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Kreling V, Falcone FH, Kehrenberg C, Hensel A. Campylobacter sp.: Pathogenicity factors and prevention methods-new molecular targets for innovative antivirulence drugs? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10409-10436. [PMID: 33185702 PMCID: PMC7662028 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by bacterial species from the genus Campylobacter are one of the four main causes of strong diarrheal enteritis worldwide. Campylobacteriosis, a typical food-borne disease, can range from mild symptoms to fatal illness. About 550 million people worldwide suffer from campylobacteriosis and lethality is about 33 million p.a. This review summarizes the state of the current knowledge on Campylobacter with focus on its specific virulence factors. Using this knowledge, multifactorial prevention strategies can be implemented to reduce the prevalence of Campylobacter in the food chain. In particular, antiadhesive strategies with specific adhesion inhibitors seem to be a promising concept for reducing Campylobacter bacterial load in poultry production. Antivirulence compounds against bacterial adhesion to and/or invasion into the host cells can open new fields for innovative antibacterial agents. Influencing chemotaxis, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, secretion systems, or toxins by specific inhibitors can help to reduce virulence of the bacterium. In addition, the unusual glycosylation of the bacterium, being a prerequisite for effective phase variation and adaption to different hosts, is yet an unexplored target for combating Campylobacter sp. Plant extracts are widely used remedies in developing countries to combat infections with Campylobacter. Therefore, the present review summarizes the use of natural products against the bacterium in an attempt to stimulate innovative research concepts on the manifold still open questions behind Campylobacter towards improved treatment and sanitation of animal vectors, treatment of infected patients, and new strategies for prevention. KEY POINTS: • Campylobacter sp. is a main cause of strong enteritis worldwide. • Main virulence factors: cytolethal distending toxin, adhesion proteins, invasion machinery. • Strong need for development of antivirulence compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kreling
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, University of Gießen, Frankfurterstraße 81, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Singh P, Kwon YM. Comparative analysis of Campylobacter populations within individual market-age broilers using Fla gene typing method. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2135-44. [PMID: 23873562 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species is the most common human pathogen causing gastrointestinal infections in humans, and poultry is considered a major source of this pathogen. In this project, we aim to study the genetic diversity of Campylobacter populations within individual chickens using cecal samples to understand the nature of intestinal colonization in chickens by Campylobacter species. Genotyping was conducted based on the DNA sequence of short variable regions (SVR) in the flaA gene. Cecal samples were collected from 9 market-age broiler chickens and used for isolation of Campylobacter genomic DNA. The SVR fragments of 400 bp were amplified using SVR-specific primers, cloned, and sequenced. Sequencing results obtained from 86 clones (~10 clones/bird) showed that on an average 23.25% of clones had mutations within individuals. The mutations did not show any consistent pattern, suggesting a random nature of the mutations. When translated SVR sequences were analyzed, on average 20.57% of strains carried altered amino acid sequences in SVR within individuals. Four translated sequences had nonsense mutations to produce truncated proteins. These results suggest that there are multiple genotypes colonizing in a cecum and the occurrence of truncated FlaA protein may represent a novel mechanism for evasion of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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3
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El-Adawy H, Hotzel H, Tomaso H, Neubauer H, Taboada EN, Ehricht R, Hafez HM. Detection of genetic diversity in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from a commercial turkey flock using flaA typing, MLST analysis and microarray assay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51582. [PMID: 23437035 PMCID: PMC3577800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is genetically highly diverse and undergoes frequent intraspecific recombination. Turkeys have been identified as an important reservoir for Campylobacter jejuni which is of public health significance. The assessment of the genetic diversity among Campylobacter population is critical for our understanding of the epidemiology of this bacterium. The genetic profiles were different according to the molecular typing methods used. The performance of established flaA genotyping, multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) and DNA microarray assay based on the ArrayTube™ technology was evaluated using 14 Campylobacter jejuni isolated from a commercial turkey flock. The flaA typing was performed using PCR-RFLP with restriction enzymes Sau3AI, AluI, a ‘composite’ flaA analysis of AluI and Sau3AI and DdeI. The 14 isolates were differentiated into 3, 5, 7 and 9 genotypes, respectively. Entire flaA gene and short variable region (SVR) sequences were analysed. Sequencing of the entire flaA provided 11 different genotypes. flaA-SVR sequence analysis detected 8 flaA alleles and 4 flaA peptides. One new flaA allele type (528) was identified. MLST analysis represented 10 different sequence types (STs) and 5 clonal complexes (CCs). The microarray assay recognised 14 different genotypes. The discriminatory indices were 0.560, 0.802, 0.857, and 0.912 for flaA-RFLP depending on the used enzymes, 0.890 for flaA-SVR, 0.967 for entire flaA sequencing, 0.945 for MLST and 1.00 for the DNA microarray assay. The flaA gene was genetically stable over 20 passages on blood agar. In conclusion, the different typing tools demonstrated a high level of genetic heterogeneity of Campylobacter jejuni in a turkey flock, indicating that a single flock can be infected by multiple genotypes within one rearing cycle. DNA microarray-based assays had the highest discriminatory power when compared with other genotyping tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany.
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Ahmed MU, Dunn L, Ivanova EP. Evaluation of Current Molecular Approaches for Genotyping ofCampylobacter jejuniStrains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:375-85. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monir U. Ahmed
- Faculty of Life & Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Louise Dunn
- Faculty of Life & Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- Faculty of Life & Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
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Newell DG, Elvers KT, Dopfer D, Hansson I, Jones P, James S, Gittins J, Stern NJ, Davies R, Connerton I, Pearson D, Salvat G, Allen VM. Biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce Campylobacter spp. on poultry farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8605-14. [PMID: 21984249 PMCID: PMC3233073 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01090-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and control of Campylobacter colonization of poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. A critical review of the literature on interventions to control Campylobacter in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. Although the focus of the review was on aspects appropriate to the United Kingdom poultry industry, the research reviewed was gathered from worldwide literature. Multiple electronic databases were employed to search the literature, in any language, from 1980 to September 2008. A primary set of 4,316 references was identified and scanned, using specific agreed-upon criteria, to select relevant references related to biosecurity-based interventions. The final library comprised 173 references. Identification of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry flocks was required to inform the development of targeted interventions to disrupt transmission routes. The approach used generally involved risk factor-based surveys related to culture-positive or -negative flocks, usually combined with a structured questionnaire. In addition, some studies, either in combination or independently, undertook intervention trials. Many of these studies were compromised by poor design, sampling, and statistical analysis. The evidence for each potential source and route of transmission on the poultry farm was reviewed critically, and the options for intervention were considered. The review concluded that, in most instances, biosecurity on conventional broiler farms can be enhanced and this should contribute to the reduction of flock colonization. However, complementary, non-biosecurity-based approaches will also be required in the future to maximize the reduction of Campylobacter-positive flocks at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Foodborne Zoonoses Consultancy, Silver Birches, Wherwell, Andover SP11 7AW, United Kingdom.
