1
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Banerjee R, Ray SS. Role of Rheology in Morphology Development and Advanced Processing of Thermoplastic Polymer Materials: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27969-28001. [PMID: 37576638 PMCID: PMC10413379 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This review presents fundamental knowledge and recent advances pertaining to research on the role of rheology in polymer processing, highlights the knowledge gap between the function of rheology in various processing operations and the importance of rheology in the development, characterization, and assessment of the morphologies of polymeric materials, and offers ideas for enhancing the processabilities of polymeric materials in advanced processing operations. Rheology plays a crucial role in the morphological evolution of polymer blends and composites, influencing the type of morphology in the case of blends and the quality of dispersion in the cases of both blends and composites. The rheological characteristics of multiphase polymeric materials provide valuable information on the morphologies of these materials, thereby rendering rheology an important tool for morphological assessment. Although rheology extensively affects the processabilities of polymeric materials in all processing operations, this review focuses on the roles of rheology in film blowing, electrospinning, centrifugal jet spinning, and the three-dimensional printing of polymeric materials, which are advanced processing operations that have gained significant research interest. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of morphology development and the aforementioned processing techniques; moreover, it covers all vital aspects related to the tailoring of the rheological characteristics of polymeric materials for achieving superior morphologies and high processabilities of these materials in advanced processing operations. Thus, this article provides a direction for future advancements in polymer processing. Furthermore, the superiority of elongational flow over shear flow in enhancing the quality of dispersion in multiphase polymeric materials and the role of extensional rheology in the advanced processing operations of these materials, which have rarely been discussed in previous reviews, have been critically analyzed in this review. In summary, this article offers new insights into the use of rheology in material and product development during advanced polymer-processing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritima Banerjee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Calcutta Institute
of Technology, Banitabla, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316 West Bengal, India
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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2
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Qiao H, Zheng B, Zhong G, Li Z, Cardinaels R, Moldenaers P, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A, Liu C, Zhang H. Understanding the Rheology of Polymer–Polymer Interfaces Covered with Janus Nanoparticles: Polymer Blends versus Particle Sandwiched Multilayers. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Qiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350007, China
| | - Botuo Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350007, China
| | - Gang Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350007, China
| | - Zhicong Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350007, China
| | - Ruth Cardinaels
- Soft Matter Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, P.B. 2424, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula Moldenaers
- Soft Matter Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, P.B. 2424, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Jean Monnet, VilleurbanneF-69621, France
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Jean Monnet, VilleurbanneF-69621, France
| | - Canpei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350007, China
| | - Huagui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou350007, China
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3
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Nguyen D, Desse M, Jegat C. Oily phase migration control at the interface of hydrophobic/hydrophilic polymer blends. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Masarra NA, Quantin JC, Batistella M, El Hage R, Pucci MF, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of Polymer Processing on the Double Electrical Percolation Threshold in PLA/PCL/GNP Nanocomposites. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9231. [PMID: 36501934 PMCID: PMC9738525 DOI: 10.3390/s22239231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the double electrical percolation threshold was obtained in polylactide (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) composite systems, prepared by compression moulding and fused filament fabrication (FFF). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the localisation of the GNP, as well as the morphology of PLA and PCL phases, were evaluated and correlated with the electrical conductivity results estimated by the four-point probe method electrical measurements. The solvent extraction method was used to confirm and quantify the co-continuity in these samples. At 10 wt.% of the GNP, compression-moulded samples possessed a wide co-continuity range, varying from PLA55/PCL45 to PLA70/PCL30. The best electrical conductivity results were found for compression-moulded and 3D-printed PLA65/PCL35/GNP that have the fully co-continuous structure, based on the experimental and theoretical findings. This composite owns the highest storage modulus and complex viscosity at low angular frequency range, according to the melt shear rheology. Moreover, it exhibited the highest char formation and polymers degrees of crystallinity after the thermal investigation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The effect of the GNP content, compression moulding time, and multiple twin-screw extrusion blending steps on the co-continuity were also evaluated. The results showed that increasing the GNP content decreased the continuity of the polymer phases. Therefore, this work concluded that polymer processing methods impact the electrical percolation threshold and that the 3D printing of polymer composites entails higher electrical resistance as compared to compression moulding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Roland El Hage
