[Role of the -765 G/C polymorphism of COX-2 gene in pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nose polyps in a Polish population]

The cyclooxygenase-2 upregulation mediates production of PGE2 autacoid to positively regulate interleukin-6 secretion in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and polyp-derived fibroblasts

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be traditionally classified as CRSwNP [with nasal polyps (NPs)] and CRSsNP (without NPs) based on the clinical phenotypes but recently suggested to be classified by the endotypes. We have identified overexpression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene in NP tissues of Taiwanese CRSwNP patients. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate its protein expression/location/distribution in NP specimens and explore its roles in nasal polyposis. The COX-2 protein and mRNA expression was found higher in NPs than that in the control and CRSsNP patients' nasal tissues, mainly located at the epithelium and subepithelial stroma. Consistently, the CRS-related peptidoglycan (PGN) and bradykinin provoked COX-2 mRNA and protein upregulation in the human NP-derived fibroblasts and caused PGE2, thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and interleukin (IL-6) secretion in culture medium. Further analysis revealed that the PI3K/Akt activation and COX-2 induction were necessarily required for PGN-induced IL-6 production/secretion and the induced PGE2, but not TXA2, was speculated to affect IL-6 protein trafficking and production. Finally, the IL-6 increase observed in vitro could also be detected in NP tissues. Collectively, we demonstrated here that COX-2 protein and IL-6 are overexpressed in human NP tissues. In response to PGN challenge, the PI3K/Akt activation and COX-2-mediated PGE2 autacoid correlates with extracellular IL-6 protein trafficking/production in NP-derived fibroblasts, which can additionally contribute to the production of Th17-related cytokines such as IL-17 and TNF-α. This study also suggests COX-2 as a special biomarker for CRSwNP endotyping and may highlight the importance of COX-2 inhibitors in treating CRSwNP.

Prevalence of Risk Factors of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps Among the Saudi Population

Background The burden of chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms experienced by Saudi citizens is considered an important factor in getting an overall insight of the problem in the region, therefore our study aimed to determine the prevalence of risk factors of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and correlate the risk factors with various sociodemographic parameters among Saudi population. Methods This study analyzed five-year cross-sectional data from 2017-2021. A total of 386 participants were enrolled and subsequently divided into four groups: aged 18-25 years, 26-35 years, 36-45 years, and > 45 years. A study was conducted utilizing non-probability sampling targeting a population of Saudi nationality living in selected regions of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected through an online questionnaire which had been distributed through social media and had been analyzed accordingly using a statistical package for social sciences. Results In this study, 272 (70.5%) participants were female and 114 (29.5%) were male. A total of 374 (96.9%) participants were Saudis while 12 (3.1%) were non-Saudis. Risk factors were compared by age and gender of study participants. Having polyps in the nose (p-value 0.016) and a family history of polyps (p-value 0.049) showed a significant association with the gender of study participants. The frequency of having nasal polyps was significantly higher among male participants, however, having a family history of nasal polyps was significantly higher among female participants. The educational status of study participants showed a significant association with the use of cortisone (p-value 0.032) and having a broken nose (p-value 0.032). Having a family history of nasal polyps showed a significant (p-value 0.017) association with the socioeconomic status of study participants. Conclusion Nasal polyps are more common in males than females, however, having a family history of nasal polyps was significantly higher among female participants.

Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, selected risk factors, comorbidities, and economic burden

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a relevant and prevalent medical condition in Germany, Europe and the world. If analysed in detail, the prevalence of CRS shows regional and temporary variety. In this review, currently available data regarding the prevalence of CRS is therefore sorted by country and/or region, time point of data collection and the CRS-definition employed. Risk factors like smoking and gastroesophageal reflux are discussed regarding their influence on CRS prevalence. Moreover, comorbidities of CRS, like asthma, conditions of the cardiovascular system and depression are listed and their influence on CRS is discussed. Furthermore, data on CRS prevalence in special cohorts, like immunocompromised patients, are presented. To estimate the economic burden of CRS, current data e.g. from Germany and the USA are included in this review.

