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Nosek V, Míšek J. Sulfinamide Crossover Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7927-7932. [PMID: 38785122 PMCID: PMC11165587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study unveils a new catalytic crossover reaction of sulfinamides. Leveraging mild acid catalysis, the reaction demonstrates a high tolerance to structural variations, yielding equimolar products across diverse sulfinamide substrates. Notably, small sulfinamide libraries can be selectively oxidized to sulfonamides, providing a new platform for ligand optimization and discovery in medicinal chemistry. This crossover chemotype provides a new tool for high-throughput experimentation in discovery chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Nosek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Míšek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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2
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Kroiss D, Aramini JM, Ragoonath S, Ulijn RV, Tuttle T. Combinatorial Discovery and Validation of Heptapeptides with UTP Binding Induced Structure. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kroiss
- Nanoscience Initiative at Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) The Graduate Center of the City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College City University of New York 695 Park Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - James M. Aramini
- Structural Biology Initiative at ASRC The Graduate Center of the City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
| | - Sangitaa Ragoonath
- Nanoscience Initiative at Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) The Graduate Center of the City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College City University of New York 695 Park Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Rein V. Ulijn
- Nanoscience Initiative at Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) The Graduate Center of the City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College City University of New York 695 Park Avenue New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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4
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Ulatowski F, Lichosyt D, Jurczak J. Introducing a static receptor to compete with a dynamic combinatorial library in template binding. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10451-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Association constants can be obtained from HPLC analysis of a system comprising a dynamic combinatorial library and a static host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ulatowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Dawid Lichosyt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
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5
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Herrmann A. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry: a tool to read, generate and modulate the bioactivity of compounds and compound mixtures. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1899-933. [PMID: 24296754 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent bond formation under thermodynamic control adds reactivity to self-assembled supramolecular systems, and is therefore an ideal tool to assess complexity of chemical and biological systems. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry (DCC) has been used to read structural information by selectively assembling receptors with the optimum molecular fit around a given template from a mixture of reversibly reacting building blocks. This technique allows access to efficient sensing devices and the generation of new biomolecules, such as small molecule receptor binders for drug discovery, but also larger biomimetic polymers and macromolecules with particular three-dimensional structural architectures. Adding a kinetic factor to a thermodynamically controlled equilibrium results in dynamic resolution and in self-sorting and self-replicating systems, all of which are of major importance in biological systems. Furthermore, the temporary modification of bioactive compounds by reversible combinatorial/covalent derivatisation allows control of their release and facilitates their transport across amphiphilic self-assembled systems such as artificial membranes or cell walls. The goal of this review is to give a conceptual overview of how the impact of DCC on supramolecular assemblies at different levels can allow us to understand, predict and modulate the complexity of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA, Division Recherche et Développement, Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239, CH-1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.
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6
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Mahon CS, Fulton DA. Mimicking nature with synthetic macromolecules capable of recognition. Nat Chem 2014; 6:665-72. [PMID: 25054935 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nature has, through billions of years of evolution, assembled a multitude of polymeric macromolecules capable of exquisite molecular recognition. This functionality arises from the precise control exerted over their biosynthesis that results in key residues being anchored in the appropriate positions to interact with target substrates. Developing 'wholly synthetic' macromolecular analogues that can mimic this behaviour presents a considerable challenge to chemists, who lack the 'biological machinery' used in nature to assemble polymers with such precision. In addressing this challenge, familiar chemical concepts, such as combinatorial methods and supramolecular interactions, have been adapted for application in the macromolecular arena. Working from a limited set of residues, synthetic macromolecules have been produced that display surprisingly high binding affinities towards target proteins, even possessing useful in vivo activities. These observations are all the more surprising when one considers the heterogeneity inherent within these synthetic macromolecular receptors, and provoke intriguing questions regarding our assumptions about the design of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Mahon
