1
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Ghelardini MM, Geisler M, Weigel N, Hankwitz JP, Hauck N, Schubert J, Fery A, Tracy JB, Thiele J. 3D-Printed Hydrogels as Photothermal Actuators. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2032. [PMID: 39065349 PMCID: PMC11281285 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive hydrogels were 3D-printed with embedded gold nanorods (GNRs), which enable shape change through photothermal heating. GNRs were functionalized with bovine serum albumin and mixed with a photosensitizer and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) macromer, forming an ink for 3D printing by direct ink writing. A macromer-based approach was chosen to provide good microstructural homogeneity and optical transparency of the unloaded hydrogel in its swollen state. The ink was printed into an acetylated gelatin hydrogel support matrix to prevent the spreading of the low-viscosity ink and provide mechanical stability during printing and concurrent photocrosslinking. Acetylated gelatin hydrogel was introduced because it allows for melting and removal of the support structure below the transition temperature of the crosslinked PNIPAAm structure. Convective and photothermal heating were compared, which both triggered the phase transition of PNIPAAm and induced reversible shrinkage of the hydrogel-GNR composite for a range of GNR loadings. During reswelling after photothermal heating, some structures formed an internally buckled state, where minor mechanical agitation recovered the unbuckled structure. The BSA-GNRs did not leach out of the structure during multiple cycles of shrinkage and reswelling. This work demonstrates the promise of 3D-printed, photoresponsive structures as hydrogel actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M. Ghelardini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (M.M.G.)
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
| | - Niclas Weigel
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
| | - Jameson P. Hankwitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (M.M.G.)
| | - Nicolas Hauck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph B. Tracy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (M.M.G.)
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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2
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Wang S, Jiao C, Gerlach G, Körner J. Porosity Engineering of Dried Smart Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Gas Sensing. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2715-2727. [PMID: 38047737 PMCID: PMC11094736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A recent study unveiled the potential of acrylamide-based stimulus-responsive hydrogels for volatile organic compound detection in gaseous environments. However, for gas sensing, a large surface area, that is, a highly porous material, offering many adsorption sites is crucial. The large humidity variation in the gaseous environment constitutes a significant challenge for preserving an initially porous structure, as the pores tend to be unstable and irreversibly collapse. Therefore, the present investigation focuses on enhancing the porosity of smart PNiPAAm hydrogels under the conditions of a gaseous environment and the preservation of the structural integrity for long-term use. We have studied the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a porogen and the application of different drying methods and posttreatment. The investigations lead to the conclusion that only the combination of PEG addition, freeze-drying, and subsequent conditioning in high relative humidity enables a long-term stable formation of a porous surface and inner structure of the material. The significantly enhanced swelling response in a gaseous environment and in the test gas acetone is confirmed by gravimetric experiments of bulk samples and continuous measurements of thin films on piezoresistive pressure sensor chips. These measurements are furthermore complemented by an in-depth analysis of the morphology and microstructure. While the study was conducted for PNiPAAm, the insights and developed processes are general in nature and can be applied for porosity engineering of other smart hydrogel materials for VOC detection in gaseous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Wang
- Institute
of Solid-State Electronics, Dresden University
of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chen Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Gerlach
- Institute
of Solid-State Electronics, Dresden University
of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Körner
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Ahmed B, Reiche CF, Magda JJ, Solzbacher F, Körner J. Smart Hydrogel Swelling State Detection Based on a Power-Transfer Transduction Principle. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:5544-5554. [PMID: 38752016 PMCID: PMC11091848 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive (smart) hydrogels are a promising sensing material for biomedical contexts due to their reversible swelling change in response to target analytes. The design of application-specific sensors that utilize this behavior requires the development of suitable transduction concepts. The presented study investigates a power-transfer-based readout approach that is sensitive to small volumetric changes of the smart hydrogel. The concept employs two thin film polyimide substrates with embedded conductive strip lines, which are shielded from each other except at the tip region, where the smart hydrogel is sandwiched in between. The hydrogel's volume change in response to a target analyte alters the distance and orientation of the thin films, affecting the amount of transferred power between the two transducer parts and, consequently, the