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Shablykina OV, Shilin SV, Moskvina VS, Ishchenko VV, Khilya VP. Progress in the Chemistry of Amino-Acid Derivatives of Isocoumarins and 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins. Chem Nat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-021-03323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Kumla D, Sousa E, Marengo A, Dethoup T, Pereira JA, Gales L, Freitas-Silva J, Costa PM, Mistry S, Silva AMS, Kijjoa A. 1,3-Dioxepine and spiropyran derivatives of viomellein and other dimeric naphthopyranones from cultures of Aspergillus elegans KUFA0015 and their antibacterial activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112575. [PMID: 33166747 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two undescribed viomellein derivatives, xanthoelegansin and spiroxanthoelegansin, were isolated together with clavatol, sitosteanone, vioxanthin, xanthomegnin, viomellein, rubrosulphin, rubrosulphin diacetate, viopurpurin , ochratoxin A, ochratoxin A methyl ester, ochratoxin B and ochratoxin β, from cultures of the marine sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus elegans KUFA0015. The structures of the undescribed compounds were established based on an extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as HRMS data. The structure of xanthoelegansin and the absolute configuration of its stereogenic carbons were confirmed by X-ray analysis. The change in conformation of xanthoelegansin was interpreted using quantum mechanical theoretical calculation data in combination with the observation of the change of the proton signals of the 1,3-dioxepine ring in 1HNMR spectra at varying temperatures. The mechanisms of the formation of xanthoelegansin and spiroxanthoelegansin from viomellein were proposed. Clavatol, sitosteanone, vioxanthin, xanthomegnin, viomellein, xanthoelegansin, rubrosulphin, rubrosulphin diacetate, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin A methyl ester, ochratoxin B and ochratoxin β were assayed for their antibacterial activity against reference strains and multidrug-resistant isolates from the environment. The tested compounds were also evaluated for their capacity to inhibit biofilm formation in the reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decha Kumla
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Emilia Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alessia Marengo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università di Pávia, C. So strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Tida Dethoup
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand.
| | - José A Pereira
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Luís Gales
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (i3S-IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Freitas-Silva
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Paulo M Costa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Sharad Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE 7 RH, UK.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Dwivedi P, Burns RB. The natural occurrence of ochratoxin A and its effects in poultry. A review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19860004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dwivedi
- Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland
| | - R. B. Burns
- Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland
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Hong Z, Zhao SS, Pan H, Jin Q, Tang XQ, Liu JL. Crystal structure of 3-cyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylimino)-2,3-dihydro-6,8-diiodo-4 H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one, C 20H 24I 2N 2O 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C20H24I2N2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 17.5052(10) Å, b = 12.7846(7) Å, c = 9.4663(5) Å, β = 94.899(1)°, V = 2110.8(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0321, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0996, T = 291 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Sha-sha Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Hong Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Qian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-qin Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jun-li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
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Fadock K, Manderville RA. DNA Aptamer-Target Binding Motif Revealed Using a Fluorescent Guanine Probe: Implications for Food Toxin Detection. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4955-4963. [PMID: 30023732 PMCID: PMC6044742 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that are generated by an in vitro selection method to bind targets with high affinity and specificity. Understanding molecular recognition by DNA aptamers is of fundamental importance in the development of biosensor applications. The small molecule ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal-derived food toxin, and OTA DNA aptamers have been established for the development of rapid detection platforms required for food safety. One such OTA aptamer (OTAA) is a guanine-rich DNA oligonucleotide that folds into an antiparallel G-quadruplex (GQ) upon OTA binding, although structural details of the GQ fold and its interaction with OTA are currently unknown. In the present study, the fluorescent nucleobase analogue, 8-thienyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (ThdG), was inserted into various G sites of OTAA to determine the probe impact on GQ folding and OTA binding affinity. Our results suggest that OTAA contains three lateral (l) loops connecting two stacked G-tetrads with an anticlockwise loop progression to afford a -(lll) GQ topology. The phenolic ring system of OTA undergoes π-stacking interactions with the G-tetrads of OTAA. Our results also demonstrate aptamer sites that can be modified with ThdG to afford a fluorescent light-up signal upon OTA binding.