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David A Fulton
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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7
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Ulatowski F, Sadowska-Kuzioła A, Jurczak J. "Choose-a-size" approach in dynamic combinatorial chemistry: a single substrate dynamic combinatorial library of oligomacrocycles that adapts to the size and shape of carboxylates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9762-70. [PMID: 25280250 DOI: 10.1021/jo501956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A neutral anion binding receptor based on dipicolinic acid diamide was equipped with thiol groups in the amidic side arms. After the thiol was oxidized to disulfide groups with I2, a mixture of cyclic oligomers (a library) was obtained. The distribution of macrocycles can be controlled kinetically during the oxidation process or thermodynamically at basic conditions via disulfide bond exchange. The library proved to be very sensitive to templation with various carboxylates in DMSO. The amplification pattern reflects the structural features of the anionic template and is sensitive to changes in the template's geometry. The application of carboxylates with multiple functional groups resulted in very strong amplification of the large penta- and hexameric macrocycles. The thermodynamic parameters of some templation effects were rationalized using a simple model and confirmed using competitive NMR titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ulatowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Matache M, Bogdan E, Hădade ND. Selective Host Molecules Obtained by Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry. Chemistry 2014; 20:2106-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Ulrich S, Dumy P. Probing secondary interactions in biomolecular recognition by dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5810-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Nour HF, Lopez-Periago AM, Kuhnert N. Probing the mechanism and dynamic reversibility of trianglimine formation using real-time electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1070-1080. [PMID: 22467457 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The [3+3]-cyclocondensation reactions of chiral (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with aromatic or aliphatic bis-aldehydes to form trianglimine macrocycles were reported a decade ago and were believed to proceed through a stepwise mechanistic pathway; however, no intermediates were ever isolated or detected and characterized. METHODS We investigated the mechanism of the [3+3]-cyclocondensation reaction using a selection of dialdehyde starting materials using real-time electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS We observed up to a maximum of 16 reaction intermediates along the reaction pathway, more than for any other multistep reaction reported. We also probed the dynamic reversibility of trianglimines using selected small dynamic combinatorial libraries and showed that trianglimine formation is indeed fully reversible. CONCLUSIONS This study represents a significant contribution towards understanding the mechanism of trianglimine formation and its potential applicability can be extended to include other cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany F Nour
- School of Engineering and Science, Organic and Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Jacobs University, 28759, Bremen, Germany
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11
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Folmer-Andersen JF, Lehn JM. Thermoresponsive dynamers: thermally induced, reversible chain elongation of amphiphilic poly(acylhydrazones). J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10966-73. [PMID: 21639138 DOI: 10.1021/ja2035909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A nanostructured poly(acylhydrazone), which is reversibly formed in acidic aqueous solution from di(aldehyde) and di(acylhydrazine) monomers with appended hexaglyme groups, was found to display lower critical solution (LCS) behavior. Remarkably, under acidic conditions in which polymerization is reversible, large and reversible molecular weight (M(w)) increases were observed in response to elevated temperatures, both below and above the LCS temperature. No variation in M(w) was evident under neutral and alkaline conditions, in which the acylhydrazone condensation is essentially irreversible. Results of turbidometry studies, size-exclusion chromatography-multiangle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggest that heating the polymer below the LCS temperature leads to polymer growth with preservation of the characteristic nanostructured morphology, whereas the onset of the microphase separated state causes a fundamental change in morphology, in which the polymer chains aggregate into larger bundles and fibers. van't Hoff analysis of a small molecule model system indicates that the acylhydrazone condensation is enthalpy driven (ΔH(eq) = -8.2 ± 0.2 kcal·mol(-1) and ΔS(eq) = -11.1 ± 0.4 = cal·mol(-1)·K(-1)), which suggests that the observed polymer growth with temperature is not a consequence of the intrinsic thermodynamics of the intermonomer linkage but is likely the result of the thermoresponsive characteristics conferred by the multiple hexaglyme groups. The system described displays double control of the dynamer state by two orthogonal agents, heat and protons (pH). It also represents a prototype for dynamic materials displaying multiple control adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frantz Folmer-Andersen