measured sensor output voltage. With proper calibration, the output signal can be used to determine the swelling change of the hydrogel and, consequently, to quantify the stimulus. In proof-of-principle experiments with glucose- and pH-sensitive smart hydrogels, high sensitivity to small analyte concentration changes was found along with very good reproducibility and stability. The concept was tested with two exemplary hydrogels, but the transduction principle in general is independent of the specific hydrogel material, as long as it exhibits a stimulus-dependent volume change. The application vision of the presented research is to integrate in situ blood analyte monitoring capabilities into standard (micro)catheters. The developed sensor is designed to fit into a catheter without obstructing its normal use and, therefore, offers great potential for providing a universally applicable transducer platform for smart catheter-based sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benozir Ahmed
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christopher F. Reiche
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jules J. Magda
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Florian Solzbacher
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Julia Körner
- Faculty
of
Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Aljuaid M, Houck HA, Efstathiou S, Haddleton DM, Wilson P. Photocrosslinking of Polyacrylamides Using [2 + 2] Photodimerisation of Monothiomaleimides. Macromolecules 2022; 55:8495-8504. [PMID: 36245549 PMCID: PMC9558485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of monothiomaleimides
(MTMs) has
been exploited for the photocrosslinking of polyacrylamides. Polymer
scaffolds composed of dimethylacrylamide and varying amounts of d,l-homocysteine
thiolactone acrylamide (5, 10, and 20 mol %) were synthesized via
free-radical polymerization, whereby the latent thiol functionality
was exploited to incorporate MTM motifs. Subsequent exposure to UV
light (λ = 365 nm, 15 mW cm–2) triggered intermolecular
crosslinking via the photodimerization of MTM side chains, thus resulting
in the formation of polyacrylamide gels. The polymer scaffolds were
characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible
spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography,
confirming the occurrence of the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition between
the MTM moieties. The mechanical and physical properties of the resulting
gels containing various MTM mol % were evaluated by rheology, compression
testing, and swelling experiments. In addition, scanning electron
microscopy was used to characterize the xerogel morphology of 5 and
10 mol % MTM hydro- and organo-gels. The macro-porous morphology obtained
for the hydrogels was attributed to phase separation due to the difference
in solubility of the PDMA modified with thiolactone side chains, provided
that a more homogeneous morphology was obtained when the photo-gels
were prepared in DMF as the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aljuaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
- Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Spyridon Efstathiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K
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5
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Hauck N, Beck T, Cojoc G, Schlüßler R, Ahmed S, Raguzin I, Mayer M, Schubert J, Müller P, Guck J, Thiele J. PNIPAAm microgels with defined network architecture as temperature sensors in optical stretchers. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:6179-6190. [PMID: 35979502 PMCID: PMC9342673 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretching individual living cells with light is a standard method to assess their mechanical properties. Yet, heat introduced by the laser light of optical stretchers may unwittingly change the mechanical properties of cells therein. To estimate the temperature induced by an optical trap, we introduce cell-sized, elastic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) microgels that relate temperature changes to hydrogel swelling. For their usage as a standardized calibration tool, we analyze the effect of free-radical chain-growth gelation (FCG) and polymer-analogous photogelation (PAG) on hydrogel network heterogeneity, micromechanics, and temperature response by Brillouin microscopy and optical diffraction tomography. Using a combination of tailor-made PNIPAAm macromers, PAG, and microfluidic processing, we obtain microgels with homogeneous network architecture. With that, we expand the capability of standardized microgels in calibrating and validating cell mechanics analysis, not only considering cell and microgel elasticity but also providing stimuli-responsiveness to consider dynamic changes that cells may undergo during characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hauck
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Timon Beck
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Gheorghe Cojoc
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Raimund Schlüßler
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Ivan Raguzin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
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6
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Raj SS, Mathew RM, Nair Y, S. T. A, T. P. V. Fabrication and Applications of Wrinkled Soft Substrates: An Overview. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soorya S. Raj
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Romina Marie Mathew
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Yamuna Nair
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Aruna S. T.
- Surface Engineering Division CSIR – National Aerospace Laboratories HAL Airport Road Bangalore 560017 India
| | - Vinod T. P.