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LCPM), PR2N (EDST), Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon
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5
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Improving the thermal stability of poly(cyclohexylene carbonate) by in situ end-capping. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03792-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Maffi JM, Meira GR, Estenoz DA. Mechanisms and conditions that affect phase inversion processes: A review. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Maffi
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gregorio R. Meira
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Diana A. Estenoz
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral ‐ CONICET) Santa Fe Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química FIQ (Universidad Nacional del Litoral) Santa Fe Argentina
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7
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Properties of Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Compatibilized Polyamide 66/Poly (Phenylene Ether) Blends: Effect of Blend Ratio and Compatibilizer Content. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153400. [PMID: 32752006 PMCID: PMC7435725 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two different blend ratios of polyamide 66 (PA66) and poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) (60/40 and 40/60 w/w) were produced via melt mixing. A styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) was utilized at various contents from 2.5-15 wt% to compatibilize the immiscible blend system. The influence of SMA content and blend ratio was investigated based on (thermo-) mechanical and morphological properties of the PA66/PPE blends. Correlations between the interaction of SMA with the blend partners were established. For 60/40 blends, a droplet-sea morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy, wherein no major changes were seen upon SMA addition. In the case of 40/60 blends, strong coalescence was found in the binary blend. Up to 5 wt% SMA, the coalescence was inhibited by the interfacial activity of SMA, whereas 10 wt% SMA initiated a disperse-to-co-continuous transition, which was completed at 15 wt% SMA. An enhancement of tensile properties was achieved for all blends possessing SMA, where the maximum concentration of 15 wt% resulted in the highest elongation at break and tensile strength values. The relative improvement of the tensile properties was higher with the PPE-rich blend (40/60) which was attributed to a partial emulsification of the PPE phases forming a bimodal PPE domain size distribution with nano-droplets in the range of 60-160 nm.
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Maffi JM, Casis N, Acuña P, Morales G, Estenoz DA. Mechanisms and Conditions that Affect Phase Inversion Processes. The Case of High‐Impact Polystyrene. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Maffi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA) Av. Madero 399, C.P. C1106ACD Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Godoy Cruz 2290, C.P. C1425FQB Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Natalia Casis
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC) Güemes 3450, C.P. 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Pablo Acuña
- Laboratorio de Síntesis de PolímerosCentro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA) Bv. E. Reyna Hermosillo 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | - Graciela Morales
- Laboratorio de Síntesis de PolímerosCentro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA) Bv. E. Reyna Hermosillo 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | - Diana A. Estenoz
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC) Güemes 3450, C.P. 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ)Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santiago del Estero 2829, C.P. 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
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Hammani S, Moulai-Mostefa N, Samyn P, Bechelany M, Dufresne A, Barhoum A. Morphology, Rheology and Crystallization in Relation to the Viscosity Ratio of Polystyrene/Polypropylene Polymer Blends. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040926. [PMID: 32093024 PMCID: PMC7078875 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibrillar and droplet morphology of polypropylene (PP) phase dispersed in polypropylene (PS) was fabricated by using melt-extrusion. This morphology was obtained by introducing isotactic PP (20 wt.%) with different viscosity in the PS matrix (80 wt.%). Furthermore, the rheological properties of the blend investigated as a function of the viscosity ratio K. The variations in blend morphology were related to crystallization, melting properties, and viscoelasticity. The blends with K >> 1 develop a fine morphology with PP microfibrils along the flow direction, while diameters of the dispersed PP droplets gradually increase with lower values of K = 1, or K << 1. Crystallinity of the prepared blends significantly decreases compared to neat PP, while the microfibrillar morphology induces homogeneous crystallization with small crystallites. This is reflected in a decrease of the crystallization temperature, small loss in the crystallinity, and lower melting temperature of the PS80/PP20 blend compared to neat PP. The storage moduli, loss moduli, and complex viscosity are highest for the microfibrillar morphology that presents retarded relaxation. The rheological properties are dominated by the dispersed phase (K > 1), or matrix (K < 1). The variation in blend properties with microfibrillar morphology can be clearly distinguished from heterogeneous blends containing PP droplets, providing an efficient tool to create a binary blend with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromléculaire, Faculté de Science, Université de Blida, 109000 Blida, Algeria;