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Alter T, Bereswill S, Glünder G, Haag LM, Hänel I, Heimesaat MM, Lugert R, Rautenschlein S, Weber RM, Zautner AE, Gross U. [Campylobacteriosis of man : livestock as reservoir for Campylobacter species]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2011; 54:728-34. [PMID: 21626378 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-011-1289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, infections with Campylobacter have significantly increased in Europe and Germany and these bacteria have even surpassed Salmonella as the most prevalent bacteria, causing gastroenteritis. Especially contamination during the handling and consumption of meat products seems to be the most important risk factor which plays a prominent role for transmission to man. In addition, contact with pets and other animals, drinking raw or improperly pasteurized milk, and the tenacity of Campylobacter in different environments, especially water, have also to be considered for an adequate risk assessment. Besides gastroenteritis, arthralgia, and Guillain-Barré syndrome are important clinical complications of Campylobacter infections in man. At the same time, it is mostly unclear why the course of infection in man and in reservoir animals differs significantly, especially as only a few classical bacterial virulence factors have been identified so far. For these reasons, the development of efficient prevention strategies is of utmost importance in order to control campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alter
- Institut für Lebensmittelhygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
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Sonnevend Á, Kovács J, Pál T, Akawi N, Nagelkerke N, Schneider G. Lack of correlation between the 257C-to-T mutation in the gyrA gene and clinical severity of Campylobacter jejuni infection in a region of high incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 43:905-11. [PMID: 21905953 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2011.603743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolone resistance is increasingly detected in Campylobacter jejuni worldwide. Despite the fact that a point mutation in the gyrA gene has been linked with increased fitness in animals, the association of resistant organisms with more severe infections in man remains controversial. METHODS Erythromycin and quinolone susceptibility of 147 C. jejuni strains isolated from individual patients with diarrhoea in southwest Hungary were investigated and the molecular background of fluoroquinolone resistance was determined. Hospitalization and the presence of macroscopic blood in the stool were correlated with the presence of 257C-to-T mutation of the gyrA gene causing resistance to fluoroquinolones. RESULTS Isolates showed an extensive genetic heterogeneity by macrorestriction analysis of the chromosome. While all strains retained susceptibility to erythromycin, 68% were non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The mutation causing a Thr-86-to-Ile replacement in the gyrA gene was present in 98% of non-susceptible isolates. Infection caused by isolates containing this mutation did not show any significant association with either hospitalization or with the development of bloody diarrhoea. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that in a region with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in C. jejuni, non-susceptibility to this antibiotic did not correlate with the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Sonnevend
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Kiehntopf M, Melcher F, Hänel I, ElAdawy H, Tomaso H. Differentiation ofCampylobacterSpecies by Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:875-85. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Franka Melcher
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hänel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny ElAdawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Herbert Tomaso
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
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Allen VM, Ridley AM, Harris JA, Newell DG, Powell L. Influence of production system on the rate of onset of Campylobacter colonization in chicken flocks reared extensively in the United Kingdom. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:30-9. [PMID: 21337195 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.537306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Because thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are common in chicken flocks reared extensively, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were carried out on organic and free-range farms to determine the onset of colonisation (lag phase) and likely sources of flock infection. 2. For 14 organic and 14 free range flocks, there was a difference in lag phases, with the former being colonized at a mean of 14·1 d in comparison with 31·6 d for the latter. Whereas most free-range flocks became colonized when released on to pasture, those reared organically were usually colonized at the housed brooding stage. 3. Further study of organic flocks on three farms over 7 successive crop cycles confirmed that colonisation was strongly influenced by the prevailing husbandry conditions and was not a consequence of the length of the rearing period. 4. Molecular epidemiological investigations on a farm showing the shortest lag phase, using PFGE typing with two different restriction enzymes (SmaI and KpnI) and flaA SVR sequence typing, revealed that potential sources of colonisation for organic chickens were already present on the farm at the time of chick placement. Such sources included the ante area of the brooding house, surrounding pasture and other livestock being kept on the farm. 5. Overall, the study demonstrated that, under UK conditions, the prevalence of colonisation was greater in extensive flocks (95-100%) than it was for conventional broilers (55%), similar to the situation in other countries, but all three management systems showed comparable levels of caecal carriage in positive birds (log(10)/g 6·2-6·7).
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Allen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK.
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10
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Scientific Opinion onCampylobacterin broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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11
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Müller W, Böhland C, Methner U. Detection and genotypic differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains from laying hens by multiplex PCR and fla-typing. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e48-52. [PMID: 21349563 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In total, 26 Campylobacter (C.) strains, isolated from liver, spleen, caecal or jejunal content of laying hens from different flocks were examined. In these flocks a drop in egg production, an increasing mortality and livers with whitish-grey lesions as post-mortem finding were observed. Suspected Campylobacter colonies were differentiated using a modified m-PCR in 13 Campylobacter jejuni and 13 Campylobacter coli strains. All isolates were characterised by typing of the flaA and flaB gene each with two restriction enzymes. To compare the four different profiles for all strains an artificial "fla-type" was generated. Different and identical fla-types of C. jejuni and C. coli were recovered from both intestinal and extra-intestinal organs of the laying hens and even from individual birds. One significant observation is that some fla-types of C. jejuni or C. coli were detected in intestinal and systemic sites but not all fla-types of both species appeared to be equally able to invade internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Müller
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Str. 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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12
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Friis C, Wassenaar TM, Javed MA, Snipen L, Lagesen K, Hallin PF, Newell DG, Toszeghy M, Ridley A, Manning G, Ussery DW. Genomic characterization of Campylobacter jejuni strain M1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12253. [PMID: 20865039 PMCID: PMC2928727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni strain M1 (laboratory designation 99/308) is a rarely documented case of direct transmission of C. jejuni from chicken to a person, resulting in enteritis. We have sequenced the genome of C. jejuni strain M1, and compared this to 12 other C. jejuni sequenced genomes currently publicly available. Compared to these, M1 is closest to strain 81116. Based on the 13 genome sequences, we have identified the C. jejuni pan-genome, as well as the core genome, the auxiliary genes, and genes unique between strains M1 and 81116. The pan-genome contains 2,427 gene families, whilst the core genome comprised 1,295 gene families, or about two-thirds of the gene content of the average of the sequenced C. jejuni genomes. Various comparison and visualization tools were applied to the 13 C. jejuni genome sequences, including a species pan- and core genome plot, a BLAST Matrix and a BLAST Atlas. Trees based on 16S rRNA sequences and on the total gene families in each genome are presented. The findings are discussed in the background of the proven virulence potential of M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Friis
- Department of Systems Biology, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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13