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bangalore 560029 India
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7
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Komatsu S, Tago M, Ando Y, Asoh TA, Kikuchi A. Facile preparation of multi-stimuli-responsive degradable hydrogels for protein loading and release. J Control Release 2021; 331:1-6. [PMID: 33434598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional materials that can recognize the tumor microenvironment, characterized by acidic or reducing conditions, are needed for the designing of drug delivery carriers for cancer treatment. Hydrogels are potential protein drug carriers because they contain a large amount of water and stimuli-responsive functions can easily be introduced in them. However, it is difficult to introduce multi-stimuli-responsive functions and degradability at the same time. Here, we synthesized thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels via a coupling reaction between poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) and cystamine (CA). The prepared hydrogels showed lower critical solution temperature-type thermoresponsive behavior and pH-responsive swelling changes due to the protonation of secondary and/or tertiary amino groups arising from the crosslinking agent CA. Under reducing conditions, the hydrogels were degraded via the thiol exchange reaction in the presence of dithiothreitol or glutathione. The loading and release properties of FITC-labeled model proteins from the hydrogels were investigated. The loaded amount of the protein increased with decreasing molecular weight or hydrodynamic radius, which is based on the size of the network structure of the hydrogels. Notably, loaded proteins in the hydrogels were released only under reducing conditions, which mimic the tumor microenvironment. Thus, the prepared multi-responsive degradable hydrogels are expected to be used as functional drug delivery carriers for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuuhei Komatsu
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Moeno Tago
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Ando
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kikuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.
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8
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Chen Z, Kuckling D, Tiemann M. Nanoporous aluminum oxide micropatterns prepared by hydrogel templating. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:445601. [PMID: 32784272 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aba710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterned nanoporous aluminum oxide arrays are prepared on silicon wafer substrates by using photopolymerized poly(dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels as porogenic matrices. Hydrogel micropatterns are fabricated by spreading the prepolymer mixture on the substrate, followed by UV photopolymerization through a micropatterned mask. The hydrogel is covalently bonded to the substrate surface. Al2O3 is produced by swelling the hydrogel in a saturated aluminum nitrate solution and subsequent thermal conversion/calcination. As a result, micropatterned porous Al2O3 microdots with heights in µm range and large specific surface areas up to 274 m2 g-1 are obtained. Hence, the hydrogel fulfills a dual templating function, namely micropatterning and nanoporosity generation. The impact of varying the photopolymerization time on the properties of the products is studied. Samples are characterized by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and Kr physisorption analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Chen
- Department of Chemistry - Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany. Department of Chemistry - Inorganic Functional Materials, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
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9
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Amir F, Li X, Gruschka MC, Colley ND, Li L, Li R, Linder HR, Sell SA, Barnes JC. Dynamic, multimodal hydrogel actuators using porphyrin-based visible light photoredox catalysis in a thermoresponsive polymer network. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10910-10920. [PMID: 34094340 PMCID: PMC8162415 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04287k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels that can respond to multiple external stimuli represent the next generation of advanced functional biomaterials. Here, a series of multimodal hydrogels were synthesized that can contract and expand reversibly over several cycles while changing their mechanical properties in response to blue and red light, as well as heat (∼50 °C). The light-responsive behavior was achieved through a photoredox-based mechanism consisting of photoinduced electron transfer from a zinc porphyrin photocatalyst in its excited state to oligoviologen-based macrocrosslinkers, both of which were integrated into the hydrogel polymer network during gel formation. Orthogonal thermoresponsive properties were also realized by introducing N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) monomer simultaneously with hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) in the pre-gel mixture to produce a statistical 60 : 40 HEA : NIPAM polymer network. The resultant hydrogel actuators - crosslinked with either a styrenated viologen dimer (2V4+-St) or hexamer (6V12+-St) - were exposed to red or blue light, or heat, for up to 5 h, and their rate of contraction, as well as the corresponding changes in their physical properties (i.e., stiffness, tensile strength, Young's modulus, etc.), were measured. The combined application of blue light and heat to the 6V12+-St-based hydrogels was also demonstrated, resulting in hydrogels with more than two-fold faster contraction kinetics and dramatically enhanced mechanical robustness when fully contracted. We envision that the reported materials and the corresponding methods of remotely manipulating the dynamic hydrogels may serve as a useful blueprint for future adaptive materials used in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Amir
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Max C Gruschka
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Nathan D Colley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Ruihan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Houston R Linder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University St. Louis MO 63103 USA
| | - Scott A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University St. Louis MO 63103 USA
| | - Jonathan C Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 USA
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10
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Fabrication of thermoresponsive degradable hydrogel made by radical polymerization of 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane: Unique thermal coacervation in hydrogel. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Cao Z, Chen Y, Zhang C, Cheng J, Wu D, Ma W, Liu C, Fu Z. Preparation of near-infrared laser responsive hydrogels with enhanced laser marking performance. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2950-2959. [PMID: 30724317 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene modified bismuth oxide particles (PS@Bi2O3) were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using acrylamide (AM) as a monomer, and PS@Bi2O3 as laser sensitive additives, PAM/PS@Bi2O3 hydrogels were fabricated and treated by a 1064 nm near-infrared laser. The laser responsive properties of PAM/PS@Bi2O3 hydrogels were investigated at different current intensities and loading content of PS@Bi2O3 by visual observation, optical microscopy, and SEM, and the mechanism of laser response was analyzed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the PAM hydrogel with added PS@Bi2O3 particles showed excellent response to the laser, and high contrast and resolution text and pattern marks on the hydrogel surface can be obtained. The selection of suitable laser current intensity is key to the laser response of the PAM/PS@Bi2O3 composite hydrogel. Through analysis of XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA data, the laser marking of the PAM/PS@Bi2O3 hydrogels originates from the generation of both bismuth metal and amorphous carbonized materials. After adding PS@Bi2O3 with a loading content from 1% to 3%, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels were improved, but the swelling properties were finally decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China.