| | - Nadji Moulai-Mostefa
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences & Technologie, Université de Médéa, Ain D’Heb, 26001 Medea, Algeria;
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
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10
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He H, Zhan Z, Zhu Z, Xue B, Li J, Chen M, Wang G. Microscopic morphology, rheological behavior, and mechanical properties of polymers: Recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/polybutylene terephthalate blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer ProcessingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Zhiming Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer ProcessingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer ProcessingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Bin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer ProcessingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jiqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer ProcessingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer ProcessingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer ProcessingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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11
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Wang J, Tsou AH, Favis BD. Effects of Polyethylene Molecular Weight Distribution on Phase Morphology Development in Poly(p-phenylene ether) and Polyethylene Blends. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Andy H. Tsou
- Global Chemical Research, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Basil D. Favis
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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12
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Vásquez-Rendón M, Álvarez-Láinez ML. Tailoring the mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of high-performance PEI/PBT blends exhibiting dual-phase continuity. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Snowdon M, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Effect of Compatibilization on Biobased Rubber-Toughened Poly(trimethylene terephthalate): Miscibility, Morphology, and Mechanical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7300-7309. [PMID: 31458890 PMCID: PMC6644667 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of partially biobased poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) elastomeric blends was done via melt processing. Both natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized NR (ENR) were investigated as impact modifiers at 40 wt % loading to avoid lowering the overall biobased content of the blend system below that of the PTT alone (35% renewable content), along with maleated polybutadiene rubber (MR) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as reactive compatibilizers. The compatibility of the blend components was investigated using contact angle, rheometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interfacial tensions and work of adhesions indicated that ENR was more miscible than NR in the PTT blend system, which was corroborated by the higher shear viscosity of the ENR blends and strong shear thinning behavior. Additionally, the predictive modeling of viscosity ratios on the elastomer-thermoplastic morphology was found to match the SEM micrographs with the dispersed elastomeric phase within the PTT matrix. The SEM images of the blends also establish that both the compatibilizers reduced the rubber inclusions size, though DCP hampered the impact performance as compared to the MR. In the presence of the MR, there was an increased cross-linking and observed variation in the Fourier transform infrared peaks demonstrating chemical interactions between the maleic anhydride groups with the PTT that allowed for the impact strength to reach 137 J·m-1 or 4.5 times that of the neat PTT, with the modulus of toughness increased by 82% and an elongation at yield of 50% because of the flexibility and amorphous nature of the rubber constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
R. Snowdon
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 80 South Ring
Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada
- Bioproducts
Discovery & Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture,
Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 80 South Ring
Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada
- Bioproducts
Discovery & Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture,
Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 80 South Ring
Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada
- Bioproducts
Discovery & Development Centre (BDDC), Department of Plant Agriculture,
Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 117 Reynolds Walk, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada
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14
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Selectively cross-linked poly (lactide)/ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate thermoplastic elastomers with partial dual-continuous network-like structures and shape memory performances. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Vogt C, Endres HJ, Bühring J, Menzel H. Reduction of the elongation at break of thermoplastic polyolefins through melt blending with polylactide and the influence of the amount of compatibilizers and the viscosity ratios of the blend components on phase morphology and mechanics. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Vogt
- Research and Development; Benecke-Kaliko AG; Beneckeallee 40 Hannover D-30419
| | - Hans-Josef Endres
- Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites, Hochschule Hannover; Heisterbergallee 12 Hannover D-30453
| | - Jürgen Bühring
- Research and Development; Benecke-Kaliko AG; Beneckeallee 40 Hannover D-30419
| | - Henning Menzel