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Multilocus Phylogeny and Antifungal Susceptibility of Aspergillus Section Circumdati from Clinical Samples and Description of A. pseudosclerotiorum sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:947-958. [PMID: 28053212 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02012-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A multilocus phylogenetic study was carried out to assess species identity of a set of 34 clinical isolates from Aspergillus section Circumdati from the United States and to determine their in vitro antifungal susceptibility against eight antifungal drugs. The genetic markers used were the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and fragments of the beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes. The drugs tested were amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, and terbinafine. The most common species sampled was A. westerdijkiae (29.4%), followed by a novel species, which was described here as A. pseudosclerotiorum (23.5%). Other species identified were A. sclerotiorum (17.6%), A. ochraceus (8.8%), A. subramanianii (8.8%), and A. insulicola and A. ochraceopetaliformis, with two isolates (5.9%) of each. The drugs that showed the most potent activity were caspofungin, micafungin, and terbinafine, while amphotericin B showed the least activity.
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Das S, Liu L, Zheng Y, Alachraf MW, Thiel W, De CK, List B. Nitrated Confined Imidodiphosphates Enable a Catalytic Asymmetric Oxa-Pictet–Spengler Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9429-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Das
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Luping Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - M. Wasim Alachraf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Chandra Kanta De
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Comments on "Mycobiota and Mycotoxins in Traditional Medicinal Seeds from China. Toxins 2015, 7, 3858-3875"- in Attributing Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis Within the Genus Penicillium Occurring on Natural Agricultural Produce. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060166. [PMID: 27258309 PMCID: PMC4926133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unusual attribution of trace amounts of ochratoxin A in some Chinese food commodities to Penicillium polonicum is questioned by European experience in searches for ochratoxinogenic food-spoilage Penicillia, where mistaken attribution is now known to have been due to cryptic Penicillium verrucosum contamination. Consequently, selection of single-spore isolates is recommended as pre-requisite for attributing mycotoxin biosynthetic potential to fungi.
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Wang Y, Wang L, Liu F, Wang Q, Selvaraj JN, Xing F, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Ochratoxin A Producing Fungi, Biosynthetic Pathway and Regulatory Mechanisms. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E83. [PMID: 27007394 PMCID: PMC4810228 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillum species, is one of the most important mycotoxin contaminants in agricultural products. It is detrimental to human health because of its nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and immunosuppression. OTA structurally consists of adihydrocoumarin moiety linked with l-phenylalanine via an amide bond. OTA biosynthesis has been putatively hypothesized, although several contradictions exist on some processes of the biosynthetic pathway. We discuss recent information on molecular studies of OTA biosynthesis despite insufficient genetic background in detail. Accordingly, genetic regulation has also been explored with regard to the interaction between the regulators and the environmental factors. In this review, we focus on three aspects of OTA: OTA-producing strains, OTA biosynthetic pathway and the regulation mechanisms of OTA production. This can pave the way to assist in protecting food and feed from OTA contamination by understanding OTA biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yueju Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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10
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Simonetti SO, Larghi EL, Bracca ABJ, Kaufman TS. Angular tricyclic benzofurans and related natural products of fungal origin. Isolation, biological activity and synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:941-69. [PMID: 23719995 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Naturally-occurring angular tricyclic benzofuran/isobenzofuran derivatives of fungal origin and related compounds, in which two heterocyclic rings are fused to a central benzenoid moiety, are covered. Emphasis is placed on the structure of the compounds, together with their relevant biological activities, source microorganisms, country or region of origin and environmental conditions. In addition, proposed biosynthetic pathways, as well as the total syntheses of some of the compounds, including those that lead to structural revision or to correct stereochemical assignments, and related synthetic efforts, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián O Simonetti