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12
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Chen Z, Kuckling D, Tiemann M. Porous Aluminum Oxide and Magnesium Oxide Films Using Organic Hydrogels as Structure Matrices. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040186. [PMID: 29565802 PMCID: PMC5923516 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of mesoporous Al2O3 and MgO layers on silicon wafer substrates by using poly(dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels as porogenic matrices. Hydrogel films are prepared by spreading the polymer through spin-coating, followed by photo-cross-linking and anchoring to the substrate surface. The metal oxides are obtained by swelling the hydrogels in the respective metal nitrate solutions and subsequent thermal conversion. Combustion of the hydrogel results in mesoporous metal oxide layers with thicknesses in the μm range and high specific surface areas up to 558 m2∙g−1. Materials are characterized by SEM, FIB ablation, EDX, and Kr physisorption porosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Chen
- Department of Chemistry-Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry-Inorganic Functional Materials, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Dirk Kuckling
- Department of Chemistry-Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Michael Tiemann
- Department of Chemistry-Inorganic Functional Materials, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
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13
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Organic Polymers as Porogenic Structure Matrices for Mesoporous Alumina and Magnesia. Processes (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/pr5040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Du Q, Guan Y, Zhu XX, Zhang Y. Swelling-induced surface instability patterns guided by pre-introduced structures. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1937-1944. [PMID: 25619166 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Swelling-induced, spontaneously generated surface instability patterns in substrate-attached hydrogel films can be harnessed for advanced applications, however, methods to control their formation and morphology are missing. Here we propose that their generation may be guided by intentionally pre-introduced line structures. While uniform gel films produce irregular polygonal instability patterns, instability patterns generated in pre-patterned films with hexagonal line structures are regular hexagons with long-range order. The pre-introduced line structures act as defects in the generation of the surface instability patterns, which determine the position of the creases, regulate their rearrangement and determine their final morphology. The contrast between the pre-introduced structures and the surrounding area should be high enough for the pre-introduced structures to act as defects. Only when the characteristic wavelength of the pre-introduced pattern matches with the one of the gel film, perfect hexagonal patterns can be obtained. The gel films with uniform topographic features may find various advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 30 0071, China.
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15
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Synthesis of mesoporous alumina through photo cross-linked poly(dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Fei R, Hou H, Munoz-Pinto D, Han A, Hahn MS, Grunlan MA. Thermoresponsive Double Network Micropillared Hydrogels for Controlled Cell Release. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1346-52. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruochong Fei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University, 5030 Emerging Technologies Building; College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Huijie Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Dany Munoz-Pinto
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University, 5030 Emerging Technologies Building; College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Melissa A. Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University, 5030 Emerging Technologies Building; College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineerin; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
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17
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Lin YS, Lin CH, Lee WF. Investigation of the synthesis and properties of the copolymeric hydrogels based on N-isopropyl acrylamide and acrylamidoazobenzene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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An Improved Design for Chemomechanical Sensors: A Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor with a Mechanical Boss. CHEMOSENSORS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors1030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Micro and Macro Injection Molded Parts of Isotactic Polypropylene/Polyethylene Blends: Shear-Induced Crystallization Behaviors and Morphological Characteristics. J MACROMOL SCI B 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.763700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Roy D, Sumerlin BS. Let There Be Light: Photo-Cross-Linked Block Copolymer Nanoparticles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:174-179. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Roy
- Department of Chemistry; Southern Methodist University; 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75275-0314 USA
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory; Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering; Department of Chemistry; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
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22