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Report of the Task Force on Zoonoses Data Collection on the availability of molecular typing methods for Salmonella, Campylobacter, verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food, animals and feedingstuffs in European Union Member States (and in some other reporting countries). EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Ridley AM, Allen VM, Sharma M, Harris JA, Newell DG. Real-time PCR approach for detection of environmental sources of Campylobacter strains colonizing broiler flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2492-504. [PMID: 18203857 PMCID: PMC2293161 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01242-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing colonization of poultry flocks by Campylobacter spp. is a key strategy in the control and prevention human campylobacteriosis. Horizontal transmission of campylobacters, from in and around the farm, is the presumed route of flock colonization. However, the identification and prioritization of sources are confounded by the ubiquitous nature of these organisms in the environment, their poor rates of recovery by standard culture methods, and the need for cost-effective and timely methods for strain-specific comparison. A real-time PCR screening test for the strain-specific detection of campylobacters in environmental samples has been developed to address this issue. To enable this approach, fluorescently labeled PCR oligonucleotide probes suitable for a LightCycler-based assay were designed to match a highly variable DNA segment within the flaA short variable region (SVR) of Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli. The capacity of such probes to provide strain-specific tools was investigated by using bacterial cultures and spiked and naturally contaminated poultry fecal and environmental samples. The sensitivity of two representative probes was estimated, by using two different C. jejuni strains, to be 1.3 x 10(2) to 3.7 x 10(2) CFU/ml in bacterial cultures and 6.6 x 10(2) CFU/ml in spiked fecal samples. The specificity of the SVR for C. jejuni and C. coli was confirmed by using a panel of strains comprising other Campylobacter species and naturally contaminated samples. The approach was field tested by sampling the environment and feces of chickens of two adjacently located poultry houses on a conventional broiler farm throughout the life of one flock. All environmental samples were enriched for 2 days, and then DNA was prepared and stored. Where feasible, campylobacter isolates were also recovered and stored for subsequent testing. A strain-specific probe based on the SVR of the strain isolated from the first positive chicken fecal sample was developed. This probe was then used to screen the stored environmental samples by real-time PCR. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to compare recovered environmental and fecal isolates to assess the specificity of the method. The results established the proof of principle that strain-specific probes, based on the SVR of flaA, can identify a flock-colonizing strain in DNA preparations from enriched environmental cultures. Such a novel strategy provides the opportunity to investigate the epidemiology of campylobacters in poultry flocks and allows targeted biosecurity interventions to be developed. The strategy may also have wider applications for the tracking of specific campylobacter strains in heavily contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ridley
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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15
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Development of a strain-specific molecular method for quantitating individual campylobacter strains in mixed populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2321-31. [PMID: 18281428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02269-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of sites resulting in cross-contamination of poultry flocks in the abattoir and determination of the survival and persistence of campylobacters at these sites are essential for the development of intervention strategies aimed at reducing the microbial burden on poultry at retail. A novel molecule-based method, using strain- and genus-specific oligonucleotide probes, was developed to detect and enumerate specific campylobacter strains in mixed populations. Strain-specific oligonucleotide probes were designed for the short variable regions (SVR) of the flaA gene in individual Campylobacter jejuni strains. A 16S rRNA Campylobacter genus-specific probe was also used. Both types of probes were used to investigate populations of campylobacters by colony lift hybridization. The specificity and proof of principle of the method were tested using strains with closely related SVR sequences and mixtures of these strains. Colony lifts of campylobacters were hybridized sequentially with up to two labeled strain-specific probes, followed by the generic 16S rRNA probe. SVR probes were highly specific, differentiating down to 1 nucleotide in the target sequence, and were sufficiently sensitive to detect colonies of a single strain in a mixed population. The 16S rRNA probe detected all Campylobacter spp. tested but not closely related species, such as Arcobacter skirrowi and Helicobacter pullorum. Preliminary field studies demonstrated the application of this technique to target strains isolated from poultry transport crate wash tank water. This method is quantitative, sensitive, and highly specific and allows the identification and enumeration of selected strains among all of the campylobacters in environmental samples.
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16
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Hiett KL, Stern NJ, Fedorka-Cray P, Cox NA, Seal BS. Molecular Phylogeny of theflaAShort Variable Region AmongCampylobacter jejuniIsolates Collected During an Annual Evaluation of Poultry Flocks in the Southeastern United States. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007; 4:339-47. [PMID: 17883317 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Production and processing samples were collected from eight commercial poultry flocks in the southeastern United States and examined for the presence of Campylobacter spp. In an effort to determine relatedness, recovered isolates were typed using flaA short variable region (SVR) DNA sequence analysis. Six of the eight production flocks tested were Campylobacter positive. In general, multiple Campylobacter flaA SVR types were present within a flock. Additionally, types found within a flock were also recovered from the final processed carcass. However, in two cases, the population of Campylobacter flaA SVR types on the processed carcass differed from those recovered from the production samples. Comparison of subtypes among flocks reared on different farms and during different seasons revealed that subtypes of Campylobacter spp. persisted throughout the year and in different locations. Environmental samples from seven of the eight farms tested were also Campylobacter positive. In one flock, a drag swab of the rearing facility was Campylobacter spp. positive while the flock and the final product were both negative. For the remaining sampling periods, environmental samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. concomitant with recovery of Campylobacter spp. from the chickens. In the remaining six flocks, the majority of environmental isolates recovered possessed flaA SVR types identical to isolates recovered from the birds, while in only one case, a recovered environmental isolate possessed a flaA SVR type that was not related to isolates obtained from the flock. Interpretation of these data suggest that the external environment and the poultry production environment share common subtypes of Campylobacter spp. and that these subtypes can contribute to contamination of the final commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Hiett
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677, USA.
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17
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Han K, Jang SS, Choo E, Heu S, Ryu S. Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni from retail raw chickens in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 114:50-9. [PMID: 17207550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a frequently detected food-borne pathogenic bacterium. Clinical cases are mostly sporadic but campylobacteriosis can have serious consequences, such as the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome as well as diarrheal diseases. We examined 265 retail raw chickens from Korean markets for the presence of C. jejuni using the US Food and Drug Administration standard cultural method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). The mPCR-confirmed C. jejuni isolates were subtyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and flaA-typing for investigating the genetic diversity of the microorganism in retail raw chickens. Restriction enzymes SmaI and DdeI were used for PFGE and flaA-typing, respectively. Campylobacter spp. were found in 181 samples (68.3%) and C. jejuni in 100 samples (37.74%). For C. jejuni, 73 pulsotypes and 30 flaA types were detected. Antibiotic resistance tests performed by disk diffusion assay indicated that most C. jejuni isolates were resistant to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin, and 87 composite types were revealed by PFGE, flaA-typing, and the antibiotic resistance tests. Our results show that the genetic diversity of C. jejuni isolates is very high and the correlation between genotype and antibiotic resistance was low even though many bacteria showed multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiseon Han
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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18
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Hiett KL, Seal BS, Siragusa GR. Campylobacter spp. subtype analysis using gel-based repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR discriminates in parallel fashion to flaA short variable region DNA sequence analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:1249-58. [PMID: 17105555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (rep-PCR) subtyping technique, which targets repetitive extragenic DNA sequences in a PCR, was optimized for Campylobacter spp. These data were then used for comparison with the established genotyping method of flaA short variable region (SVR) DNA sequence analysis as a tool for molecular epidemiology. METHODS AND RESULTS Uprime Dt, Uprime B1 or Uprime RI primers were utilized to generate gel-based fingerprints from a set of 50 Campylobacter spp. isolates recovered from a variety of epidemiological backgrounds and sources. Analysis and phenogram tree construction, using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, of the generated fingerprints demonstrated that the Uprime Dt primers were effective in providing reproducible patterns (100% typability, 99% reproducibility) and at placing isolates into epidemiological relevant groups. Genetic stability of the rep-PCR Uprime Dt patterns under nonselective, short-term transfer conditions revealed a Pearson's correlation approaching 99%. These same 50 Campylobacter spp. isolates were analysed by flaA SVR DNA sequence analysis to obtain phylogenetic relationships. CONCLUSIONS The Uprime Dt primer-generated rep-PCR phenogram was compared with a phenogram generated from flaA SVR DNA sequence analysis of the same isolates. Comparison of the two sets of resulting genomic relationships revealed that both methods segregated isolates into similar groups. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results indicate that rep-PCR analysis performed using the Mo Bio Ultra Clean Microbial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit for DNA isolation and the Uprime DT primer set for amplification is a useful and effective tool for accurate differentiation of Campylobacter spp. for subtyping and epidemiological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hiett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30604-5677, USA.