- Institut Für Technische Chemie, Abt. TC Makromolekularer Stoffe, Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hans-Sommer-Strasse 10 Braunschweig D-38106
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16
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Gao X, Sheng D, Liu X, Li T, Ji F, Yang Y. Tailoring morphology to improve the gas-barrier properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/ethylene-vinyl alcohol blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Gao
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 10080 China
| | - Dekun Sheng
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Tongbing Li
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 10080 China
| | - Fance Ji
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 10080 China
| | - Yuming Yang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
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17
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Ren D, Tu Z, Yu C, Shi H, Jiang T, Yang Y, Shi D, Yin J, Mai YW, Li RK. Effect of Dual Reactive Compatibilizers on the Formation of Co-Continuous Morphology of Low Density Polyethylene/Polyamide 6 Blends with Low Polyamide 6 Content. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ren
- Ministry-of-Education
Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional
Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Origanic
Chemical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhaokang Tu
- Ministry-of-Education
Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional
Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Origanic
Chemical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- Ministry-of-Education
Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional
Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Origanic
Chemical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Hengchong Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- Department
of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Ministry-of-Education
Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional
Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Origanic
Chemical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- Ministry-of-Education
Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional
Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Origanic
Chemical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Dean Shi
- Ministry-of-Education
Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional
Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Origanic
Chemical Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- Centre
for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT), School of Aerospace, Mechanical
and Mechatronic Engineering J07, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert K.Y. Li
- Department
of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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18
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Iqbal MZ, Abdala AA, Liberatore MW. Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene/oxidized polyethylene miscible blends and role of OPE as a viscosity control. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z. Iqbal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden CO 80401
| | - Ahmed A. Abdala
- Materials Science and Engineering Division; Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University; Doha Qatar
- College of Sciences and Engineering; Hamad Bin Khalifa University; Doha Qatar
| | - Matthew W. Liberatore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden CO 80401
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19
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Dou R, Li S, Shao Y, Yin B, Yang M. Insight into the formation of a continuous sheath structure for the PS phase in tri-continuous PVDF/PS/HDPE blends. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hierarchical tri-continuous structure is formed and controlled in PVDF/PS/HDPE ternary blends. A very high level of PS continuity, about 80%, is achieved only with a PS volume composition as low as 11 vol%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shuanglin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yan Shao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Mingbo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Chengdu
- China
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20
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Yi P, Xiong Y, Guo S. Optical properties of polycarbonate/styrene-co-acrylonitrile blends: effects of molecular weight of the matrix. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:10000-10008. [PMID: 26836652 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.010000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of the molecular weight of a polycarbonate (PC) matrix on the phase morphology and optical properties of a PC/styrene-co-acrylonitrile (SAN) blend were investigated. A scanning electron microscope is used to analyze the phase morphology of the blends, and Mie scattering theory is used to analyze the changing laws of the optical properties of PC/SAN blends with the increasing of PC molecular weight. Results show that the average particle diameter is not strongly changed with different PC molecular weight because the values of the viscosity ratios are very close to each other. But it is obvious that the number of large particles gradually reduced while small particles (especially d<2 μm) significantly increased with the increasing of PC molecular weight. And the increase in small particles will result in an increase in backward scattering so the transmittance of PC/SAN blends decreases with the increase of PC molecular weight. However, the balance of the scattering coefficients and the number concentration of particles eventually lead to the haze of the blends being very close, despite having different PC molecular weights. Meanwhile, the photographs of scattering patterns indicate that the PC/SAN blends whose component weight ratios are fixed at 70:30 have excellent antiglare properties, despite the changes in molecular weight of the PC matrix.