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Interpenetrating Polymer Networks polysaccharide hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1172-87. [PMID: 23603210 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ever increasing improvements of pharmaceutical formulations have been often obtained by means of the use of hydrogels. In particular, environmentally sensitive hydrogels have been investigated as "smart" delivery systems capable to release, at the appropriate time and site of action, entrapped drugs in response to specific physiological triggers. At the same time the progress in the tissue engineering research area was possible because of significant innovations in the field of hydrogels. In recent years multicomponent hydrogels, such as semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (semi-IPNs) and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) have emerged as innovative biomaterials for drug delivery and as scaffolds for tissue engineering. These interpenetrated hydrogel networks, which can be obtained by either chemical or physical crosslinking, in most cases show physico-chemical properties that can remarkably differ from those of the macromolecular constituents. Among the synthetic and natural polymers that have been used for the preparation of semi-IPNs and IPNs, polysaccharides represent a class of macromolecules of particular interest because they are usually abundant, available from renewable sources and have a large variety of composition and properties that may allow appropriately tailored chemical modifications. Sometimes both macromolecular systems are based on polysaccharides but often also synthetic polymers are present together with polysaccharide chains. The description and discussion of (semi)-IPNs reported here, will allow to acquire a better understanding of the potential and wide range of applications of IPN polysaccharide hydrogels. A quite large number of polysaccharides have been investigated for the design of (semi)-IPNs for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. This review article however mainly focuses on two of the most studied polysaccharide-based (semi)-IPNs, namely those obtained using alginate and hyaluronic acid. An overview of the methods of preparation, the properties, the performances as drug delivery systems and as scaffolds for tissue engineering, of (semi)-IPNs obtained using these two polysaccharides and their derivatives, will be given.
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Jalili K, Abbasi F, Milchev A. Surface Microdynamics Phase Transition and Internal Structure of High-Density, Ultrathin PHEMA-b-PNIPAM Diblock Copolymer Brushes on Silicone Rubber. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4003962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Jalili
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F. Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A. Milchev
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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24
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Synthesis and characterization of pH and temperature sensitive hydrogel based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(ɛ-caprolactone), methylacrylic acid, and methoxyl poly(ethylene glycol). Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Sugaya S, Kakegawa S, Fukushima S, Yamada M, Seki M. Micropatterning of hydrogels on locally hydrophilized regions on PDMS by stepwise solution dipping and in situ gelation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14073-80. [PMID: 22991929 DOI: 10.1021/la3014706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a simple but highly versatile method of fabricating picoliter-volume hydrogel patterns on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates. Hydrophilic regions were prepared on hydrophobic PDMS plates by trapping and melting functional polymer particles and performing subsequent reactions with partially oxidized dextran. Small aliquots of a gelation solution were selectively trapped on the hydrophilic areas by a simple dipping process that was utilized to make thin hydrogel patterns by the in situ gelation of a sol solution. Using this process, we successfully formed calcium alginate, collagen I, and chitosan hydrogels with a thickness of several micrometers and shapes that followed the hydrophilized regions. In addition, alginate and collagen gel patterns were used to capture cells with different adhesion properties selectively on or off the hydrogel structures. The presented strategy could be applicable to the preparation of a variety of hydrogels for the development of functional biosensors, bioreactors, and cell cultivation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Sugaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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26
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Deng P, Zhang J, Liu F, Liu K, Liu H, Zhang L. Shear-Induced Flow Behavior of Three Polymers in Different Size Dies. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.720171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Deng
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Fanghui Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Kejun Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
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27
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Mateescu A, Wang Y, Dostalek J, Jonas U. Thin hydrogel films for optical biosensor applications. MEMBRANES 2012; 2:40-69. [PMID: 24957962 PMCID: PMC4021880 DOI: 10.3390/membranes2010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel materials consisting of water-swollen polymer networks exhibit a large number of specific properties highly attractive for a variety of optical biosensor applications. This properties profile embraces the aqueous swelling medium as the basis of biocompatibility, non-fouling behavior, and being not cell toxic, while providing high optical quality and transparency. The present review focuses on some of the most interesting aspects of surface-attached hydrogel films as active binding matrices in optical biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance and optical waveguide mode spectroscopy. In particular, the chemical nature, specific properties, and applications of such hydrogel surface architectures for highly sensitive affinity biosensors based on evanescent wave optics are discussed. The specific class of responsive hydrogel systems, which can change their physical state in response to externally applied stimuli, have found large interest as sophisticated materials that provide a complex behavior to hydrogel-based sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Mateescu
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Bio-Organic Materials Chemistry Laboratory (BOMCLab), Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
| | - Yi Wang
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria.
