1
|
Azeem A, Singh G, Li L, Chan HK, Yang R, Cheng S, Kourmatzis A. Quantifying Agglomerate-to-Wall Impaction in Dry Powder Inhalers. Pharm Res 2023; 40:307-319. [PMID: 36471024 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The probability of agglomerate-to-wall collision was quantified using a unique image processing technique applied to high-speed microscopic images. The study aimed to investigate the effects of flow rate and particle size on the percentage of colliding agglomerates detected within an in-house powder dispersion device. METHOD The device consists of a swirl chamber and two tangential inlets in various configurations, designed to emulate the geometric features of commercial devices such as the Aerolizer® and Osmohaler®. The test cases were conducted with constant flow rates of 30 SLPM and 60 SLPM. Four powder samples were tested, including carrier Respitose® SV010 (median volume diameter 104 µm, span 1.7) and mannitol of three constituent primary particle sizes (3 µm, 5 µm and 7 µm; span 1.6 - 1.9). RESULTS At the lower flow rate of 30 SLPM, collision frequencies were significantly different between powders of different constituent particle sizes, but the effects of powder properties diminished on increasing the flow rate to 60 SLPM. At the higher flow rate, all powders experienced a significant increase in the proportion of colliding particles. CONCLUSION Analysis of collision events showed that the probability of collision for each agglomerate increased with agglomerate diameter and velocity. Experimental data of agglomerate-to-wall collision were utilised to develop a logistic regression model that can accurately predict collisions with various powders and flow rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athiya Azeem
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Gajendra Singh
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, Mandi, HP, 175075, India
| | - Lunjian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Runyu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Agisilaos Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Feng Y, Ren X, Yang M, Ding T. Targeted delivery of inhalable drug particles in a patient-specific tracheobronchial tree with moderate COVID-19: A numerical study. POWDER TECHNOL 2022; 405:117520. [PMID: 35602760 PMCID: PMC9110329 DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to severe social and economic disruption worldwide. Although currently no consent has been reached on a specific therapy that can treat COVID-19 effectively, several inhalation therapy strategies have been proposed to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. These strategies include inhalations of antiviral drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and vaccines. To investigate how to enhance the therapeutic effect by increasing the delivery efficiency (DE) of the inhaled aerosolized drug particles, a patient-specific tracheobronchial (TB) tree from the trachea up to generation 6 (G6) with moderate COVID-19 symptoms was selected as a testbed for the in silico trials of targeted drug delivery to the lung regions with pneumonia alba, i.e., the severely affected lung segments (SALS). The 3D TB tree geometry was reconstructed from spiral computed tomography (CT) scanned images. The airflow field and particle trajectories were solved using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based Euler-Lagrange model at an inhalation flow rate of 15 L/min. Particle release maps, which record the deposition locations of the released particles, were obtained at the inlet according to the particle trajectories. Simulation results show that particles with different diameters have similar release maps for targeted delivery to SALS. Point-source aerosol release (PSAR) method can significantly enhance the DE into the SALS. A C++ program has been developed to optimize the location of the PSAR tube. The optimized simulations indicate that the PSAR approach can at least increase the DE of the SALS by a factor of 3.2× higher than conventional random-release drug-aerosol inhalation. The presence of the PSAR tube only leads to a 7.12% change in DE of the SALS. This enables the fast design of a patient-specific treatment for reginal lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Xiaole Chen
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China,Corresponding author
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Minjuan Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Ting Ding
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alfano FO, Benassi A, Gaspari R, Di Renzo A, Di Maio FP. Full-Scale DEM Simulation of Coupled Fluid and Dry-Coated Particle Flow in Swirl-Based Dry Powder Inhalers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Benassi
- DP Manufacturing & Innovation, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, 43122 Parma, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Gaspari
- DP Manufacturing & Innovation, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elserfy K, Cheng S, Chan HK, Kourmatzis A. Local dynamics of pharmaceutical powder fluidization using high speed long distance microscopy and particle image velocimetry. EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE 2021; 124:110367. [PMID: 35382511 PMCID: PMC8978356 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2021.110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The local dynamics of fluidized pharmaceutical carrier powders in a turbulent channel flow was studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and High-speed, long-distance microscopy (HS-LDM). Four different lactose powders which have been used as a drug carrier in dry powder inhalers were used in this study. These powders have median powder particle diameters ranging between 61 and 121 μm. Air flow velocities ranging between 13.3 m/s and 66.7 m/s were examined. In addition, the effect of grid blockage ratio (ranging from ~25% to ~40% of the area of channel cross-section) was also investigated. Results show that the high-speed, long-distance microscopy (HS-LDM) technique was able to capture the mean velocity of the particles, and the results corresponded well with the PIV measurements. Results from the high-speed, long-distance microscopy (HS-LDM) method also demonstrate that the span of particle velocity closely follows that of the particle size distribution both for cohesive and non-cohesive powders. This study contributes towards an improved understanding of pharmaceutical carrier dynamics in turbulent channel flows and demonstrates how advanced image processing can be used to capture local particle dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Elserfy
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S. Cheng
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - H-K. Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - A. Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lowe A, Singh G, Chan HK, Masri A, Cheng S, Kourmatzis A. Fragmentation dynamics of single agglomerate-to-wall impaction. POWDER TECHNOL 2021; 378 Pt A:561-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