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21
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Fortelný I, Ostafińska A, Michálková D, Jůza J, Mikešová J, Šlouf M. Phase structure evolution during mixing and processing of poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blends. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Reulier M, Avérous L. Elaboration, morphology and properties of renewable thermoplastics blends, based on polyamide and polyurethane synthesized from dimer fatty acids. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Jose S, Thomas S, Aravind I, Karger-Kocsis J. Rheology of multiphase polymer blends with and without reactive compatibiliser: evaluation of interfacial tension using theoretical predictions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-014-9075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Luo S, Yang Z, Shen J, Guo S. Toughening of Poly (Butylene Terephthalate) with Epoxy-Filled Poly (Ethylene–Octene) Copolymer. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.832619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Jung HJ, Son Y, Park OO. Influence of acrylonitrile content in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer on the phase morphology and interfacial tension in blends of polycarbonate/styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Effect of Blend Ratio on Phase Morphology and Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene and Poly (Butylene Succinate) Blend. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of HDPE and PBS blend ratio on mechanical properties and phase morphology of the blend was investigated. HDPE/PBS blends were prepared at HDPE content of 20, 30, and 40 wt.% via melt mixing process and then molded using an injection machine. HDPE/PBS blend was an immiscible blend with a type of dispersed in matrix morphology and coalescence phase morphology depending on HDPE content. The blend morphology of 20 wt.% HDPE/PBS blend was a type of spherical domain dispersed in the PBS matrix. As increase HDPE content, the dispersed HDPE particles became larger and the shape turned into worm-like and elongated structure. In addition, at 40 wt.% HDPE, coalescence phase morphology was obtained. It was found that the PBS blends containing 30-40 wt.% HDPE did not show yield point; they exhibited brittle failure behavior. For tensile properties, yield strength and stress at break of HDPE/PBS blend gradually decreased with increasing HDPE content. However, addition of HDPE into PBS matrix resulted in an increase of Youngs modulus of the PBS blend. Impact strength of the blends was much lower than that of neat PBS but the impact strength of the blend insignificant changed with 30-40 wt.% HDPE comparing to that with 20 wt.% HDPE.
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27
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Monemian S, Jafari SH, Khonakdar HA, Goodarzi V, Reuter U, Pötschke P. MWNT-filled PC/ABS blends: Correlation of morphology with rheological and electrical response. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedali Monemian
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106-7202
| | - Seyed Hassan Jafari
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Polymer Processing; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Uta Reuter
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden; Hohe St. 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden; Hohe St. 6 D-01069 Dresden Germany
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28
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Emin M, Schmidt U, van der Goot A, Schuchmann H. Coalescence of oil droplets in plasticized starch matrix in simple shear flow. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Fortelný I, Dimzoski B, Michálková D, Mikešová J, Kaprálková L. Dependence of the Average Size of Particles Formed during Steady Mixing on their Concentration in Immiscible Polymer Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.720176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fortelný
- a Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Bojan Dimzoski
- a Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Michálková
- a Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Mikešová
- a Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kaprálková
- a Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
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30
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Effects of composition and extrusion parameters on the morphological development and rheological properties of PP/PC blends. Co-continuity investigation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Jiang K, Yu F, Bai H, Gao J, Deng H, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Alternating multilayer structure of polyethylene/polypropylene blends obtained through injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Borysiak S. The supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene/atactic polystyrene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Shahbikian S, Carreau PJ, Heuzey MC, Ellul MD, Nadella HP, Cheng J, Shirodkar P. Rheology/morphology relationship of plasticized and nonplasticized thermoplastic elastomers based on ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer and polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Li M, Xiao R, Sun G. Preparation of polyester nanofibers and nanofiber yarns from polyester/cellulose acetate butyrate immiscible polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Filippone G, Acierno D. Altering the onset of cocontinuity in nanocomposite immiscible blends by acting on the melt-compounding procedure. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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36