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard-Monge, BP 70028, 67083 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Ito Y, Tomiyasu Y, Kawanabe T, Uemura K, Ushimizu Y, Nishino H. One-pot synthesis of cyclophane-type macrocycles using manganese(iii)-mediated oxidative radical cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1491-507. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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von Delius M, Geertsema EM, Leigh DA, Tang DTD. Design, Synthesis, and Operation of Small Molecules That Walk along Tracks. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16134-45. [PMID: 20979418 DOI: 10.1021/ja106486b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max von Delius
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Edzard M. Geertsema
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dan-Tam D. Tang
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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14
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Escalante AM, Orrillo AG, Furlan RLE. Simultaneous and Orthogonal Covalent Exchange Processes in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:410-3. [DOI: 10.1021/cc100046r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Escalante
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - A. Gastón Orrillo
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L. E. Furlan
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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15
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Ito Y, Yoshinaga T, Nishino H. Efficient macrocyclization using methylene-tethered terminal dienes and bis(manganese(III)-enolate)s. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Simpson MG, Pittelkow M, Watson SP, Sanders JKM. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry with hydrazones: libraries incorporating heterocyclic and steroidal motifs. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1181-7. [PMID: 20165811 DOI: 10.1039/b917146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We expand the possibilities in hydrazone based dynamic combinatorial chemistry with a series of new building blocks incorporating heterocyclic motifs. The synthetic procedure allows efficient access to building blocks with the general structure (MeO)(2)CH-Heterocycle-C(O)NHNH(2), originating from heterocycles with an amine and an ester functionality. The equilibrium distribution of macrocyclic N-acyl hydrazones formed upon deprotection of the building blocks with TFA in organic solvents is reported. The mixing behaviour of these heterocycle-based building blocks with our cholate-based building blocks is described, particularly the observation of kinetic intermediates that disappear following 'proof-reading'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Simpson
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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17
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Wyman IW, Macartney DH. Cucurbit[7]urilhost–guest complexes of cholines and phosphonium cholines in aqueous solution. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:253-60. [DOI: 10.1039/b917610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Simpson MG, Pittelkow M, Watson SP, Sanders JKM. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry with hydrazones: cholate-based building blocks and libraries. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1173-80. [DOI: 10.1039/b917145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Substituent effects in homoleptic iron(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes of 4′-hydrazone derivatives of 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Herrmann A. Dynamic mixtures and combinatorial libraries: imines as probes for molecular evolution at the interface between chemistry and biology. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3195-204. [DOI: 10.1039/b908098h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Ingerman LA, Waters ML. Photoswitchable Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: Coupling Azobenzene Photoisomerization with Hydrazone Exchange. J Org Chem 2008; 74:111-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801783w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Ingerman
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Marcey L. Waters
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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22
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Berkovich-Berger D, Gabriel Lemcoff N. Facile acetal dynamic combinatorial library. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1686-8. [PMID: 18368165 DOI: 10.1039/b800384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report our first results on the use of simple acetalation chemistry in the service of dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs); the reaction between triethylene glycol and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde afforded a DCL of more than 15 cyclic and acyclic species; all of which were separated and characterized; the smaller macrocyclic compounds were successfully amplified by the use of ammonium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Berkovich-Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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23