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Takahashi R, Shahada F, Chuma T, Okamoto K. Analysis of Campylobacter spp. contamination in broilers from the farm to the final meat cuts by using restriction fragment length polymorphism of the polymerase chain reaction products. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 110:240-5. [PMID: 16806554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the genotype diversity and dynamics of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in six commercial broiler farms during rearing and abattoir processing. In total, 223 C. jejuni and 36 C. coli strains isolated (on farm, transportation crates, carcasses after defeathering, and chicken wing meat at the end of the processing line) were subtyped by PCR-RFLP based on flagellin (fla typing) gene. Eleven (C. jejuni) and four (C. coli) different RFLP patterns were found. Multiple C. jejuni genotypes were identified in five out of six farms (except Farm 5). Furthermore, a clear tendency for dominance of particular genotypes was observed in almost all farms except Farm 3. Although diverse C. jejuni genotypes were isolated on the farms and transport crates, they were not detected in chicken wing cuts at the end of the processing line. We also observed varied distribution of types in different sampling stages both at the farm level and the processing environment. However, the interpretation of such fluctuations is precarious as new types occurred on some occasions, particularly during processing. Our results show that chicken wing meat contamination resulted mainly from farm strain carryover, and that the carcasses were probably contaminated during processing. In addition, the new strain types observed were isolated more frequently after defeathering as compared to other processing steps. Therefore, this stage, in addition to evisceration, is one of the critical control points in the processing line to prevent cross-contamination and for controlling the spread of campylobacters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouta Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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20
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Zorman T, Heyndrickx M, Uzunović-Kamberović S, Smole Mozina S. Genotyping of Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni from retail chicken meat and humans with campylobacteriosis in Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 110:24-33. [PMID: 16712997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne enteric infection. Consuming and/or handling poultry meat is the most consistent risk factor, linked to the high prevalence of campylobacters in retail poultry meat. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the genetic diversity and/or possible specificity of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolates according to species (C. coli, C. jejuni), isolation source (retail chicken meat and human clinical samples) and geographic origin (Goriska in Slovenia and Zenica-Doboj Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)). With the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after SmaI macrorestriction we distinguished 80 PFGE types among 118 strains and CfoI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified flagellin gene (fla-RFLP) gave 12 fla-RFLP types. Beside the higher discriminatory power and strain typeability, PFGE discriminated the C. jejuni and C. coli groups of isolates. A high proportion of C. coli strains was isolated, especially from poultry samples. Identical or very similar PFGE types among the isolates from animal, food and human samples indicate the transmission of C. jejuni and C. coli from the chickens on the farm to the retail chicken meat, as well as possible cross-contamination of retail meat and transmission to humans. However, the identity of the isolates from non-related samples but with identical PFGE and fla-RFLP types should be confirmed with additional typing. Reliable tracing of the source of Campylobacter strains by molecular typing of the chicken meat isolates is therefore very difficult. The reasons include contamination of meat samples with multiple strains, possible cross-contamination and extreme heterogeneity of the isolates (mainly for C. jejuni) on one side and a limited power of the genotyping methods used to distinguish non-related strains on the other side (mainly for C. coli).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zorman
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Sonnevend A, Pál T. Heterogeneity of non-serotypable Campylobacter jejuni isolates. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2006; 53:171-81. [PMID: 16956127 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.53.2006.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several phenotypic and genotypic methods are currently used to identify subtypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates. Of the phenotypic methods one, i.e. serotyping based on the heat stable antigen, is often hindered by the relatively large number of un-typable (NT) strains. Little is known, however, about the heterogeneity of the group formed by these NT strains. Therefore we serotyped 92 Hungarian, non-outbreak C. jejuni isolates and subjected the 28 NT strains to molecular analysis using PCR-RFLP of the flaA gene and to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. With both methods the NT strains were classified into several molecular types (17 and 25, respectively), while the number of subgroups based on the results of the two techniques combined was twenty-six. These results indicate that the NT group of strains is extremely heterogeneous in Hungary, and the epidemiological connection between two NT isolates cannot be established or excluded without the use of molecular typing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Sonnevend
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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22
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Godschalk PCR, Bergman MP, Gorkink RFJ, Simons G, van den Braak N, Lastovica AJ, Endtz HP, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A. Identification of DNA sequence variation in Campylobacter jejuni strains associated with the Guillain-Barré syndrome by high-throughput AFLP analysis. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:32. [PMID: 16594990 PMCID: PMC1513382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is the predominant cause of antecedent infection in post-infectious neuropathies such as the Guillain-Barré (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndromes (MFS). GBS and MFS are probably induced by molecular mimicry between human gangliosides and bacterial lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS). This study describes a new C. jejuni-specific high-throughput AFLP (htAFLP) approach for detection and identification of DNA polymorphism, in general, and of putative GBS/MFS-markers, in particular. RESULTS We compared 6 different isolates of the "genome strain" NCTC 11168 obtained from different laboratories. HtAFLP analysis generated approximately 3000 markers per stain, 19 of which were polymorphic. The DNA polymorphisms could not be confirmed by PCR-RFLP analysis, suggesting a baseline level of 0.6% AFLP artefacts. Comparison of NCTC 11168 with 4 GBS-associated strains revealed 23 potentially GBS-specific markers, 17 of which were identified by DNA sequencing. A collection of 27 GBS/MFS-associated and 17 enteritis control strains was analyzed with PCR-RFLP tests based on 11 of these markers. We identified 3 markers, located in the LOS biosynthesis genes cj1136, cj1138 and cj1139c, that were significantly associated with GBS (P = 0.024, P = 0.047 and P < 0.001, respectively). HtAFLP analysis of 13 highly clonal South African GBS/MFS-associated and enteritis control strains did not reveal GBS-specific markers. CONCLUSION This study shows that bacterial GBS markers are limited in number and located in the LOS biosynthesis genes, which corroborates the current consensus that LOS mimicry may be the prime etiologic determinant of GBS. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that htAFLP, with its high reproducibility and resolution, is an effective technique for the detection and subsequent identification of putative bacterial disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy CR Godschalk
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs P Bergman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond FJ Gorkink
- Department of Microbial Genomics, Keygene NV, Agro Businesspark 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Simons
- Department of Microbial Genomics, Keygene NV, Agro Businesspark 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Pathofinder BV, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole van den Braak
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Lastovica
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Division of Microbiology, and IIDMM, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hubert P Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri A Verbrugh
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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VanWorth C, McCrea BA, Tonooka KH, Boggs CL, Schrader JS. Diversity of flaA genotypes among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from six niche-market poultry species at farm and processing. J Food Prot 2006; 69:299-307. [PMID: 16496569 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flagellin (flaA) gene in Campylobacter jejuni was used to determine the relationships of isolates collected at the farm and throughout processing for six niche-market poultry species. This study focused on two specialty chicken products, poussin and free range, and four other specialty products, squab, duck, guinea fowl, and quail. Cloacal and carcass samples were collected from three flocks from each of the six niche species. Three processing plants in California participated in a 2-year investigation. A total of 773 isolates from farm, posttransport, and the processing plants were genotyped, yielding a total of 72 distinct flaA profiles for the six commodities. Genetic diversity of C. jejuni at the farm was greatest for ducks with up to 12 distinct flaA types in two flocks and least for squab 1 flaA type between two farms. For two of the guinea fowl flocks, one free-range flock, two squab flocks, and all three poussin flocks, the flaA types recovered at the prepackage station matched those from the farm. Cross-contamination of poultry carcasses was supported by the observation of flaA types during processing that were not present at the farm level. New C. jejuni strains were detected after transport in ducks, guinea fowl, and free-range chickens. Postpicker, postevisceration, and prewash sampling points in the processing plant yield novel isolates. Duck and free-range chickens were the only species for which strains recovered within the processing plant were also found on the final product. Isolates recovered from squab had 56 to 93% similarity based on the flaA types defined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles. The 26 duck isolates had genetic similarities that ranged from 20 to 90%. Guinea fowl and free-range chickens each had 40 to 65% similarity between isolates. Poussin isolates were 33 to 55% similar to each other, and quail isolates were 46 to 100% similar. Our results continue to emphasize the need to clean processing equipment and posttransport crates in order to decrease cross contamination between flocks. This study also determined that several strains of C. jejuni had unique flaA types that could only be recovered in their host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C VanWorth
- Department of Population, Health & Reproduction and Veterinary Extension, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274, USA.