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria.
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), Bio-Organic Materials Chemistry Laboratory (BOMCLab), Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.
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28
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Haberkorn N, Nilles K, Schattling P, Theato P. Reactive nanorods based on activated esterpolymers: a versatile template-assisted approach for the fabrication of functional nanorods. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Shi J, Liu X, Sun X, Cao S. Hybrid alginate beads with thermal-responsive gates for smart drug delivery. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Mundargi RC, Shelke NB, Babu VR, Patel P, Rangaswamy V, Aminabhavi TM. Novel thermo-responsive semi-interpenetrating network microspheres of gellan gum-poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) for controlled release of atenolol. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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32
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33
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34
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Yu X, Corten C, Görner H, Wolff T, Kuckling D. Photodimers of N-alkyl-3,4-dimethylmaleimides—Product ratios and reaction mechanism. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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36
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Richter A, Paschew G, Klatt S, Lienig J, Arndt KF, Adler HJP. Review on Hydrogel-based pH Sensors and Microsensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:561-581. [PMID: 27879722 PMCID: PMC3668326 DOI: 10.3390/s8010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are materials with great potential for development of active functionalities in fluidics and micro-fluidics. Based on the current state of research on pH sensors, hydrogel sensors are described qualitatively and quantitatively for the first time. The review introduces the physical background of the special properties of stimuli-responsive hydrogels. Following, transducers are described which are able to convert the non-electrical changes of the physical properties of stimuli-responsive hydrogels into an electrical signal. Finally, the specific sensor properties, design rules and general conditions for sensor applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Richter
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Electromechanical and Electronic Design, 01062 Dresden, Germany; E-mail:
- Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymers, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgi Paschew
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Electromechanical and Electronic Design, 01062 Dresden, Germany; E-mail:
- Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymers, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Klatt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Electromechanical and Electronic Design, 01062 Dresden, Germany; E-mail:
- Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymers, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Lienig
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Electromechanical and Electronic Design, 01062 Dresden, Germany; E-mail:
| | - Karl-Friedrich Arndt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymers, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen P. Adler
- Technische Universität Dresden, Macromolecular Chemistry and Textile Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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37
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Zhang R, Liberski A, Khan F, Diaz-Mochon JJ, Bradley M. Inkjet fabrication of hydrogel microarrays using in situ nanolitre-scale polymerisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1317-9. [PMID: 18389119 DOI: 10.1039/b717932d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymer hydrogel microarrays were fabricated by inkjet printing of monomers and initiator, allowing up to 1800 individual polymer features to be printed on a single glass slide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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38
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Shi J, Alves NM, Mano JF. Chitosan coated alginate beads containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for dual-stimuli-responsive drug release. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 84:595-603. [PMID: 17618514 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan coated alginate beads containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), were prepared to be used as a controlled pH/temperature sensitive drug delivery system with improved encapsulation efficiency and delayed release rate. The studied beads were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Water uptake and release studies using indomethacin as a model drug were also performed. The drug loading efficiency of the beads with the polyelectrolyte complex coating is significantly higher (84%) than that of the uncoated ones (74%). The equilibrium swelling of the developed materials was found to be pH- and thermo- responsive. For all the conditions it was found that the release profile was slower for the coated beads, indicating that the polyelectrolyte complex coating could slow down the release rate effectively. These results suggest that the studied smart system has potential to be used as an effective pH/temperature sustainable delivery system for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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39
