1
|
Enke N, Brinkmann L, Südekum KH, Tholen E, Gerken M. Sensitivity of ponies to sodium in the drinking water. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13697. [PMID: 35233887 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Horses lose high amounts of Na through excessive sweating. These fluid losses can often not be replaced completely by voluntary water intake, requiring saline solutions as rehydration therapy to regain electrolyte balance. The experiment aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and tolerance of Shetland ponies towards different Na concentrations in their drinking water and contained three phases: (1) control: only fresh water provided; (2) pairwise-preference test: choice between fresh water and saline solution with stepwise increasing sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, or 1.5%); and (3) free-choice test: six simultaneously provided buckets containing NaCl concentrations of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, or 1.25%. During the pairwise test, the ponies did not distinguish between fresh and 0.25% NaCl-water but demonstrated clear preference for 0.5%, whereas >0.75% NaCl was avoided/rejected. During the free-choice test, a pronounced preference of fresh over saline water was exhibited. The Na intake via salt lick was not reduced as response to higher Na intakes via water. The ponies exhibited a remarkable sensory discrimination capacity to detect different NaCl concentrations in their drinking water. The acceptance of solutions with low NaCl levels (0.25/0.5%) without adverse effects demonstrates potential as rehydration solution for voluntary intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Enke
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea Brinkmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ernst Tholen
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Gerken
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hewetson M, McGuire CJ. Equine squamous gastric disease and delayed gastric emptying – the chicken or the egg? EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hewetson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms UK
| | - C. J. McGuire
- Department of Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crabtree NE, Epstein KL. Current Concepts in Fluid Therapy in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:648774. [PMID: 33855057 PMCID: PMC8039297 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.648774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the frequent inclusion of fluid therapy in the treatment of many conditions in horses, there are limited studies available to provide evidenced-based, species-specific recommendations. Thus, equine fluid therapy is based on the application of physiology and extrapolation from evidence in other veterinary species and human medicine. The physiologic principles that underly the use of fluids in medicine are, at first glance, straightforward and simple to understand. However, in the past 20 years, multiple studies in human medicine have shown that creating recommendations based on theory in combination with experimental and/or small clinical studies does not consistently result in best practice. As a result, there are ongoing controversies in human medicine over fluid types, volumes, and routes of administration. For example, the use of 0.9% NaCl as the replacement fluid of choice is being questioned, and the theoretical benefits of colloids have not translated to clinical cases and negative effects are greater than predicted. In this review, the current body of equine research in fluid therapy will be reviewed, connections to the controversies in human medicine and other veterinary species will be explored and, where appropriate, recommendations for fluid therapy in the adult horse will be made based on the available evidence. This review is focused on the decisions surrounding developing a fluid plan involving crystalloids, synthetic colloids, and plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Crabtree
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kira L Epstein
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qiu X, Zhang Y, Hong H. Classification of acetic acid bacteria and their acid resistant mechanism. AMB Express 2021; 11:29. [PMID: 33595734 PMCID: PMC7889782 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are obligate aerobic Gram-negative bacteria that are commonly used in vinegar fermentation because of their strong capacity for ethanol oxidation and acetic acid synthesis as well as their acid resistance. However, low biomass and low production rate due to acid stress are still major challenges that must be overcome in industrial processes. Although acid resistance in AAB is important to the production of high acidity vinegar, the acid resistance mechanisms of AAB have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we discuss the classification of AAB species and their metabolic processes and review potential acid resistance factors and acid resistance mechanisms in various strains. In addition, we analyze the quorum sensing systems of Komagataeibacter and Gluconacetobacter to provide new ideas for investigation of acid resistance mechanisms in AAB in the form of signaling pathways. The results presented herein will serve as an important reference for selective breeding of high acid resistance AAB and optimization of acetic acid fermentation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Qiu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Housheng Hong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, China.