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24
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Ring M, Zychowska MA, Stephan R. Dynamics of Campylobacter spp. spread investigated in 14 broiler flocks in Switzerland. Avian Dis 2006; 49:390-6. [PMID: 16252494 DOI: 10.1637/7319-010305r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ten conventional and four extensive outdoor broiler flocks, distributed over nine farms, were investigated twice per week during a 35-58-day rearing period to observe the dynamics of Campylobacter spp. spread within these flocks. Strains isolated during this period were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the flaA gene and macrorestriction profiling with pulsed field gel electrophoresis. A total of 4112 samples were collected; 157 (3.8%) of these samples were Campylobacter positive, with all C. jejuni. The positive samples were distributed over three conventional and two extensive outdoor flocks on five farms. These five positive flocks were colonized from the fifth to the seventh week of age and remained colonized until slaughter. Each of the flocks showed a flock-specific genotype of Campylobacter that predominated until slaughter. Presuming different ways of entry, a combination of this fact and the observed dynamics of C. jejuni spread within the flocks indicates that a single source from the environment may have been responsible for the colonization of each flock. These conclusions may serve to further develop combat strategies at farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ring
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Ge B, Girard W, Zhao S, Friedman S, Gaines SA, Meng J. Genotyping of Campylobacter spp. from retail meats by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:175-84. [PMID: 16405698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the genetic relatedness of Campylobacter spp. from retail meat products, and compare the discriminatory power of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and automatic ribotyping. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 378 Campylobacter isolates recovered from 159 raw meats (130 chicken, 25 turkey, three pork and one beef) sampled from 50 retail grocery stores of four supermarket chains in the Maryland suburban area from August 1999 to July 2000 were analysed by PFGE with SmaI, 120 isolates of which were also characterized by ribotyping with PstI using RiboPrinter system. A total of 148 unique PFGE patterns were identified, 91 of which were present in multiple Campylobacter isolates and 24 in multiple meat samples. Nineteen Campylobacter clones with identical PFGE patterns recurred frequently (up to nine times) throughout the sampling period. Comparing ribotyping with PFGE, we identified 44 PFGE patterns and 22 RiboGroups among the 120 isolates tested. Multiple PFGE patterns within one RiboGroup were commonly observed, as well as multiple RiboGroups within one PFGE pattern. CONCLUSIONS Although Campylobacter present in retail meats were genetically diverse, certain clones persisted in poultry meats. PFGE had a greater discriminatory power than ribotyping, and the two methods were complementary in genotyping Campylobacter. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Genomic DNA fingerprinting of Campylobacter confirmed diverse and recurrent Campylobacter clones in the retail meats, which provides additional data for a better understanding of the epidemiological aspect of Campylobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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26
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Heyndrickx M, Rijpens N, Herman L. Molecular Detection and Typing of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens: A Review. Appl Microbiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46888-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Açik MN, Cetinkaya B. The heterogeneity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from healthy cattle. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 41:397-403. [PMID: 16238642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify campylobacters isolated from clinically healthy cattle at species level by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR). The heterogeneity among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates was also investigated by using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of flagellin (flaA) gene. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples of intestinal contents, gall bladders, liver and faeces were collected from a total number of 1154 healthy cattle. The samples were inoculated onto Preston enrichment broth and agar. Of 1154 samples, 301 (26.1%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. Using an m-PCR assay for species identification, 179 (59.5%) were positive with C. jejuni specific primers while 30 (10%) were positive with C. coli specific primers. None of the liver samples examined was positive for C. jejuni or C. coli by mPCR. All the isolates identified as C. jejuni and C. coli were successfully subtyped by flaA typing. Of the 209 isolates tested, 28 different flaA types were found. Twenty-three flaA types were identified among 179 C. jejuni isolates and the remaining five from C. coli isolates. CONCLUSIONS Although the overall results suggest that the degree of heterogeneity among the flaA genes of thermophilic Campylobacter strains isolated from healthy cattle is relatively high, they should be treated cautiously as the number of band types for C. coli was low and band type 8 in C. jejuni was represented by a high percentage (%58). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings of the present study suggest that healthy cattle can play role in the contamination of environment and human food chain by Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Açik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
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28
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Rivoal K, Ragimbeau C, Salvat G, Colin P, Ermel G. Genomic diversity of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from free-range broiler farms and comparison with isolates of various origins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6216-27. [PMID: 16204541 PMCID: PMC1266014 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.6216-6227.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In many industrialized countries, the incidence of campylobacteriosis exceeds that of salmonellosis. Campylobacter bacteria are transmitted to humans mainly in food, especially poultry meat products. Total prevention of Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks is the best way to reduce (or eliminate) the contamination of poultry products. The aim of this study was to establish the sources and routes of contamination of broilers at the farm level. Molecular typing methods (DNA macrorestriction pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and analysis of gene polymorphism by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism) were used to characterize isolates collected from seven broiler farms. The relative genomic diversity of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni was determined. Analysis of the similarity among 116 defined genotypes was used to determine clusters within the two species. Furthermore, evidence of recombination suggested that there were genomic rearrangements within the Campylobacter populations. Recovery of related clusters from different broiler farms showed that some Campylobacter strains might be specifically adapted to poultry. Analysis of the Campylobacter cluster distribution on three broiler farms showed that soil in the area around the poultry house was a potential source of Campylobacter contamination. The broilers were infected by Campylobacter spp. between days 15 and 36 during rearing, and the type of contamination changed during the rearing period. A study of the effect of sanitary barriers showed that the chickens stayed Campylobacter spp. free until they had access to the open area. They were then rapidly colonized by the Campylobacter strains isolated from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rivoal
- Unité Hygiène et Qualité des Produits Avicoles et Porcins, Agence Française de Sécurité des Aliments, BP 53, F-22 440 Ploufragan, France.