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Orrillo AG, Escalante AM, Furlan RLE. Covalent double level dynamic combinatorial libraries: selectively addressable exchange processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5298-300. [DOI: 10.1039/b808565j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Matsumoto M, Nicholas KM. Synthesis of Cyclic Oligomers from Histidine-Derived Building Blocks Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9308-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701832m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 620 Parrington Oval, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Kenneth M. Nicholas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 620 Parrington Oval, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
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25
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Corbett PT, Leclaire J, Vial L, West KR, Wietor JL, Sanders JKM, Otto S. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3652-711. [PMID: 16967917 DOI: 10.1021/cr020452p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1497] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Kerckhoffs JMCA, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Reinhoudt DN, Crego-Calama M. Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Based on Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Boxes. Chemistry 2007; 13:2377-85. [PMID: 17139688 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article describes two different types of dynamic combinatorial libraries of host and guest molecules. The first part of this article describes the encapsulation of alizarin trimer 2a3 by dynamic mixtures of up to twenty different self-assembled molecular receptors together with the amplification and selection of the best binder. Receptors (1a-d)3.(DEB)6 are formed by the self-assembly of six diethyl barbiturate (DEB) and calix[4]arene dimelamine derivatives 1a-d by using hydrogen bonds. The largest amplification factor (2.8) for a host assembly (1a3.(DEB)6) was observed after the addition of 2a to four-component library 1a(n).1b(3-n).(DEB)6 (n=0-3). Addition of 2a to twenty-component library 1a(n).1b(m).1c(o).1d(3-(n+m+o)).(DEB)6 (n, m, o=0-3; (n+m+o)<or=3) also showed amplification of receptor 1a3.(DEB)6. The second part of this article describes the complexation of libraries of different alizarin-like guest molecules (2a-d) and the self-assembled receptor 1a3.(DEB)6. This receptor is able to template the formation of the best-fitting guest trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M C A Kerckhoffs
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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27
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Bulos F, Roberts SL, Furlan RLE, Sanders JKM. Molecular amplification of two different receptors using diastereomeric templates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3092-3. [PMID: 17639152 DOI: 10.1039/b705620f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two different macrocyclic members of a pseudo-peptide hydrazone dynamic combinatorial library were amplified using the diastereomeric templates quinine and quinidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bulos
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Saur I, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Utilization of Self-Sorting Processes To Generate Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries with New Network Topologies. Chemistry 2006; 12:1058-66. [PMID: 16100736 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of water-soluble, organometallic macrocycles is described. They were obtained by self-assembly in reactions of the half-sandwich complexes [[Ru(C6H5Me)Cl2]2], [[Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2], [[Rh(Cp)Cl2]2], and [[Ir(Cp*)Cl2]2] with the ligand 5-dimethylaminomethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(1H)-pyridone in buffered aqueous solution at pH 8. The structure of the Ru-(p-cymene) complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Upon mixing, these complexes undergo scrambling reactions to give dynamic combinatorial libraries. In combination with structurally related complexes based on amino-methylated 3-hydroxy-2-(1H)-pyridone ligands, an exchange of metal fragments but no mixing of ligands was observed. This self-sorting behavior was used to construct dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocycles, in which two four-component sub-libraries are connected by two common building blocks. This type of network topology influences the adaptive behavior of the library as demonstrated in selection experiments with lithium ions as the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Saur
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Otto S. Exploring and exploiting molecular recognition using covalent chemistry under thermodynamic control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b500703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Sanders JKM. Self-assembly using dynamic combinatorial chemistry. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:1239-1245. [PMID: 15306475 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The principles of an evolution-selection approach to the synthesis of systems capable of molecular recognition are described. Using this dynamic combinatorial self-assembly concept in bulk solution, a variety of successful synthetic receptors have been prepared. The reversible chemistries employed include metalloporphyrin-ligand coordination, hydrazone exchange and disulfide exchange. The prospects for extension of the approach to surfaces are briefly considered.