Gajjar P, Styliari ID, Nguyen TTH, Carr J, Chen X, Elliott JA, Hammond RB, Burnett TL, Roberts K, Withers PJ, Murnane D. 3D characterisation of dry powder inhaler formulations: Developing X-ray micro computed tomography approaches. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:32-44. [PMID: 32268190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carrier-based dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations need to be accurately characterised for their particle size distributions, surface roughnesses, fines contents and flow properties. Understanding the micro-structure of the powder formulation is crucial, yet current characterisation methods give incomplete information. Commonly used techniques like laser diffraction (LD) and optical microscopy (OM) are limited due to the assumption of sphericity and can give variable results depending on particle orientation and dispersion. The aim of this work was to develop new three dimensional (3D) powder analytical techniques using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) that could be employed for non-destructive metrology of inhaled formulations. α-lactose monohydrate powders with different characteristics have been analysed, and their size and shape (sphericity/aspect ratio) distributions compared with results from LD and OM. The three techniques were shown to produce comparable size distributions, while the different shape distributions from XCT and OM highlight the difference between 2D and 3D imaging. The effect of micro-structure on flowability was also analysed through 3D measurements of void volume and tap density. This study has demonstrated for the first time that XCT provides an invaluable, non-destructive and analytical approach to obtain number- and volume-based particle size distributions of DPI formulations in 3D space, and for unique 3D characterisation of powder micro-structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gajjar
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - I D Styliari
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - T T H Nguyen
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Carr
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - X Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - J A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - R B Hammond
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T L Burnett
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K Roberts
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P J Withers
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D Murnane
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee HJ, Kwon IH, Lee HG, Kwon YB, Woo HM, Cho SM, Choi YW, Chon J, Kim K, Kim DW, Park CW. Spiral mouthpiece design in a dry powder inhaler to improve aerosolization. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Computational modelling and experimental validation of drug entrainment in a dry powder inhaler. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:37-46. [PMID: 30316002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a passive dry powder inhaler (DPI) a patient inhales to entrain drug powder. The goal of this study is to demonstrate experimentally that an Eulerian-Eulerian (EE CFD) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method can accurately predict the entrainment of the dry powder formulation in DPIs. A CFD method that makes accurate predictions of the entrainment process can be applied in DPI design and optimization processes. Three different DPI entrainment geometries were tested. For each geometry, a transparent entrainment module was prepared. In each experiment, the chosen entrainment module was first filled with lactose powder and attached to an inhalation simulator (a computer controlled pump). The entrainment process was recorded with a high-speed camera. The resulting video footage was analysed and compared with CFD predictions. The observed distribution of powder in the entrainment compartment and the measured rate of drug entrainment were in good agreement with CFD predictions. Through a process of experimental validation, this study established the first demonstration that two-dimensional EE CFD methodology provides robust and accurate predictions of aerosol generation from DPI entrainment chambers. The findings support the wider application of EE CFD for the design optimization of DPI devices.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hejduk A, Urbańska A, Osiński A, Łukaszewicz P, Domański M, Sosnowski TR. Technical challenges in obtaining an optimized powder/DPI combination for inhalation delivery of a bi-component generic drug. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Powder dispersion mechanisms within a dry powder inhaler using microscale particle image velocimetry. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:445-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Hoppentocht M, Hagedoorn P, Frijlink H, de Boer A. Technological and practical challenges of dry powder inhalers and formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 75:18-31. [PMID: 24735675 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the 50 years following the introduction of the first dry powder inhaler to the market, several developments have occurred. Multiple-unit dose and multi-dose devices have been introduced, but first generation capsule inhalers are still widely used for new formulations. Many new particle engineering techniques have been developed and considerable effort has been put in understanding the mechanisms that control particle interaction and powder dispersion during inhalation. Yet, several misconceptions about optimal inhaler performance manage to survive in modern literature. It is, for example still widely believed that a flow rate independent fine particle fraction contributes to an inhalation performance independent therapy, that dry powder inhalers perform best at 4 kPa (or 60 L/min) and that a high resistance device cannot be operated correctly by patients with reduced lung function. Nevertheless, there seems to be a great future for dry powder inhalation. Many new areas of interest for dry powder inhalation are explored and with the assistance of new techniques like computational fluid dynamics and emerging particle engineering technologies, this is likely to result in a new generation of inhaler devices and formulations, that will enable the introduction of new therapies based on inhaled medicines.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Kou X, Chan LW, Steckel H, Heng PW. Physico-chemical aspects of lactose for inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:220-32. [PMID: 22123598 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form that consists of a powder formulation in a device which is designed to deliver an active ingredient to the respiratory tract. It has been extensively investigated over the past years and several aspects relating to device and particulate delivery mechanisms have been the focal points for debate. DPI formulations may or may not contain carrier particles but whenever a carrier is included in a commercial formulation, it is almost invariably lactose monohydrate. Many physicochemical properties of the lactose carrier particles have been reported to affect the efficiency of a DPI. A number of preparation methods have been developed which have been claimed to produce lactose carriers with characteristics which lead to improved deposition. Alongside these developments, a number of characterization methods have been developed which have been reported to be useful in the measurement of key properties of the particulate ingredients. This review describes the various physicochemical characteristics of lactose, methods of manufacturing lactose particulates and their characterization.