The activity of N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidase A and B and β-glucuronidase in nasal polyps and hypertrophic nasal concha

Nasal polyps and hypertrophic lower nasal conchae are common disorders of nasal cavity. The majority of etiopathogenetic theories indicate inflammatory background of polyps and hypertrophic concha. N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase and β-glucuronidase are lysosomal exoglycosidases revealing accelerated activity in inflammatory processes.

AIM

The aim of the study was to evaluate the catabolism of glycoconjugates in nasal polyps and hypertrophic nasal concha basing on the activity of N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase (HEX) and β-glucuronidase (GLU).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material consisted of nasal polyps taken from 40 patients during polypectomy in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and hypertrophic lower nasal conchae taken from 20 patients during mucotomy. The activity of HEX, HEX A, HEX B and GLU in supernatant of homogenates of nasal polyps and hypertrophic lower nasal concha tissues has been estimated using colorimetric method.

RESULTS

Statistically significant decrease has been observed in concentration of the activity (per 1mg of tissue) of HEX (p<0.05), HEX B (p<0.001) and specific activity (per 1mg of protein) of HEX B (p<0.001) in nasal polyps tissue in comparison to hypertrophic lower nasal conchae tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

Decrease in the activity and specific activity concentration of the majority of examined lysosomal exoglycosidases (increasing in inflammations) in comparison to hypertrophic lower nasal conchae suggests electrolytes disorders and questions the inflammatory background of nasal polyps.

Lysosomal exoglycosidases in nasal polyps

INTRODUCTION

Nasal polyps are smooth outgrowths assuming a shape of grapes, formed from the nasal mucosa, limiting air flow by projecting into a lumen of a nasal cavity. Up to now the surgical resection is the best method of their treatment, but etiology and pathogenesis of the nasal polyps is not yet fully established.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study was the assessment of the selected lysosomal exoglycosidases activity in the nasal polyps. In this study the activity of β-galactosidase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase was determined in the tissue of the nasal polyps obtained from 40 patients (10F, 30M) and control tissues derived from mucosa of lower nasal conchas obtained during mucotomy from 20 patients (10F, 10M).

RESULTS

We observed significant lower values of GAL, FUC and tendency to decrease of MAN and GLU concentration in nasal polyps (P) in comparison to control healthy nasal mucosa (C). In nasal polyp tissue (P) no differences of GAL, MAN and FUC specific activity in comparison to control mucosa (C) were found.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research supports bioelectrical theory of the nasal polyps pathogenesis and directs attention at research on glycoconjugates and glycosidases of the nasal mucosa extracellular matrix.

[Influence of complex deacon-tetra (N1,3-triazole,кN2) copper (II) on the barrier and antioxidant pro people with nasal polyps]

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was synthesized properties 1,2,4-triazole complex ion Cu (II) to determine their potential antioxidant properties, further indication of activity of antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) in patients with nasal polyps and the control group.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted in a group of 30 patients with nasal polyps aged 48±13.50 (test 1 - group with a compound, test 2 - no relation), and 30 in the control group aged 48±17.90 (control 3 - group with a compound, control 4 - no relation). Blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein into tubes with anticoagulant (heparin sodium). The activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were determined in erythrocytes of patients with nasal polyps and the control group (those without inflammatory conditions.

RESULTS

We found that patients with nasal polyps show a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to control: CAT (control 3 - 13.78±6.71 BU/gHb; test 1 - 8.52±7.96 BU/gHb), SOD (control 3 - 1377,614.93±93.44 U/gHb/100ml; test 1 - 867,270.59±49 U/gHb/100ml) and GPX (control 3 - 101.62±8.23 U/gHb; test 1 - 72.97±14.34 U/gHb). Simultaneously, we observed that increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared in the groups control 4 to test 2 (in groups which do not given coordination compound Cu (II): CAT (control 4 - 13.38±7.60 BU/gHb; test 2 - 10.12±3.62 BU/gHb) SOD (control 4 - 1138.88±490.10 U/gHb/100ml; test 2 - 1283.85±439.87 U/gHb/100ml) and GPX (control 4 - 65.18±20.94 U/gHb; test 2 - 90.27±19.42 U/gHb).

CONCLUSIONS

The study shows that the complex deacon-tetra (N1,3-triazole,кN2) copper (II) affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GPX.