- Instituto de Química Rosario-CONICET-UNR, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, SF, Argentina
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11
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Ruhland M, Engelhardt G, Wallnöter PR. Production of(14)C-ochratoxin A byPenicillium verrucosum sp. 1761 in liquid culture. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 12:7-13. [PMID: 23604629 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/1995] [Accepted: 02/11/1996] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of(14)C-labelled ochratoxin A was carried out by biosynthesis withPénicillium verrucosum sp. 1761 in liquid culture using 2-(14)C-Na-acetate and 2-(14)C-malonic acid as precursor. The largest amount of ochratoxin A produced byPénicillium verrucosum was detected in a minimal medium after an incubation period of 28 days. By addition of citric acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid larger ochratoxin A contents could be measured. For transformation studies of ochratoxin A, a molecule which is exclusively labelled in the isocoumarin moiety is best suitable. This labelling could be obtained by using labelled malonic acid as precursor, whereas with 2-(14)C-Na-acetate as precursor the whole molecule was labelled. Incorporation rates of radioactivity into the molecule were from 0.04% to 0.11%, specific radioactivities from 0.02 μCi/mg to 0.07 μCi/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruhland
- Bayerische Landesanstalt für Ernährung, Menzingerstr. 54, 80638, München, Germany
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12
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Lenz CA, Rychlik M. Efficient synthesis of (R)-ochratoxin alpha, the key precursor to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Capriotti AL, Caruso G, Cavaliere C, Foglia P, Samperi R, Laganà A. Multiclass mycotoxin analysis in food, environmental and biological matrices with chromatography/mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:466-503. [PMID: 22065561 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mold metabolites that can elicit deleterious effects on other organisms are classified as mycotoxins. Human exposure to mycotoxins occurs mostly through the intake of contaminated agricultural products or residues due to carry over or metabolite products in foods of animal origin such as milk and eggs, but can also occur by dermal contact and inhalation. Mycotoxins contained in moldy foods, but also in damp interiors, can cause diseases in humans and animals. Nephropathy, various types of cancer, alimentary toxic aleukia, hepatic diseases, various hemorrhagic syndromes, and immune and neurological disorders are the most common diseases that can be related to mycotoxicosis. The absence or presence of mold infestation and its propagation are seldom correlated with mycotoxin presence. Mycotoxins must be determined directly, and suitable analytical methods are necessary. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been recognized, but only for a few of them, and in a restricted number of utilities, a maximum acceptable level has been regulated by law. However, mycotoxins seldom develop alone; more often various types and/or classes form in the same substrate. The co-occurrence might render the individual mycotoxin tolerance dose irrelevant, and therefore the mere presence of multiple mycotoxins should be considered a risk factor. The advantage of chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) is that many compounds can be determined and confirmed in one analysis. This review illustrates the state-of-the-art of mycotoxin MS-based analytical methods for multiclass, multianalyte determination in all the matrices in which they appear. A chapter is devoted to the history of the long-standing coexistence and interaction among humans, domestic animals and mycotoxicosis, and the history of the discovery of mycotoxins. Quality assurance, although this topic relates to analytical chemistry in general, has been also examined for mycotoxin analysis as a preliminary to the systematic literature excursus. Sample handling is a crucial step to devise a multiclass analytical method; so when possible, it has been treated separately for a better comparison before tackling the instrumental part of the whole analytical method. This structure has resulted sometimes in unavoidable redundancies, because it was also important to underline the interconnection. Most reviews do not deal with all the possible mycotoxin sources, including the environmental ones. The focus of this review is the analytical methods based on MS for multimycotoxin class determination. Because the final purpose to devise multimycotoxin analysis should be the assessment of the danger to health of exposition to multitoxicants of natural origin (and possibly also the interaction with anthropogenic contaminants), therefore also the analytical methods for environmental relevant mycotoxins have been thoroughly reviewed. Finally, because the best way to shed light on actual risk assessment could be the individuation of exposure biomarkers, the review covers also the scarce literature on biological fluids.