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Shi J, Liu L, Sun X, Cao S, Mano JF. Biomineralized Polysaccharide Beads for Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2007; 8:260-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Oudshoorn MHM, Penterman R, Rissmann R, Bouwstra JA, Broer DJ, Hennink WE. Preparation and characterization of structured hydrogel microparticles based on cross-linked hyperbranched polyglycerol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11819-11825. [PMID: 17927225 DOI: 10.1021/la701910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to obtain well-defined HyPG-MA (methacrylated hyperbranched polyglycerol) microparticles with uniform sizes. Therefore, three different preparation methods were evaluated. First, we assessed a micromolding technique using rigid SU-8 (a photoresist based on epoxies) grids. Independent of the surface treatment of the SU-8 grid or the type of polymer used, approximately 50% of the microgels remained attached to the SU-8 grid or broke into smaller particles during the release process in which drying of the gels was followed by a sonication process. Although 90% methacrylate conversion could be obtained, this method has some additional drawbacks as the obtained dried microgels did not rehydrate completely after the drying step. Second, a soft micromolding technique was evaluated using elastomeric PDMS (poly(dimethyl siloxane)) grids. The use of these flexible grids resulted in a high yield (80-90% yield; >90% methacrylate conversion) of microgels with a well-defined size and shape (squares 100 microm x 100 microm x 50 microm or hexagons with Ø 30 microm and a thickness of 20 microm) without the occurrence of water evaporation. However, a number of particles showed a less-defined shape as not all grids could be filled well. The microgels showed restricted swelling, implying that these gels are dimensionally stable. Third, an alternative method referred to as photolithography was evaluated. This method was suitable to tailor accurately the size and shape of HyPG-MA microgels and additionally gained 100% yield. Well-defined HyPG-MA microgels in the size range of 200-1400 microm (thickness of 6, 20, or 50 microm), with a methacrylate conversion of >90%, could easily be prepared by adding an inhibitor (e.g., 1% (w/v) of vitamin C) to the polymer solution to inhibit dark polymerization. Microgels in the size range of 30-100 microm (>90% conversion) could only be obtained when applying the photomask in direct contact with the polymer solution and using a higher (i.e., 2% (w/v)) concentration of vitamin C. Additionally, the microgels showed limited swelling, indicating that rather dimensionally stable particles were obtained. In conclusion, this paper shows that photolithography and soft micromolding, as compared to rigid micromolding, are the most appropriate techniques to fabricate structured HyPG-MA microgels with a tailorable and well-defined size and shape. These microgels have great potential in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion H M Oudshoorn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Liu Y, Zhu M, Liu X, Jiang Y, Ma Y, Qin Z, Kuckling D, Adler HJP. Mechanical Properties and Phase Transition of High Clay Content Clay/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Nanocomposite Hydrogel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200750851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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LeMieux MC, Peleshanko S, Anderson KD, Tsukruk VV. Adaptive nanomechanical response of stratified polymer brush structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:265-73. [PMID: 17190513 DOI: 10.1021/la061723k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated a stratified polymer surface film with tunable thickness (within 17-34 nm) through facile, room-temperature, UV-initiated polymerization with a temperature-sensitive pNIPAAM layer confined beneath a hydrophobic layer. AFM morphology and ellipsometric measurements were measured at each grafting step, along with XPS measurements of the overall layer to verify layer growth. The strong characteristic LCST behavior of pNIPAAM was observed in water, with a 100% change in thickness above and below this transition. The AFM nanomechanical results demonstrate vertical gradients of the elastic response tunable to a desired state by the external temperature. These temperature-sensitive, adaptive polymer structures with the pNIPAAM layer "hidden" beneath the rubbery, hydrophobic PBA topmost layer represent an interesting example of nanoengineering surfaces with properties such as adhesion, elastic modulus, and multi-level structural reorganization responsive to fluidic and temperature variations that can be important for biological purposes such as implant coatings, cell-surface mimicry, and drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C LeMieux
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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43
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Valiaev A, Abu-Lail NI, Lim DW, Chilkoti A, Zauscher S. Microcantilever sensing and actuation with end-grafted stimulus-responsive elastin-like polypeptides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:339-44. [PMID: 17190524 DOI: 10.1021/la0616698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) grafted onto surfaces are of significant technical interest because they can be exploited for force generation, in sensing applications, or as molecular switches with tunable properties. Changes in the conformational state of grafted ELPs, induced by a phase transition or changes in osmotic pressure, lead to significant changes in the surface stress in the ELP graft layer and translate into detectable changes in microcantilever deflection. In this study, we investigate the conformational mechanics of ELPs in response to changes in solution pH and ionic strength using atomic force microscopy (AFM) microcantilever deflection and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. We show that the use of genetically encoded, surface-grafted ELPs is exciting for cantilever actuation and sensing because commonly available microfabricated cantilever springs offer a simple and nonintrusive way to detect changes in solvent type, temperature, and pH, promising great potential for sensing applications in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Valiaev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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44