Collapse
|
14
|
de Boer AH, Chan HK, Price R. A critical view on lactose-based drug formulation and device studies for dry powder inhalation: which are relevant and what interactions to expect? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:257-74. [PMID: 21565232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many years of research have not led to a profound knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the formulation and dispersion of carrier based mixtures for inhalation. Although it is well understood that the mixing is a key process in DPI carrier based formulation, there remains a limited understanding of how blending processes affect in-process material properties and the resulting distribution of the drug in the final dosage form. A great number of variables are considered relevant to the interfacial forces in adhesive mixtures, but their effects have mostly been investigated individually, without taking account of the influence they may have on each other. Interactions may be expected and without proper choices made and definitions given for all the variables involved, conclusions from studies on adhesive mixtures are of less relevance. By varying any of the variables that are not subject of the study, an opposite effect may be obtained. Currently, there is a strong focus on exploring techniques for the characterisation of drug and carrier surface properties that are believed to have an influence on the interparticulate forces in adhesive mixtures. For a number of surface properties it may be questioned whether they are really the key parameters to investigate however. Their orders of magnitude are subordinate to the effects they are supposed to have on the drug-to-carrier forces. Therefore, they seem rather indicators of other variability and their influence may be dominated by other effects. Finally, the relevance of inhaler design is often ignored. By using powerful inhalers, the effect of many variables of current concern may become less relevant. Carrier properties that are considered disadvantageous at present may even become desirable when a more appropriate type of dispersion force is applied. This can be shown for the effect of carrier surface rugosity when inertial separation forces are applied instead of the more widely applied lift and drag forces. Therefore, inhaler design should be taken into consideration when evaluating studies on adhesive mixtures. It should also become an integral part of powder formulation for inhalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H de Boer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Onoue S, Misaka S, Kawabata Y, Yamada S. New treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and viable formulation/device options for inhalation therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:793-811. [PMID: 19558334 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903089310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality, pathological features of which are pulmonary inflammation and irreversible airflow obstruction. Current therapies for COPD are aimed at improvement of clinical symptoms and reduction of inflammation in the respiratory systems. There is a pressing need for the development of new COPD medication, particularly as no existing treatment has been shown to reduce disease progression. In spite of a better understanding of the underlying disease process, there have been limited advances in the drug therapy of COPD, in contrast to the enormous advances in asthma management. Several new therapeutic targets and strategies have been proposed, and new drug candidates, including bronchodilators, protease inhibitors anti-inflammatory drugs and mediator antagonists, are now in clinical development for COPD treatment. New dry powder inhaler (DPI) systems for inhaled COPD therapy have also been developed to maximize drug concentrations in the airway systems, while minimizing systemic exposure and associated toxicity. This article aims to review recent developments in COPD drugs and the delivery systems for inhalation therapy, with particular emphasis on device options and formulations of DPI systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, 52 - 1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422 - 8526, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Onoue S, Hashimoto N, Yamada S. Dry powder inhalation systems for pulmonary delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.4.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
The pulmonary route is an interesting route for drug administration, both for effective local therapy (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis) and for the systemic administration of drugs (e.g., peptides and proteins). Well-designed dry powder inhalers are highly efficient systems for pulmonary drug delivery. However, they are also complicated systems, the the performance of which relies on many aspects, including the design of the inhaler (e.g., resistance to air flow and the used de-agglomeration principle to generate the inhalation aerosol), the powder formulation and the air flow generated by the patient. The technical background of these aspects, and how they may be tuned in order to obtain desired performance profiles, is reviewed. In light of the technical background, new developments and possibilities for further improvements are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H W Frijlink
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Frijlink HW, de Boer AH. Trends in the technology-driven development of new inhalation devices. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2005; 2:47-57. [PMID: 24981755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation technology diverges rapidly along various lines. A variety of technological solutions are currently under development to overcome the many problems related to adequate aerosol generation both for dry powder inhalation systems and for liquid inhalation systems. Many of the improvements are related to the fine particle fraction in the generated aerosol, particularly its dependency on the patients' inspiratory flow profile and the velocity of the aerosol.:
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne H de Boer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|