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Anli E, Alkis İM. Ochratoxin A and Brewing Technology: A Review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2010.tb00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Marasas W, Gelderblom W, Shephard G, Vismer H. Mycotoxicological research in South Africa 1910-2011. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The British mycologist, I.B. Pole-Evans, was appointed as the first South African government mycologist in 1905 following the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute was founded in 1908 with the Swiss veterinarian, Arnold Theiler, as the first director. Thus, the stage was set for the commencement of mycotoxicological research when the Union of South Africa came into being in 1910. The first accounts of this pioneering research appeared in the 'Seventh and eight reports of the Director of Veterinary Research, Union of South Africa. 1918' in which D.T. Mitchell reported on the experimental reproduction of the neurotoxic syndrome, diplodiosis, in cattle with pure cultures of Stenocarpella maydis (= Diplodia zea) isolated by P.A. Van der Bijl and grown on sterile maize kernels. This is the first report of the experimental reproduction of a veterinary mycotoxicosis with a pure culture of a fungus in South Africa and possibly in the world. This seminal research was followed by a great deal of multidisciplinary research on veterinary mycotoxicoses as well as human syndromes in which fungal toxins are suspected to be involved, taxonomy of mycotoxigenic fungi and chemistry of mycotoxins in South Africa. The mycotoxicoses studied in South Africa include the following (more or less in chronological order): diplodiosis, Paspalum staggers, aflatoxicosis, human hepatocellular carcinoma, ochratoxicosis, lupinosis, facial eczema, tremorgenic mycotoxicosis, hyperoestrogenism, stachybotryotoxicosis, ergotism, leukoencephalomalacia and human oesophageal cancer. A major breakthrough in mycotoxicological research was made in South Africa in 1988 with the isolation and chemical characterisation of the carcinogenic fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides in maize. Current research at the PROMEC Unit of the South African Medical Research Council on the risk assessment of fumonisins and intervention methods to reduce fumonisin intake by rural populations on a maize staple diet is highlighted. This paper concludes with a selected list of mycotoxicological publications by South African mycologists/plant pathologists, veterinarians and chemists/biochemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Marasas
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - W. Gelderblom
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - H. Vismer
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
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Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. Synthesis of Oxacycles Employing the Oxa‐Pictet–Spengler Reaction: Recent Developments and New Prospects. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L. Larghi
- Institute of Chemistry of Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET‐UNR)and Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceuticaland Biochemical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531 (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina, Fax: +54‐341‐4370477, ext. 35
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Institute of Chemistry of Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET‐UNR)and Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceuticaland Biochemical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Suipacha 531 (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina, Fax: +54‐341‐4370477, ext. 35
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Total synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of all ochratoxin A stereoisomers. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:343-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bräse S, Encinas A, Keck J, Nising CF. Chemistry and Biology of Mycotoxins and Related Fungal Metabolites. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3903-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr050001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arantxa Encinas
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carl F. Nising
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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García-Fonseca S, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Coacervative extraction of Ochratoxin A in wines prior to liquid chromatography/fluorescence determination. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 617:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Kerti G, Kurtán T, Illyés TZ, Kövér KE, Sólyom S, Pescitelli G, Fujioka N, Berova N, Antus S. Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Methylisochromans and Determination of Their Absolute Configurations by Circular Dichroism. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee LS, Skau DB. Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Mycotoxins: A Review of Recent Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918108069351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Saito F, Kuramochi K, Nakazaki A, Mizushina Y, Sugawara F, Kobayashi S. Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of (+)-Pseudodeflectusin: Structural Revision of Aspergione B. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ringot D, Chango A, Schneider YJ, Larondelle Y. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ochratoxin A, an update. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 159:18-46. [PMID: 16293235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of two genera: Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been shown to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic to several species of animals and to cause kidney and liver tumours in mice and rats. Because of differences in the physiology of animal species, wide variations are seen in the toxicokinetic patterns of absorption, distribution and elimination of the toxin. Biotransformation of OTA has not been entirely elucidated. At present, data regarding OTA metabolism are controversial. Several metabolites have been characterized in vitro and/or in vivo, whereas other metabolites remain to be characterized. Several major mechanisms have been shown as involved in the toxicity of OTA: inhibition of protein synthesis, promotion of membrane peroxidation, disruption of calcium homeostasis, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and DNA damage. The contribution of metabolites in OTA genotoxicity and carcinogenicity is still unclear. The genotoxic status of OTA is still controversial because contradictory results were obtained in various microbial and mammalian tests, notably regarding the formation of DNA adducts. More recent studies are focused on the OTA ability to disturb cellular signalling and regulation, to modulate physiological signals and thereby to influence cells viability and proliferation. The present paper offers an update on these different issues. In addition since humans and animals are likely to be simultaneously exposed to several mycotoxins, especially through their diet, the little information available on the combined effects of OTA and other mycotoxins has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ringot
- Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture de Beauvais, Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, Beauvais, Cedex 60026, France.
