessed by both the neutral red viability assay and laser scanning cytometry, using propidium iodide staining. 3. For rats, two indirect markers of neuronal damage were used: the binding of [(3)H]-PK 11195 to the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), a microglial marker, and expression of the 27 kD heat-shock protein (HSP27), a marker of activated astroglia. Systemic administration of 3-NPA (30 mg kg(-1) per day for 3 days) induced a 170% increase in [(3)H]-PK 11195 binding, and expression of HSP27. 4. Both the increase in [(3)H]-PK 11195 and HSP 27 expression were prevented by previous administration of 30 mg kg(-1) per day of orphenadrine for 3 days. Lower doses (10 and 20 mg kg(-1)) had no protective effect. Orphenadrine also reduced 3-NPA-induced mortality in a dose-dependent manner. 5. We propose that orphenadrine or orphenadrine-like drugs could be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders mediated by overactivation of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pubill
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Ma Canudas
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Sureda
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. St. Llorenç 21. 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Elena Escubedo
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Camarasa
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Merce Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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Functional interaction between various glutamate receptors. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02682242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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