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Steinmann M, Bezugley RJ, Bond SL, Pomrantz JS, Léguillette R. A wireless endoscopy capsule suitable for imaging of the equine stomach and small intestine. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1622-1630. [PMID: 32511848 PMCID: PMC7379013 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capsule endoscopy offers a new method for visualization of the gastrointestinal mucosa in horses where other imaging technologies have diagnostic limitations. Objectives To (1) test the feasibility of using this novel endoscopy capsule to visualize intestinal mucosa in horses, including an objective assessment of image quality, (2) assess how changes in preadministration preparation affect the transit time and the amount of gastrointestinal mucosa visualized, and (3) describe intestinal mucosa lesions in healthy horses. Animals Five healthy adult horses. Methods Three protocols were used in a crossover study design. Protocols varied in time fasted, amount of oral fluid administered, and exercise. Manure was radiographically inspected for capsule recovery. Percentage of visible gastrointestinal mucosa was objectively assessed. Results Detailed images of the gastrointestinal mucosa were recorded with all 3 protocols, including images of the pylorus, major duodenal papilla, individual villi, and ileocecal junction. Visualization of large intestinal mucosa was poor. Interobserver agreement on image quality was excellent. Capsule administration after feed withholding for 24 hours provided the greatest percentage of visible mucosa in the stomach and small intestine. Total transit time to capsule excretion was 6.5 (3‐8.75) days. Of 15 capsules administered, 3 were not recovered. Lesions visualized included mucosal erosion, ulceration and hemorrhage, areas of thickened mucosa, and evidence of parasitism. Conclusions This novel endoscopic capsule appears safe, practical, and noninvasive in horses; however, variability in capsule excretion time must be taken into account for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Steinmann
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie L Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Renaud Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Moore Equine Veterinary Centre, Rocky View County, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lester GD, Merritt AM, Kuck HV, Burrow JA. Systemic, renal, and colonic effects of intravenous and enteral rehydration in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:554-66. [PMID: 23551797 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous (IV) and intragastric (IG) administration of fluid therapy are commonly used in equine practice, but there are limited data on the systemic, renal, and enteric effects. HYPOTHESIS IV fluid administration will increase intestinal and fecal hydration in a rate-dependent manner after hypertonic dehydration, but will be associated with significant urinary water and electrolyte loss. Equivalent volumes of IG plain water will result in comparatively greater intestinal hydration with less renal loss. ANIMALS Six Thoroughbred geldings. METHODS Experimental study. 6 by 6 Latin square design investigating constant rate IV administration at 50, 100, and 150 mL/kg/d over 24 hours in horses dehydrated by water deprivation. Equivalent volumes of IG plain water were administered by 4 bolus doses over 24 hours. RESULTS Water deprivation resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of fecal water, and increases in serum and urine osmolality. IV fluids administered at 100 and 150 mL/kg/d restored fecal hydration, but increasing the rate from 100 to 150 mL/kg/d did not confer any additional intestinal benefit, but did result in significantly greater urine production and sodium loss. Equivalent 24-hour volumes of plain water resulted in greater intestinal water and less urine output. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE IV polyionic isotonic fluids can be used to hydrate intestinal contents in situations where enteral fluids are impractical. IV fluids administered at three times maintenance are no more efficacious and might be associated with adverse physiological findings after withdrawal. Bolus dosing of IG water can be used to restore intestinal water with minimal adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Lester
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Lopes MAF. Administration of enteral fluid therapy: methods, composition of fluids and complications. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Butudom P, Schott HC, Davis MW, Kobe CA, Nielsen BD, Eberhart SW. Drinking salt water enhances rehydration in horses dehydrated by frusemide administration and endurance exercise. Equine Vet J 2002:513-8. [PMID: 12405743 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because the primary stimulus for thirst is an increase in plasma tonicity, we hypothesised that dehydrated horses would drink a greater total volume of fluid voluntarily during the first hour of recovery when they were initially offered salt water. To test this hypothesis, bodyweight (bwt), fluid intake (FI) and [Na+] were measured in 6 Arabian horses offered 3 rehydration solutions. After dehydration was induced by frusemide administration (1 mg/kg bwt, i.v.) followed by 45 km treadmill exercise, water (W), 0.45% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl were offered, in a randomised order, during the initial 5 min after completing exercise. Horses were subsequently placed in a stall and further intake of plain water during the first hour of recovery was measured. By the end of exercise, horses lost 5.2 +/- 0.2, 5.6 +/- 0.3 and 5.7 +/- 0.2% (P>0.05) bwt and FI during the first 5 min of recovery was 10.5 +/- 0.7, 11.6 +/- 0.8 and 11.6 +/- 1.5 l (P>0.05) for W, 0.45% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl, respectively. After 20 min of recovery, [Na+] had decreased with W but remained unchanged from the end exercise values for both saline solutions. During the initial hour of recovery, further water intake was 0.9 +/- 0.4, 5.0 +/- 0.5 and 6.9 +/- 0.7 l (P<0.05) for W, 0.45% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl, respectively. Therefore, total FI was 11.4 +/- 0.5, 16.6 +/- 0.7 and 18.5 +/- 1.7 l (P<0.05) for W, 0.45% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl, respectively, and persisting bwt loss after 60 min of recovery was greater (P<0.05) for W (3.5%) than for the 2 saline solutions (24% for 0.45% NaCl and 1.9% for 0.9% NaCl). In conclusion, providing salt water as the initial rehydration fluid maintained an elevated [Na+] and resulted in greater total FI and recovery of bwt loss during the first hour of recovery, in comparison to offering only plain water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Butudom
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schott HC, Axiak SM, Woody KA, Eberhart SW. Effect of oral administration of electrolyte pastes on rehydration of horses. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:19-27. [PMID: 16206775 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the composition of electrolyte pastes formulated for oral administration influences voluntary water intake (WI) by horses recovering from furosemide-induced dehydration. ANIMALS 6 horses. PROCEDURES Voluntary WI, body weight, and blood and urine constituents were measured before and after induction of dehydration by furosemide administration and overnight withholding of water; these same variables also were measured during a 36-hour rehydration period. Each horse was evaluated 4 times with random application of 4 treatments (electrolyte pastes) that provided 0.5 g of KCl/kg of body weight, 0.5 g of NaCl/kg, 0.25 g of NaCl and 0.25 g of KCl/kg, or no electrolytes (control treatment). Electrolyte pastes were administered 3 times (4, 8, and 12 hours after start of the rehydration period). RESULTS Administration of all electrolyte pastes resulted in significantly greater voluntarily WI, compared with the control treatment, and was accompanied by significantly greater recovery of body weight when NaCl was a component of the paste. Administration of NaCl and NaCl-KCl pastes tended to produce a state of transient hyperhydration; however, electrolyte administration also resulted in significantly greater urine production and electrolyte excretion during the final 24 hours of the rehydration period. Adverse effects of oral administration of hypertonic electrolyte pastes were not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of electrolyte pastes to dehydrated horses increases voluntary WI and improves rehydration during the rehydration period. Rehydration is more rapid and complete when NaCl is a component of the electrolyte paste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wyse CA, Murphy DM, Preston T, Morrison DJ, Love S. Assessment of the rate of solid-phase gastric emptying in ponies by means of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test: a preliminary study. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:197-203. [PMID: 11266071 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of applying the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for assessment of gastric emptying in ponies by investigating the pattern of 13C enrichment in breath following the administration of a test meal +/- 13C-octanoic acid. After a 14 h fast, the ponies received either no meal (Test I) or a standardised test meal labelled with 0 mg (Test II), 125 mg (Test III), 250 mg (Test IV) or 500 mg (Test V) 13C-octanoic acid. For each test (I-V), exhaled breath samples were collected in duplicate at 1 h and immediately before ingestion of the test meal and at frequent intervals thereafter for 12 h. Breath samples were analysed by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Three indices of breath 13C-enrichment were computed; half dose recovery time (t1/2), gastric emptying coefficient (GEC) and time to peak breath 13C-enrichment t(max). For Tests I and II, the ratio of 13CO2:12CO2 remained stable for the duration of the sampling period. For Tests III, IV and V, an increase in the ratio of 13CO2:12CO2 was detected. The test was reproducible within individuals, and intersubject variation was low. Further validation studies of this noninvasive technique are justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Wyse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|