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Narasimhan NS, Mali RS. Heteroatom directed aromatic lithiation reactions for the synthesis of condensed heterocyclic compounds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-16931-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Lindenmeier M, Schieberle P, Rychlik M. Quantification of ochratoxin A in foods by a stable isotope dilution assay using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:57-66. [PMID: 14760850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) was developed for quantification of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) by using [2H5]-OTA as internal standard. The synthesis of labelled OTA was accomplished by acid hydrolysis of unlabelled OTA and subsequent coupling one of the products, ochratoxin alpha, to [2H5]-L-phenylalanine. The mycotoxin was quantified in foods by LC-tandem MS after extraction with buffers containing [2H5]-OTA and clean-up by immuno affinity chromatography or by solid phase extraction on silica. The method showed a sufficient sensitivity with a low detection and quantification limit of 0.5 and 1.4 microg/kg, respectively, and good precision in inter-assay studies showing a CV (n = 3) of 3.6%. The analysis of certified reference materials resulted in a low bias of 2.1% from the certified values and revealed excellent accuracy of the new method. To prove the suitability of SIDA. OTA was quantified in a number of food samples and resulted mainly in not detectable OTA contents. However, three samples of raisins exceeded the legal limit of 10 microg/kg and highlighted the need for further controlling the contamination with the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lindenmeier
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie der Technischen Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Donner CD, Gill M, Tewierik LM. Synthesis of pyran and pyranone natural products. Molecules 2004; 9:498-512. [PMID: 18007449 DOI: 10.3390/90600498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the synthesis of the fungal metabolites (+)-dermolactone, (-)- semixanthomegnin, (+)- and (-)-mellein, (-)-ochratoxin alpha, (-)-(1R,3S)-thysanone, the enantiopure ventiloquinones L, E and G, and 8-desmethyleleutherin from a common chiral intermediate, is presented. Further methodology leading potentially toward extended quinones such as (3S,3'S)-xylindein is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Donner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Malir F, Roubal T, Brndiar M, Osterreicher J, Severa J, Knizek J, Kacerovsky J, Tmejova M, Betbeder AM, Baudrimont I, Creppy EE. OCHRATOXIN A IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-100108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Il'ichev YV, Perry JL, Manderville RA, Chignell CF, Simon JD. The pH-Dependent Primary Photoreactions of Ochratoxin A. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012683q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V. Il'ichev
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Jennifer L. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Richard A. Manderville
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Colin F. Chignell
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - John D. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Li S, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Vitti TG, Crow G. Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A and its metabolites in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:82-90. [PMID: 9221827 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin that is produced on moist grain. It is commonly found in the blood of swine in western Canada and is a potent nephrotoxic, carcinogen, and immunosuppressive agent. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of six analogs of OA including OA, OB (OA without chloride), OC (OA ethyl ester), and some metabolites, such as O alpha (OA without phenylalanine), OA-OH (hydroxylated OA), and a newly discovered form of OA, OP-OA (lactone opened ring of OA), were investigated in rats after a single intravenous administration of the compounds. All of the ochratoxin analogs were distributed following a two compartment open model. The elimination half-lives of OA, OP-OA, O alpha, OA-OH, OB, and OC were 103+/-16, 50.5+/-2.8, 9.6+/-2.3, 6+/-0.9, 4.2+/-1.2, and 0.6+/-0.2 hr, respectively. Total body clearance of OA, OP-OA, O alpha, OA-OH, and OB via the bile, urine, and metabolic routes were 3.1, 3.6, 40, 65, and 43 ml/hr kg, respectively. OA, OB, and O alpha were mainly cleared in the urine (> or = 48%), OA-OH in the bile (41%), and OP-OA as metabolites (43%). Metabolism accounted for 43, 44, 33, and 29% of the total clearance of OA, O alpha, OA-OH, and OB, respectively. It is concluded that OA has a long half-life and is very slowly cleared from the body and that its metabolites are cleared at a much faster rate with much shorter half-lives. Procedures should be devised to enhance the conversion in the body of OA to O alpha, OA-OH, or other metabolites as this would shorten its half-life and therefore its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Breitholtz-Emanuelsson A, Fuchs R, Hult K, Appelgren LE. Synthesis of 14C-ochratoxin A and 14C-ochratoxin B and a comparative study of their distribution in rats using whole body autoradiography. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1992; 70:255-61. [PMID: 1608909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Methods for preparation of labelled ochratoxin A and B are described. The method for preparation of labelled ochratoxin B involves the synthesis of the azide of ochratoxin beta via the mixed anhydride and subsequent conjugation to labelled phenylalanine to yield 14C-ochratoxin B. The labelled ochratoxins were injected into male Wistar rats and after different survival times they were sacrificed and subjected to whole body autoradiography. The distribution pattern of ochratoxin A in the rat did not differ from that earlier registered for mouse. The previously known, high susceptibility of rats (and not mice) to ochratoxin A-induced cancer could thus not be explained by an accumulation of the toxin in specific cells or organs. The distribution patterns of ochratoxin A and B were almost congruent--the only apparent difference being a much longer retention of the labelled ochratoxin A in the blood compared to ochratoxin B, which was much faster excreted. When analyzing tissue extracts for labelled metabolites only the extracts from the rats injected with ochratoxin B were found to contain easily detectable concentrations, while no metabolites of ochratoxin A were seen.
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Boorman GA, McDonald MR, Imoto S, Persing R. Renal lesions induced by ochratoxin A exposure in the F344 rat. Toxicol Pathol 1992; 20:236-45. [PMID: 1475584 DOI: 10.1177/019262339202000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Groups of 80 male and female F344 rats were exposed by gavage to ochratoxin A, a naturally occurring mycotoxin, at levels of 21, 70, and 210 micrograms/kg body weight for up to 2 years. Ochratoxin A induced non-neoplastic renal tubular epithelial changes consisting of cytoplasmic alteration, karyomegaly, degeneration, and cysts. Exposure-related renal tubular proliferative lesions included focal hyperplasia, tubular cell adenoma, and tubular cell carcinoma. Renal tubular cell adenoma occurred as early as 9 months in 1 high-dose male rat, and both adenomas and carcinomas were seen in males by 15 months. At the terminal sacrifice, renal tubular cell tumors were found in both male and female rats, but the response was more pronounced in the males. The incidence of renal tumors in the high-dose rats was the highest of any National Toxicology Program (NTP) study completed to date. In the high-dose males approximately one-third of the renal carcinomas developed metastases. This study demonstrates that ochratoxin A is a potent renal carcinogen in the F344 rat and suggests that contamination of feedstuff by this mycotoxin may pose a potential hazard to domestic animals and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Boorman
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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35
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Synthesis of isochromans via the titanium tetrachloride assisted cyclization of acetals of phenethyl alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Isolation of secondary metabolites of Aspergillus ochraceus by HPLC. Mycotoxin Res 1986; 2:9-17. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03191957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/1986] [Accepted: 06/30/1986] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Størmer FC, Kolsaker P, Holm H, Rogstad S, Elling F. Metabolism of ochratoxin B and its possible effects upon the metabolism and toxicity of ochratoxin A in rats. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:1108-12. [PMID: 4004232 PMCID: PMC238514 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.5.1108-1112.