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Anand A, Jayaramaiah RH, Beedkar SD, Dholakia BB, Lavhale SG, Punekar SA, Gade WN, Thulasiram HV, Giri AP. Terpene profiling, transcriptome analysis and characterization of cis-β-terpineol synthase from Ocimum. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:47-57. [PMID: 30804629 PMCID: PMC6352525 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ocimum species produces a varied mix of different metabolites that imparts immense medicinal properties. To explore this chemo-diversity, we initially carried out metabolite profiling of different tissues of five Ocimum species and identified the major terpenes. This analysis broadly classified these five Ocimum species into two distinct chemotypes namely, phenylpropanoid-rich and terpene-rich. In particular, β-caryophyllene, myrcene, limonene, camphor, borneol and selinene were major terpenes present in these Ocimum species. Subsequently, transcriptomic analysis of pooled RNA samples from different tissues of Ocimum gratissimum, O. tenuiflorum and O. kilimandscharicum identified 38 unique transcripts of terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. Full-length gene cloning, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of three TPS transcripts were carried out along with their expression in various tissues. Terpenoid metabolite and expression profiling of candidate TPS genes in various tissues of Ocimum species revealed spatial variances. Further, putative TPS contig 19414 (TPS1) was selected to corroborate its role in terpene biosynthesis. Agrobacterium-mediated transient over-expression assay of TPS1 in the leaves of O. kilimandscharicum and subsequent metabolic and gene expression analyses indicated it as a cis-β-terpineol synthase. Overall, present study provided deeper understanding of terpene diversity in Ocimum species and might help in the enhancement of their terpene content through advanced biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Anand
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Ramesha H. Jayaramaiah
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Supriya D. Beedkar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411007 Maharashtra India
| | - Bhushan B. Dholakia
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Santosh G. Lavhale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Sachin A. Punekar
- Biospheres, Eshwari, 52/403, Laxminagar, Parvati, Pune, 411 009 Maharashtra India
| | - Wasudeo N. Gade
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411007 Maharashtra India
| | - Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra India
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Rehman R, Hanif MA, Mushtaq Z, Al-Sadi AM. Biosynthesis of essential oils in aromatic plants: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1057841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Evidence of artemisinin production from IPP stemming from both the mevalonate and the nonmevalonate pathways. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:2129-36. [PMID: 17710406 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The potent antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone, artemisinin, is produced in low quantities by the plant Artemisia annua L. The source and regulation of the isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) used in the biosynthesis of artemisinin has not been completely characterized. Terpenoid biosynthesis occurs in plants via two IPP-generating pathways: the mevalonate pathway in the cytosol, and the non-mevalonate pathway in plastids. Using inhibitors specific to each pathway, it is possible to resolve which supplies the IPP precursor to the end product. Here, we show the effects of inhibition on the two pathways leading to IPP for artemisinin production in plants. We grew young (7-14 days post cotyledon) plants in liquid culture, and added mevinolin to the medium to inhibit the mevalonate pathway, or fosmidomycin to inhibit the non-mevalonate pathway. Artemisinin levels were measured after 7-14 days incubation, and production was significantly reduced by each inhibitor compared to controls, thus, it appears that IPP from both pathways is used in artemisinin production. Also when grown in miconazole, an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, there was a significant increase in artemisinin compared to controls suggesting that carbon was shifted from sterols into sesquiterpenes. Collectively these results indicate that artemisinin is probably biosynthesized from IPP pools from both the plastid and the cytosol, and that carbon from competing pathways can be channeled toward sesquiterpenes. This information will help advance our understanding of the regulation of in planta production of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Towler
- Department of Biology/Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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Lopes AA, Baldoqui DC, López SN, Kato MJ, Bolzani VDS, Furlan M. Biosynthetic origins of the isoprene units of gaudichaudianic acid in Piper gaudichaudianum (Piperaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:2053-8. [PMID: 17574633 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of (2S)-2-methyl-2-(4'-methyl-3'-pentenyl)-8-(3''-methyl-2-butenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid (gaudichaudianic acid), the major metabolite in leaves and roots of Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth (Piperaceae), has been investigated employing [1-(13)C]-D-glucose as precursor. The labelling pattern in the isolated gaudichaudianic acid was determined by quantitative (13)C NMR spectroscopy analysis and was consistent with involvement of both mevalonic acid and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathways in the formation of the dimethylallyl- and geranyl-derived moieties. The results confirmed that both plastidic and cytoplasmic pathways are able to provide isopentenyl diphosphate units for prenylation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Lopes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, C.P. 355, CEP 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Dickschat JS, Bode HB, Mahmud T, Müller R, Schulz S. A Novel Type of Geosmin Biosynthesis in Myxobacteria. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5174-82. [PMID: 15960521 DOI: 10.1021/jo050449g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of geosmin (1) and (1(10)E,5E)-germacradien-11-ol (2), two volatile terpenoid compounds emitted by the myxobacteria Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca, was investigated in feeding experiments with different labeled precursors. In these experiments, the volatiles released by the cell cultures grown on agar plates were collected with a closed-loop stripping apparatus (CLSA) and analyzed by GC-MS. [(2)H(10)]Leucine and [4,4,4,5,5,5-(2)H(6)]dimethylacrylate were fed to wild-type strains and bkd mutant strains, which are impaired in the degradation of leucine to isovaleryl-CoA. [(2)H(10)]Leucine was incorporated into 1 and 2 only by the wild-type strains via the biosynthetic pathway that involves leucine degradation and branching into the mevalonate pathway. Dimethylacrylyl-CoA (DMA-CoA) is an intermediate in the leucine degradation and in the recently discovered pathway from HMG-CoA to isovaleryl-CoA. The corresponding free acid, [4,4,4,5,5,5-(2)H(6)]dimethylacrylic acid, was incorporated into 1 and 2 only by the mutants impaired in leucine degradation. [4,4,6,6,6-(2)H(5)]Mevalonic acid lactone (12) was synthesized and fed to M. xanthus and S. aurantiaca wild-type strains and a double mutant strain of M. xanthus. This strain does not degrade leucine and is impaired in the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonic acid. The mass spectral analysis of labeled 1 and 2 obtained in these feeding experiments led to a biosynthetic scheme to 1 with intermediate 2. This pathway differs from that observed in the liverwort Fossombronia pusilla and thus suggests microbial geosmin biosynthesis following a route different from that in liverworts. Our results are supported by a 1,2-hydride shift of the tertiary hydrogen atom at C-4a into the ring opposite to that in F. pusilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Umlauf D, Zapp J, Becker H, Adam KP. Biosynthesis of the irregular monoterpene artemisia ketone, the sesquiterpene germacrene D and other isoprenoids in Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:2463-2470. [PMID: 15381410 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of [1-13C]-labeled glucose into the irregular monoterpene artemisia ketone, the regular monoterpenes camphor and beta-thujone, the sesquiterpene germacrene D, the diterpene trans-phytol and beta-sitosterol and isofucosterol has been studied in axenic cultures of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). Quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the resulting labeling patterns showed that the isoprene units of the monoterpenes and the diterpene are formed via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, whereas the isoprene building blocks of the sesquiterpene and the sterols originate from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Umlauf
- FR 8.7, Pharmakognosie und Analytische Phytochemie der Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Dubey VS, Bhalla R, Luthra R. An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. J Biosci 2003; 28:637-46. [PMID: 14517367 DOI: 10.1007/bf02703339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are known to have many important biological and physiological functions. Some of them are also known for their pharmaceutical significance. In the late nineties after the discovery of a novel non-mevalonate (non-MVA) pathway, the whole concept of terpenoid biosynthesis has changed. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonate (Ac-MVA) pathway operates mainly in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones predominantly. The plastidic non-MVA pathway however synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui- and di-terpenes, along with carotenoids and phytol chain of chlorophyll. In this paper, recent developments on terpenoids biosynthesis are reviewed with respect to the non-MVA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Shanker Dubey
- Neurobiotechnology Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Spiteller D, Jux A, Piel J, Boland W. Feeding of [5,5-2H(2)]-1-desoxy-D-xylulose and [4,4,6,6,6-2H(5)]-mevalolactone to a geosmin-producing Streptomyces sp. and Fossombronia pusilla. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 61:827-834. [PMID: 12453575 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the trisnor sesquiterpenoid geosmin (4,8a-dimethyl-octahydro-naphthalen-4a-ol) (1) was investigated by feeding labeled [5,5-2H(2)]-1-desoxy-D-xylulose (11), [4,4,6,6,6-(2)H(5)]-mevalolactone (7) and [2,2-2H(2)]-mevalolactone (9) to Streptomyces sp. JP95 and the liverwort Fossombronia pusilla. The micro-organism produced geosmin via the 1-desoxy-D-xylulose pathway, whereas the liverwort exclusively utilized mevalolactone for terpenoid biosynthesis. Analysis of the labeling pattern in the resulting isotopomers of geosmin (1) by mass spectroscopy (EI/MS) revealed that geosmin is synthesized in both organisms by cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to a germacradiene-type intermediate 4. Further transformations en route to geosmin (1) involve an oxidative dealkylation of an i-propyl substituent, 1,2-reduction of a resulting conjugated diene, and bicyclization of a germacatriene intermediate 13. The transformations largely resemble the biosynthesis of dehydrogeosmin (2) in cactus flowers but differ with respect to the regioselectivity of the side chain dealkylation and 1,2-reduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Spiteller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Okologie, Winzerlaer Strasse 10, Jena, Germany
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