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Li MF, Xiao R, Sun G. Morphology development and size control of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) nanofibers prepared from poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/cellulose acetate butyrate in situ fibrillar composites. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2011; 46:4524-4531. [PMID: 36039364 PMCID: PMC9403622 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-011-5346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Formation of nano-fibrillar composite structures provides an effective method for preparing thermoplastic nanofibers. By mixing two immiscible thermoplastic polymers in a twin screw extruder, poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) formed nano-fibrillar morphology in cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) matrix, and then PTT nanofibers were obtained from PTT/CAB in situ fibrillar composites after removing the matrix phase of CAB. Blend ratio, shear rate, and draw ratio were three important parameters in the extrusion process, which could affect the shape and size of nanofibers. By varying the process conditions, average diameter of PTT nanofibers could be controlled in the range of 80-400 nm. Besides this, the mechanism of nano-fibrillar formation in PTT/CAB blends was also studied by collecting samples at different stages in the extruder. The morphology developmental trends of PTT dispersed phase with different blend ratios were nearly the same. From initial to metaphase and later phase development, the PTT dispersed component undergo the formation of sheets, holes, and network structures, then the size reduction and formation of nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, DongHua University, Shanghai, 201620 People’s Republic of China
| | - R. Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, DongHua University, Shanghai, 201620 People’s Republic of China
| | - G. Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, DongHua University, Shanghai, 201620 People’s Republic of China
- Fiber and Polymer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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37
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Razavi S, Shojaei A, Bagheri R. Binary and ternary blends of high-density polyethylene with poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene based on recycled materials. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Stoclet G, Seguela R, Lefebvre JM. Morphology, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of binary blends of compatible biosourced polymers: Polylactide/polyamide11. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Li M, Xiao R, Sun G. Formation and morphology development of poly(butylene terephthalate) nanofibers from poly(butylene terephthalate)/cellulose acetate butyrate immiscible blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Shi H, Shi D, Wang X, Yin L, Yin J, Mai YW. A facile route for preparing stable co-continuous morphology of LLDPE/PA6 blends with low PA6 content. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Aravind I, Jose S, Ahn KH, Thomas S. Rheology and morphology of polytrimethylene terephthalate/ethylene propylene diene monomer blends in the presence and absence of a reactive compatibilizer. POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Larocca NM, Ito EN, Rios CT, Pessan LA, Bretas RES, Hage E. Effect of PBT molecular weight and reactive compatibilization on the dispersed-phase coalescence of PBT/SAN blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Gutmann P, Hildebrandt K, Altstädt V, Müller AH. Foaming of an Immiscible Blend System Using Organic Liquids as Blowing Agents. J CELL PLAST 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x09352138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foaming of blend systems is a promising approach to develop cellular materials with a set of desired properties. However, foaming of blend systems is not only a chance but also a challenge, as different polymers have to be foamed at the same foaming conditions. The best conditions during foaming are individual to each polymer and influence the obtained cellular structure. In immiscible polymer blends like poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) the differences in glass-transition temperature (Tg) and viscosity are vast and can inhibit the foaming of the blend system. In order to minimize the above-mentioned difference in Tg and viscosity, one approach is to choose a blowing agent, which shows a selective solubility in one polymer phase, working as a selective plasticizer. The aim of the present study is to evaluate systematically the foaming behavior of immiscible PPE/SAN blend systems using ethanol and n-pentane as blowing agents. Mass uptake of ethanol and n-pentane in the PPE/SAN-blends as function of the blend composition is measured, offering a selective solubility of ethanol in SAN, while n-pentane shows a high affinity to PPE. The plasticizing effect on the blend phases PPE and SAN is theoretically estimated using the Chow-equation and the WLF-equation. After foaming the blowing agent saturated blend samples in an oil-bath at different temperatures, the density reduction and the cellular structures are analyzed and correlated to the blend morphology, the blowing agent solubility in the blend phase, the rheological properties and the glass transition temperature of the nonsaturated and saturated blend phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gutmann
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany,
| | - Klaus Hildebrandt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Axel H.E. Müller
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry ll, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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44
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l'Abee R, Sablong R, Goossens H, van Duin M, Spoelstra A, Duchateau R. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Highly Compatible Blends of Isotactic Poly(propylene) and Copolymers of Atactic Poly(propylene) and 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Li YY, Yan D, Ma GQ, Yuan XB, Sheng J. Application of Mie light scattering to the morphological development of polypropylene/polystyrene blends. I. Method for the determination of Mie scattering. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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John B, Varughese K, Oommen Z, Thomas S. Melt rheology of HDPE/EVA blends: The effects of blend ratio, compatibilization, and dynamic vulcanization. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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48
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49
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Li W, Schlarb AK, Evstatiev M. Influence of processing window and weight ratio on the morphology of the extruded and drawn PET/PP blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Li J, Ma G, Sheng J. Morphological Aspects of In-Situ Compatiblized Binary Polymer Blends With Variable Viscosity Ratios of Components. J MACROMOL SCI B 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340902837337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqing Li
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
| | - Guiqiu Ma
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Sheng
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
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