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Stulz E, Scott SM, Bond AD, Otto S, Sanders JKM. Complexation of diphenyl(phenylacetenyl)phosphine to rhodium(III) tetraphenyl porphyrins: synthesis and structural, spectroscopic, and thermodynamic studies. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:3086-96. [PMID: 12716205 DOI: 10.1021/ic026257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of diphenyl(phenylacetenyl)phosphine (DPAP, 1) to (X)Rh(III)TPP (X = I (2) or Me (3); TPP = tetraphenyl porphyrin) was studied in solution and in the solid state. The iodide is readily displaced by the phosphine, leading to the bis-phosphine complex [(DPAP)(2)Rh(TPP)](I) (4). The methylide on rhodium in 3 is not displaced, leading selectively to the mono-phosphine complex (DPAP)(Me)Rh(TPP) (5). The first and second association constants, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry and UV-vis titrations, are in the range 10(4)-10(7) M(-1) (in CH(2)Cl(2)). Using LDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the mono-phosphine complexes can be detected but not the bis-phosphine complexes. The electronic spectrum of 4 is similar to those previously reported with other tertiary phosphine ligands, whereas (DPAP)(I)Rh(TPP) (6) displays a low energy B-band absorption and a high energy Q-band absorption. In contrast to earlier reports, displacement of the methylide on rhodium in 5 could not be observed at any concentration, and the electronic spectra of 4 and 5 are almost identical. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed that all binding events are exothermic, and all are enthalpy driven. The largest values of DeltaG degrees are found for 6. The thermodynamic and UV-vis data reveal that the methylide and the phosphine ligand have an almost identical electronic trans-influence on the sixth ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Stulz
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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Otto S, Furlan RLE, Sanders JKM. Selection and amplification of hosts from dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocyclic disulfides. Science 2002; 297:590-3. [PMID: 12142534 DOI: 10.1126/science.1072361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered two receptors for two different guests from a single dynamic combinatorial library. Each of the two guests amplifies the formation of a tightly binding host at the expense of unfit library members. Small differences in host-guest binding translate into useful differences in amplification. The selected hosts could be readily synthesized using biased dynamic libraries that contain only the right ratio of those building blocks that were selected by the guests. These results establish dynamic combinatorial chemistry as a practical method not only for the discovery but also for the synthesis of new receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijbren Otto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Abstract
Generating combinatorial libraries under equilibrium conditions has the important advantage that the libraries are adaptive (i.e. they can respond to exterior influences in the form of molecular recognition events). Thus, a ligand will direct and amplify the formation of its ideal receptor and vice versa. Proof of principle of this approach has been established using small libraries showing highly efficient amplification of selected receptors. The approach has recently been extended to address folding of macromolecules, including peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijbren Otto
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
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Furlan RLE, Otto S, Sanders JKM. Supramolecular templating in thermodynamically controlled synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4801-4. [PMID: 11880602 PMCID: PMC122672 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.022643699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo L E Furlan
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha, 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry relates to chemical reactions carried out reversibly under conditions of equilibrium control. The reversible nature of the reactions introduces the prospects of "error checking" and "proof-reading" into synthetic processes where dynamic covalent chemistry operates. Since the formation of products occurs under thermodynamic control, product distributions depend only on the relative stabilities of the final products. In kinetically controlled reactions, however, it is the free energy differences between the transition states leading to the products that determines their relative proportions. Supramolecular chemistry has had a huge impact on synthesis at two levels: one is noncovalent synthesis, or strict self-assembly, and the other is supramolecular assistance to molecular synthesis, also referred to as self-assembly followed by covalent modification. Noncovalent synthesis has given us access to finite supermolecules and infinite supramolecular arrays. Supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis has been exploited in the construction of more-complex systems, such as interlocked molecular compounds (for example, catenanes and rotaxanes) as well as container molecules (molecular capsules). The appealing prospect of also synthesizing these types of compounds with complex molecular architectures using reversible covalent bond forming chemistry has led to the development of dynamic covalent chemistry. Historically, dynamic covalent chemistry has played a central role in the development of conformational analysis by opening up the possibility to be able to equilibrate configurational isomers, sometimes with base (for example, esters) and sometimes with acid (for example, acetals). These stereochemical "balancing acts" revealed another major advantage that dynamic covalent chemistry offers the chemist, which is not so easily accessible in the kinetically controlled regime: the ability to re-adjust the product distribution of a reaction, even once the initial products have been formed, by changing the reaction's environment (for example, concentration, temperature, presence or absence of a template). This highly transparent, yet tremendously subtle, characteristic of dynamic covalent chemistry has led to key discoveries in polymer chemistry. In this review, some recent examples where dynamic covalent chemistry has been demonstrated are shown to emphasise the basic concepts of this area of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Abstract
A combinatorial library that responds to its target by increasing the concentration of strong binders at the expense of weak binders sounds ideal. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry has the potential to achieve exactly this. In this review, we will highlight the unique features that distinguish dynamic combinatorial chemistry from traditional combinatorial chemistry, and that could make a useful addition to the set of combinatorial techniques used in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijbren Otto
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW
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