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Gupta S, Kuckling D, Kretschmer K, Choudhary V, Adler HJ. Synthesis and characterization of stimuli-sensitive micro- and nanohydrogels based on photocrosslinkable poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Hegewald J, Schmidt T, Eichhorn KJ, Kretschmer K, Kuckling D, Arndt KF. Electron beam irradiation of poly(vinyl methyl ether) films. 2. Temperature-dependent swelling behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:5152-9. [PMID: 16700607 DOI: 10.1021/la053461c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive hydrogel films were synthesized by electron beam irradiation of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) on silicon (Si/SiO(2)) substrates and gold (Au) coated glass slides. The temperature-dependent swelling behavior of the films in aqueous solution was characterized by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and a combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and optical waveguide spectroscopy (OWS). The results of both techniques are compared. The suitability of both techniques for the characterization of the swelling behavior of thin hydrogel films is demonstrated. The volume swelling degree in the swollen state decreases with increasing radiation dose D. This is explained by the fact that the number of formed polymeric radicals, and hence cross-linking density, increases with D. Above the phase-transition temperature, the swelling degrees were independent of D, slightly above 1. The swelling/deswelling process was fully reversible and is mainly directed perpendicular to the substrate surface. The phase-transition temperature was determined to be T(cr) approximately 33 degrees C. However, T(cr) slightly decreases with increasing D and increasing film thickness d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hegewald
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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46
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Shi J, Alves NM, Mano JF. Drug Release of pH/Temperature-Responsive Calcium Alginate/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Semi-IPN Beads. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:358-63. [PMID: 16671051 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of semi-interpenetrating, polymer network (semi-IPN), hydrogel beads, composed of calcium alginate (Ca-alginate) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), were prepared for a pH/temperature-sensitive drug delivery study. The equilibrium swelling showed the independent pH- and thermo- responsive nature of the developed materials. At pH=2.1, the release amount of indomethacin incorporated into these beads was about 10% within 400 min, while this value approached to 95% at pH=7.4. The release rate of the drug was higher at 37 degrees C than that at 25 degrees C and increased slightly with increasing PNIPAAM content. These results suggest that the Ca-alginate/PNIPAAM beads have the potential to be used as an effective pH/temperature sustainable delivery system of bioactive agents. [GRAPHS: SEE TEXT] A summary of the temperature- and pH-dependence on the release of the drug over a period of 450 min. The effect of the temperature on the swelling of the beads is shown in the inset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Singh D, Kuckling D, Choudhary V, Adler HJ, Koul V. Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) films by photopolymerization. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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High clay content nanocomposite hydrogels with surprising mechanical strength and interesting deswelling kinetics. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hegewald J, Schmidt T, Gohs U, Günther M, Reichelt R, Stiller B, Arndt KF. Electron beam irradiation of poly(vinyl methyl ether) films: 1. Synthesis and film topography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:6073-80. [PMID: 15952862 DOI: 10.1021/la0502589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive hydrogel layers on silicon (Si) substrates were synthesized by electron beam irradiation of spin-coated poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) films. The influences of the used solvent, the polymer concentration, and the spinning velocity on the homogeneity and the thickness of the PVME film were investigated. In the range of concentration c(p) = 1-15 wt% PVME in ethanol solution, homogeneous films with a thickness between d = 50 nm and 1.7 mum were obtained. The films were cross-linked by electron beam irradiation under inert atmosphere and analyzed by sol-gel-analysis. The results were compared with bulkgels formed by electron beam irradiation of PVME in the dry state. The film topography was analyzed by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. An islandlike structure in the dry, swollen, and shrunken state of the hydrogel films was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hegewald
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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50
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Schmaljohann D, Nitschke M, Schulze R, Eing A, Werner C, Eichhorn KJ. In situ study of the thermoresponsive behavior of micropatterned hydrogel films by imaging ellipsometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:2317-2322. [PMID: 15752021 DOI: 10.1021/la0476128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A patterned hydrogel was immobilized on a polymer substrate by low-pressure argon plasma treatment using a masking technique. The polymer sample showed a thermoresponsive aggregation behavior in the region of 35-37 degrees C. The micropatterned, thermoresponsive hydrogel film has been characterized with imaging ellipsometry. The characterization was carried out on the dry film as well as on a swollen sample in water. The thermoresponsive behavior was studied in deionized water by temperature-dependent measurements in a solid-liquid cell. Through imaging ellipsometry, it was possible to distinguish the different regions of interest on a micrometer scale and to follow the swelling of the hydrogel part as a function of the temperature. It was possible to visualize the swelling as 3D profiles of Delta at various temperatures. Long-term changes of the sample could also be detected, which cannot be picked up by conventional ellipsometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmaljohann
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University & Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, Wales, U.K.
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