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29
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Distribution of Campylobacter jejuni strains at different stages of a turkey slaughter line. Food Microbiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to Campylobacter in animals and foodstuffs. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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31
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Lindmark H, Harbom B, Thebo L, Andersson L, Hedin G, Osterman B, Lindberg T, Andersson Y, Westöö A, Olsson Engvall E. Genetic characterization and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from meats, water, and humans in Sweden. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:700-6. [PMID: 14766839 PMCID: PMC344482 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.2.700-706.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Campylobacter jejuni has increased during the last decade, and today it is the leading cause of bacterial enteritis in most developed countries. Still, there is a lack of knowledge about infection routes and to what extent identified sources are responsible for spreading the bacterium to humans. The major objective of this work was to explore the genetic similarity between C. jejuni isolated from different sources. C. jejuni isolated from patients (n = 95), five types of meat (n = 71), and raw water (n = 11) during the year 2000 were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The pulsotypes obtained after digestion with SmaI revealed not only that C. jejuni is genetically diverse but also that specific pulsotypes occur frequently. Five clusters comprising 88 of the 162 SmaI-digested isolates were obtained. After digestion with KpnI most isolates in four of the five clusters were still indistinguishable, while the fifth cluster was strongly dissolved. The clusters comprised high frequencies of human and meat isolates, while only one of nine water isolates belonged to a cluster. The largest cluster comprised 21 human isolates, one raw water isolate, and seven chicken meat isolates, originating from at least six different broiler flocks. Low frequencies of antibiotic resistance were revealed when the meat and water isolates were tested for sensitivity to six antibiotics. Interestingly, the five isolates resistant to quinolones displayed similar or identical pulsotypes. The results showed that PFGE has proved useful in identifying clones and will be used in future work focusing on identification and eradication of the major reservoirs for common clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lindmark
- National Food Administration, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
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32
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Harrington CS, Moran L, Ridley AM, Newell DG, Madden RH. Inter-laboratory evaluation of three flagellin PCR/RFLP methods for typing Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: the CAMPYNET experience. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 95:1321-33. [PMID: 14633007 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare typeability, discriminatory ability, and inter-laboratory reproducibility of three flagellin PCR/RFLP (fla typing) methods previously described for Campylobacter. METHODS AND RESULTS The sample set (n = 100) was diverse, including both C. jejuni (n = 85) and C. coli (n = 15). Two of the three flaA typing methods amplified flaA alone, whereas one, a multiplex assay, amplified flaB in addition to flaA. DdeI restriction enzyme was employed for all methods, but HinfI was also investigated. 98-100% typeability was obtained for flaA-based methods, but only 93% for the multiplex assay, due to inconsistent amplification of a non-specific product. In addition, there appeared to be selective amplification of flaA over flaB. More DdeI types were generated using a longer flaA PCR amplicon, whilst additional use of HinfI increased the number of types by ca 25%. Inter-laboratory reproducibility for both flaA-based methods was defined at 100%. CONCLUSIONS Fla typing requires standardization with respect to PCR primers and restriction enzymes. This study identified an assay, employing the full flaA gene and DdeI digestion, as an appropriate method on which to standardize. 100% inter-laboratory reproducibility was demonstrated using that method. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work should facilitate progress towards inter-laboratory standardization of fla typing.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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34
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Hiett KL, Stern NJ, Fedorka-Cray P, Cox NA, Musgrove MT, Ladely S. Molecular subtype analyses of Campylobacter spp. from Arkansas and California poultry operations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:6220-36. [PMID: 12450847 PMCID: PMC134383 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.12.6220-6236.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2002] [Accepted: 08/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter isolates from diverse samples within broiler production and processing environments were typed by using flaA short variable region DNA sequence analysis. Sixteen flocks from four different farms representing two broiler producers in Arkansas and California were analyzed. Fourteen of the flocks (87.5%) were Campylobacter-positive; two remained negative throughout the 6-week rearing period. In general, multiple clones were present within a flock. Additionally, clones found within a flock were also present on the final product, although the diversity of Campylobacter spp. on the final product appeared to be reduced relative to that observed within the flock. Comparison of clones between flocks on the same farm revealed that some clones of Campylobacter persisted in multiple flocks. Furthermore, some clones were identified across the two farms that were under the same management. In two sampling periods, environmental isolates were positive for Campylobacter prior to flock shedding. Environmental samples associated with five additional flocks were positive for Campylobacter concomitantly with recovery of Campylobacter from the birds. Analysis of the environmental isolates that were positive prior to flock shedding demonstrated that in some instances the environmental isolates possessed genotypes identical to those of isolates originating from the flock, while in other cases the environmental isolates possessed genotypes that were distantly related to isolates obtained from the flock. Analyses of environmental isolates that tested positive concurrently with the positive isolates from the flocks demonstrated varied results; in some instances the environmental isolates possessed genotypes identical to those of isolates originating from the flock, while in other cases the environmental isolates possessed genotypes that were distantly related to isolates obtained from the flock. These data suggest that the external environment may contribute to Campylobacter contamination during poultry production and processing. However, environmental contamination with Campylobacter does not appear to be the sole contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hiett
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia 30604, USA.