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabolic product was formed from ochratoxin B by rat liver microsomal fractions in the presence of NADPH. It was isolated from the incubation mixture by extraction, thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and crystallization. On the basis of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the structure is suggested to be 4-hydroxyochratoxin B. The Km for the formation of 4-hydroxyochratoxin B was determined, and the hydroxylation of ochratoxin A was not altered by the presence of ochratoxin B. Rats were given ochratoxin A or B, or a mixture of both intraperitoneally. The ratios of the three metabolites, ochratoxin A, (4R)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A, and ochratoxin alpha, excreted in the urine did not change in the presence of ochratoxin B. Ochratoxin B was metabolized to 4-hydroxyochratoxin B and ochratoxin beta, but in a different ratio than for the ochratoxin A metabolites. When given intraperitoneally, ochratoxin beta was excreted within 24 h. In rats treated with ochratoxin A alone, the food intake was reduced by 50%, and histologically severe lesions, degeneration, and necrosis were observed in the proximal tubules. When ochratoxin A and B given in combination, the animals were clinically unaffected and histologically there was only slight damage of proximal tubules. These observations indicate that ochratoxin B considerably reduces the toxic effects of ochratoxin A.
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Antus S, Snatzke G, Steinke I. Circulardichroismus, LXXXI. Synthese und Circulardichroismus von Steroiden mit Isochromanon-Chromophor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198319831218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Huff WE, Doerr JA, Hamilton PB. Decreased glycogen mobilization during ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:122-6. [PMID: 760630 PMCID: PMC243410 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.1.122-126.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graded doses of pure ochratoxin A (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 microgram of toxin per g of feed) were incorporated into a commercial diet which was fed to chickens from hatching to 3 weeks of age, at which time the experiments were terminated. Liver glycogen levels were elevated significantly (P less than 0.05) by 4.0 and 8.0 microgram/g but not lower doses. Glucagon stimulation of glycogen mobilization was inhibited at the same concentrations. Histopathological examination revealed cytoplasmic but not nuclear deposits of glycogen in cells at the periphery of liver lobes. These data demonstrated that ochratoxin inhibited glycogenolysis. Impaired ability to generate glucose from glycogen could account for the increased susceptibility to cold stress previously reported to occur in ochratoxicosis. Based on present and prior observations, it seems possible that ochratoxin induces a syndrome which mimics the glycogen storage disease of type X which is caused by a deficiency in the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme of the glycogenolytic enzymatic cascade.
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Patterson DS, Roberts BA, Small BJ. Metabolism of ochratoxins A and B in the pig during early pregnancy and the accumulation in body tissues of ochratoxin A only. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1976; 14:439-42. [PMID: 795761 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Doster RC, Sinnhuber RO, Pawlowski NE. Acute intraperitoneal toxicity of ochratoxin A and B derivatives in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1974; 12:499-505. [PMID: 4459246 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(74)90063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Two strains of Aspergillus ochraceus and six of Penicillium viridicatum isolated from country cured hams were screened for production of ochratoxins A and B. None of the isolated P. viridicatum strains yielded detectable amounts of ochratoxin A or B, whereas both strains of A. ochraceus produced ochratoxins A and B on rice, defatted peanut meal, and country cured ham. After 21 days of incubation on ham, one-third of the toxin was found in the mycelial mat on the ham surface, whereas two-thirds had penetrated into the meat to a distance of 0.5 cm.
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Doster RC, Sinnhuber RO. Comparative rates of hydrolysis of ochratoxins A and B in vitro. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1972; 10:389-94. [PMID: 5045681 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(72)80257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chu FS, Noh I, Chang CC. Structural requirements for ochratoxin intoxication. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1972; 11:503-8. [PMID: 4656866 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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