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35
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Shi F, Chen YY, Wassenaar TM, Woods WH, Coloe PJ, Fry BN. Development and application of a new scheme for typing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1791-7. [PMID: 11980961 PMCID: PMC130948 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.5.1791-1797.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular typing approach for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was developed with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a 9.6-kb PCR-amplified portion of the lipopolysaccharide gene cluster. Sixty-one Penner serotype reference strains were analyzed with this new genotyping scheme, and 32 genogroups were found. Eleven additional genogroups were obtained from 87 clinical C. jejuni strains tested. This molecular typing method shows a correlation with the Penner heat-stable serotyping method, a phenotypic typing method based on lipopolysaccharide structures that is often used as a "gold standard" for subtyping Campylobacter spp. This strong correlation suggests that the data obtained can be directly compared with epidemiological data collected in the past by classical serotyping of C. jejuni and C. coli. In contrast to the high percentage of nontypeability by phenotyping, this molecular typing method results in 100% typeability and provides a superior alternative to serotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora West Campus, Bldg. 223 Level 1, Plenty Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Abstract
The carry-over of Campylobacter strains from one flock to a subsequent flock in the same broiler house has been studied using molecular epidemiological techniques. In all, 524 Campylobacter strains, isolated from two sequential broiler flocks from 60 broiler houses, were typed by restriction fragment polymorphism of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of the flaA and flaB genes (fla typing). Selected strains were also typed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). By fla typing, 15 (21%) of the 60 houses with Campylobacter-positive sequential flocks had identical genotypes. In 10 (16% overall) of these houses the strains were also identical by PFGE. The difference in PFGE patterns in the strains from the three remaining houses may be indicative of genetic instability. Overall, these results suggest that carry-over from one flock to a subsequent flock in the same house is a relatively infrequent event and, therefore, that routine broiler house cleansing and/or disinfection is largely adequate to eliminate Campylobacter contamination. An alternative explanation of the low level carry-over is a persistent source or reservoir, external to the environment of the broiler houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Shreeve
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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37
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Pattison M. Practical intervention strategies for Campylobacter. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2001:121S-5S. [PMID: 11422567 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Frost JA. Current epidemiological issues in human campylobacteriosis. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2001:85S-95S. [PMID: 11422564 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Frost
- Campylobacter Reference Unit, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK
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39
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Newell DG, Shreeve JE, Toszeghy M, Domingue G, Bull S, Humphrey T, Mead G. Changes in the carriage of Campylobacter strains by poultry carcasses during processing in abattoirs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2636-40. [PMID: 11375174 PMCID: PMC92918 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.6.2636-2640.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of simple, rapid genotyping techniques for Campylobacter species has enabled investigation of the determinative epidemiology of these organisms in a variety of situations. In this study we have used the technique of fla typing (PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the flaA and flaB genes) to identify the sources of strains contaminating the carcasses of five campylobacter-positive and two campylobacter-negative broiler flocks during abattoir processing. The results confirmed that, in the United Kingdom, individual broiler flocks are colonized by a limited number of subtypes of Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli. In some but not all cases, the same subtypes, isolated from the ceca, contaminated the end product as observed in carcass washes. However, the culture methodology, i.e, use of direct plating or enrichment, affected this subtype distribution. Moreover, the number of isolates analyzed per sample was limited. fla typing also indicated that some campylobacter subtypes survive poultry processing better than others. The extent of resistance to the environmental stresses during processing varied between strains. The more robust subtypes appeared to contaminate the abattoir environment, surviving through carcass chilling, and even carrying over onto subsequent flocks. From these studies it is confirmed that some campylobacter-negative flocks reach the abattoir but the carcasses from such flocks are rapidly contaminated by various campylobacter subtypes during processing. However, only some of these contaminating subtypes appeared to survive processing. The sources of this contamination are not clear, but in both negative flocks, campylobacters of the same subtypes as those recovered from the carcasses were isolated from the crates used to transport the birds. In one case, this crate contamination was shown to be present before the birds were loaded.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Surrey KT15 3BN, United Kingdom.
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40
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Petersen L, Newell DG. The ability of Fla-typing schemes to discriminate between strains of Campylobacter jejuni. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91:217-24. [PMID: 11473586 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this investigation was to compare the usefulness of two previously published flagellin PCR-RFLP typing (Fla-typing) techniques for the subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains, in terms of ease of use and discriminatory power. METHODS AND RESULTS Six groups of isolates, which were epidemiologically unrelated but with similar Fla-types, and five groups of epidemiologically related poultry isolates, with similar PFGE profiles, were used in the comparison. The Fla-typing methods used varied in the number and length of fla-genes amplified and the restriction enzymes used. In addition, the use of separately amplified PCR fragments of both the flaA and flaB genes to generate RFLP profiles was investigated. CONCLUSION The results clearly demonstrated that both previously published methods exhibit some advantages over the other. However, optimal discrimination was obtained by the use of separately amplified PCR fragments of both fla-genes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The subtyping of Camp. jejuni isolates is considered essential for epidemiological purposes. Genotyping methods are now more frequently used but have yet to be standardized. Fla-typing is a rapid and easy to use method with acceptable discriminatory power. However, the discriminatory power of the currently published Fla-typing techniques may be further improved by incorporating RFLP profiles of both fla-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petersen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Aarhus, Denmark.
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41
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Fitzgerald C, Stanley K, Andrew S, Jones K. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1429-36. [PMID: 11282587 PMCID: PMC92751 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1429-1436.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although campylobacters have been isolated from a wide range of animal hosts, the association between campylobacters isolated from humans and animals in the farm environment is unclear. We used flagellin gene typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to investigate the genetic diversity among isolates from animals (cattle, sheep, and turkey) in farm environments and sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in the same geographical area. Forty-eight combined fla types were seen among the 315 Campylobacter isolates studied. Six were found in isolates from all four hosts and represented 50% of the total number of isolates. Seventy-one different SmaI PFGE macrorestriction profiles (mrps) were observed, with 86% of isolates assigned to one of 29 different mrps. Fifty-seven isolates from diverse hosts, times, and sources had an identical SmaI mrp and combined fla type. Conversely, a number of genotypes were unique to a particular host. We provide molecular evidence which suggests a link between campylobacters in the farm environment with those causing disease in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fitzgerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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42
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Manning G, Duim B, Wassenaar T, Wagenaar JA, Ridley A, Newell DG. Evidence for a genetically stable strain of Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1185-9. [PMID: 11229909 PMCID: PMC92712 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.3.1185-1189.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic stability of selected epidemiologically linked strains of Campylobacter jejuni during outbreak situations was investigated by using subtyping techniques. Strains isolated from geographically related chicken flock outbreaks in 1998 and from a human outbreak in 1981 were investigated. There was little similarity in the strains obtained from the different chicken flock outbreaks; however, the strains from each of three chicken outbreaks, including strains isolated from various environments, were identical as determined by fla typing, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which confirmed the genetic stability of these strains during the short time courses of chicken flock outbreaks. The human outbreak samples were compared with strain 81116, which originated from the same outbreak but has since undergone innumerable laboratory passages. Two main AFLP profiles were recognized from this outbreak, which confirmed the serotyping results obtained at the time of the outbreak. The major type isolated from this outbreak (serotype P6:L6) was exemplified by strain 81116. Despite the long existence of strain 81116 as a laboratory strain, the AFLP profile of this strain was identical to the profiles of all the other historical P6:L6 strains from the outbreak, indicating that the genotype has remained stable for almost 20 years. Interestingly, the AFLP profiles of the P6:L6 group of strains from the human outbreak and the strains from one of the recent chicken outbreaks were also identical. This similarity suggests that some clones of C. jejuni remain genetically stable in completely different environments over long periods of time and considerable geographical distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manning
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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43
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Gibbens JC, Pascoe SJ, Evans SJ, Davies RH, Sayers AR. A trial of biosecurity as a means to control Campylobacter infection of broiler chickens. Prev Vet Med 2001; 48:85-99. [PMID: 11154782 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We ran a controlled intervention trial to assess whether the risk of a broiler flock becoming infected with Campylobacter could be reduced by biosecurity measures. These were a standard method of cleansing and disinfecting the poultry house prior to stocking, and a standard hygiene protocol followed by all personnel who entered the study house during the flock's life. Thirty-nine flocks were allocated to intervention or control groups in a ratio of 1:2. Intervention flocks were asked to follow the specified biosecurity measures; all flocks were monitored weekly for Campylobacter infection. Analysis of infection at 42 days of age and over the life of the flock showed that the risk of thermophilic Campylobacter infection of broilers was reduced by over 50% in intervention flocks. Parts of the intervention identified as significant in the univariable analysis included twice weekly replenishment of boot dip disinfectant; potential independent risk factors identified included the location of ventilation fans and daily sanitisation of the water supply. The non-random allocation of 10 flocks to the control group may have introduced some study bias (the effect of which is discussed in the paper).
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gibbens
- Epidemiology Department, VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, Addlestone, UK.
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44
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Lindstedt BA, Heir E, Vardund T, Melby KK, Kapperud G. Comparative fingerprinting analysis of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains by amplified-fragment length polymorphism genotyping. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3379-87. [PMID: 10970387 PMCID: PMC87390 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.9.3379-3387.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis with the endonucleases BglII and MfeI was used to genotype 91 Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains from outbreaks and sporadic cases. AFLP-generated fragments were labeled with fluorescent dye and separated by capillary electrophoresis. The software packages GeneScan and GelCompar II were used to calculate AFLP pattern similarities and to investigate phylogenetic relationships among the genotyped strains. The AFLP method was compared with two additional DNA-based typing methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on PCR products (PCR-RFLP) of the flaA and flaB genes. We found that AFLP analysis of C. jejuni strains is a rapid method that offers better discriminatory power than do both PFGE and PCR-RFLP. AFLP and, to a lesser extent, PCR-RFLP could differentiate strains within the same PFGE profiles, which also makes PCR-RFLP an alternative to PFGE. We were able to clearly distinguish 9 of 10 recognized outbreaks by AFLP and to identify similarities among outbreak and sporadic strains. Therefore, AFLP is suitable for epidemiological surveillance of C. jejuni and will be an excellent tool for source identification in outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lindstedt
- National Institute of Public Health, Department of Bacteriology, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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45
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Petersen L, On SL. Efficacy of flagellin gene typing for epidemiological studies of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry estimated by comparison with macrorestriction profiling. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 31:14-9. [PMID: 10886607 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thirty isolates of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from 29 different Danish broiler flocks were chosen for the evaluation of PCR-Fla typing as a genotyping tool. Except for two isolates that originated from the same broiler flock, the isolates were clearly distinguishable on basis of their macrorestriction profiles using the restriction endonucleases SmaI and KpnI. PCR-Fla typing of the 30 isolates yielded 16 distinct genotypes, whereas one isolate was untypeable by this method. The dominant PCR-Fla type (1/1) was shared by eight isolates, and five additional Fla groups containing two or three isolates were obtained. The PCR-Fla type of one isolate changed spontaneously after five subcultures, illustrating the relative plasticity of the gene locus. Comparison of MRPs within and between Fla-types support the view that some PCR-Fla types may be conserved within clonal lines. It is concluded that PCR-Fla typing is useful as a genotyping tool in large-scale epidemiological studies but that additional analyses with other methods are required to properly define interstrain relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petersen
- Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals and Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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46
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Endtz HP, Ang CW, van Den Braak N, Duim B, Rigter A, Price LJ, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG, Johnson WM, Wagenaar JA, Jacobs BC, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A. Molecular characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from patients with Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2297-301. [PMID: 10834992 PMCID: PMC86786 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.6.2297-2301.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1999] [Accepted: 03/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni has been identified as the predominant cause of antecedent infection in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS). The risk of developing GBS or MFS may be higher after infection with specific C. jejuni types. To investigate the putative clonality, 18 GBS- or MFS-related C. jejuni strains from The Netherlands and Belgium and 17 control strains were analyzed by serotyping (Penner and Lior), restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR products of the flaA gene, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Serotyping revealed 10 different O serotypes and 7 different Lior serotypes, thereby indicating a lack of serotype clustering. Two new O serotypes, O:35 and O:13/65, not previously associated with GBS or MFS were found. Serotype O:19 was encountered in 2 of 18 strains, and none was of serotype O:41. The results of all genotypic methods also demonstrated substantial heterogeneity. No clustering of GBS- or MFS-related strains occurred and no molecular marker capable of separating pathogenic GBS or MFS from non-GBS- or non-MFS-related enteritis strains could be identified in this study. Sialic-acid-containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are thought to be involved in the triggering of GBS or MFS through molecular mimicry with gangliosides in human peripheral nerves. Therefore, further characterization of GBS- or MFS-related C. jejuni should target the genes involved in the synthesis of LPS and the incorporation of sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Endtz
- Departments of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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47
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de Boer P, Duim B, Rigter A, van Der Plas J, Jacobs-Reitsma WF, Wagenaar JA. Computer-assisted analysis and epidemiological value of genotyping methods for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1940-6. [PMID: 10790125 PMCID: PMC86628 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.5.1940-1946.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For epidemiological tracing of the thermotolerant Campylobacter species C. jejuni and C. coli, reliable and highly discriminatory typing techniques are necessary. In this study the genotyping techniques of flagellin typing (flaA typing), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), automated ribotyping, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting were compared. The following aspects were compared: computer-assisted analysis, discriminatory power, and use for epidemiological typing of campylobacters. A set of 50 campylobacter poultry isolates from The Netherlands and neighboring countries was analyzed. Computer-assisted analysis made cluster analysis possible and eased the designation of different genotypes. AFLP fingerprinting was the most discriminatory technique, identifying 41 distinct genotypes, while PFGE identified 38 different types, flaA typing discriminated 31 different types, and ribotyping discriminated 26 different types. Furthermore, AFLP analysis was the most suitable method for computer-assisted data analysis. In some cases combining the results of AFLP fingerprinting, PFGE, and flaA typing increased our ability to differentiate strains that appeared genetically related. We conclude that AFLP is a highly discriminatory typing method and well suited for computer-assisted data analysis; however, for optimal typing of campylobacters, a combination of multiple typing methods is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Boer
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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48
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Hänninen ML, Perko-Mäkelä P, Pitkälä A, Rautelin H. A three-year study of Campylobacter jejuni genotypes in humans with domestically acquired infections and in chicken samples from the Helsinki area. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1998-2000. [PMID: 10790140 PMCID: PMC86651 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.5.1998-2000.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni isolates from stool samples of patients with domestically acquired sporadic infections and from chicken from retail shops were studied during seasonal peaks from June to September over a 3-year period from 1996 to 1998. A large number of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes (a combined SmaI-SacII pattern) were identified each year. Certain genotypes persisted for the whole study period, and predominant genotypes represented 28 to 52% of the strains during a restricted period of time. The peak level of positive chicken samples was between July and August of each study year, when 10 to 33% of the samples were positive for campylobacter. The same PFGE genotypes found in humans were also detected in the chicken samples. This suggests that common genotypes were circulating in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hänninen
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital Diagnostics, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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49
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Wassenaar TM, Fry BN, Lastovica AJ, Wagenaar JA, Coloe PJ, Duim B. Genetic characterization of Campylobacter jejuni O:41 isolates in relation with Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:874-6. [PMID: 10655404 PMCID: PMC86231 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.2.874-876.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni O:41 strains are found in association with Guillain-Barré syndrome in South Africa. Strains of this serotype collected over 17 years were characterized by amplified fragment length polymorphism and flagellin typing to determine their clonal nature. Despite minor variation in GM1 expression, all of the strains were genetically indistinguishable, indicating that they are representative of a genetically stable clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wassenaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape 7925, South Africa.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wassenaar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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