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Shinde S, Balasubramaniam AK, Mulay V, Saste G, Girme A, Hingorani L. Recent Advancements in Extraction Techniques of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) with Insights on Phytochemicals, Structural Significance, Pharmacology, and Current Trends in Food Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40982-41003. [PMID: 37970011 PMCID: PMC10633886 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera (WS), is an ayurvedic botanical plant with numerous applications in dietary supplements and traditional medicines worldwide. Due to the restorative qualities of its roots, WS has potent therapeutic value in traditional Indian (Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha) and modern medicine recognized as the "Indian ginseng". The presence of phytochemical bioactive compounds such as withanolides, withanosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds has an important role in the therapeutic and nutritional properties of WS. Thus, the choice of WS plant part and extraction solvents, with conventional and modern techniques, plays a role in establishing WS as a potential nutraceutical product. WS has recently made its way into food supplements and products, such as baked goods, juices, beverages, sweets, and dairy items. The review aims to cover the key perspectives about WS in terms of plant description, phytochemistry, structural significance, and earlier reported extraction methodologies along with the analytical and pharmacological landscape in the area. It also attempts to iterate the key limitations and further insights into extraction techniques and bioactive standardization with the regulatory framework. It presents a key to the future development of prospective applications in foods such as food supplements or functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shinde
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Vallabh Mulay
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
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Morrill C, Péter Á, Amalina I, Pye E, Crisenza GEM, Kaltsoyannis N, Procter DJ. Diastereoselective Radical 1,4-Ester Migration: Radical Cyclizations of Acyclic Esters with SmI 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13946-13952. [PMID: 35858251 PMCID: PMC9377304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Reductive cyclizations of carbonyl compounds, mediated
by samarium(II)
diiodide (SmI2, Kagan’s reagent), represent an invaluable
platform to generate molecular complexity in a stereocontrolled manner.
In addition to classical ketone and aldehyde substrates, recent advances
in radical chemistry allow the cyclization of lactone and lactam-type
substrates using SmI2. In contrast, acyclic esters are
considered to be unreactive to SmI2 and their participation
in reductive cyclizations is unprecedented. Here, we report a diastereoselective
radical 1,4-ester migration process, mediated by SmI2,
that delivers stereodefined alkene hydrocarboxylation products via
radical cyclization of acyclic ester groups in α-carbomethoxy
δ-lactones. Isotopic labeling experiments and computational
studies have been used to probe the mechanism of the migration. We
propose that a switch in conformation redirects single electron transfer
from SmI2 to the acyclic ester group, rather than the “more
reactive” lactone carbonyl. Our study paves the way for the
use of elusive ketyl radicals, derived from acyclic esters, in SmI2-mediated reductive cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Morrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Áron Péter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Ilma Amalina
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Emma Pye
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Giacomo E M Crisenza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Nikolas Kaltsoyannis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David J Procter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
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Passareli F, Batista ANL, Cavalheiro AJ, Herrebout WA, Batista Junior JM. Vibrational spectroscopy as a direct stereochemical probe for polyhydroxylated molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30903-30906. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07171f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Relative and absolute configurations of polyhydroxylated molecules via acetonide derivatives: the power of IR and VCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Passareli
- Institute of Chemistry
- São Paulo State University – UNESP
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - A. N. L. Batista
- Institute of Chemistry
- São Paulo State University – UNESP
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - A. J. Cavalheiro
- Institute of Chemistry
- São Paulo State University – UNESP
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - W. A. Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- Antwerp B2020
- Belgium
| | - J. M. Batista Junior
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCAr
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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Chao CH, Chou KJ, Wen ZH, Wang GH, Wu YC, Dai CF, Sheu JH. Paraminabeolides A-F, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory marine withanolides from the soft coral Paraminabea acronocephala. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1132-41. [PMID: 21425785 DOI: 10.1021/np2000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Six new withanolides, paraminabeolides A-F (1-6), along with five known compounds, minabeolides-1, -2, -4, -5, and -8 (7-11), were isolated from a Formosan soft coral, Paraminabea acronocephala. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation. The absolute configuration of 4 was determined by the application of Mosher's method. Compounds 1 and 7 were cytotoxic toward Hep G2 cancer cells. Compounds 1-4 and 7-10 were found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein. Compounds 7-10 also could effectively reduce the expression of COX-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hua Chao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Annen K, Tschesche R, Welzel P. Zur Hydrogenolyse einiger 6 β‐Acetoxy‐ und 6β‐Hydroxy‐Steroid‐ Δ
4
‐Olefine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19731060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Annen
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, D‐5300 Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168
| | - Rudolf Tschesche
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, D‐5300 Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168
| | - Peter Welzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, D‐5300 Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168
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Abstract
Two withanolides, 20beta-hydroxy-1-oxo-(22R)-witha-2,5,24-trienolide (1) and withacoagulin (2), along with a known withanolide, 17beta-hydroxy-14alpha, 20alpha-epoxy-1-oxo-(22R)-witha-3,5,24-trienolide (3) were isolated from Withania coagulans. Their structures were elucidated with the help of different spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta ur-Rahman
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Matsuda H, Murakami T, Kishi A, Yoshikawa M. Structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, new withanolide glycosides, from the roots of Indian Withania somnifera DUNAL. and inhibitory activity for tachyphylaxis to clonidine in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1499-507. [PMID: 11408168 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Seven new withanolide glycosides called withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were isolated from an Indian natural medicine, Ashwagandha, the roots of Indian Withania somnifera DUNAL. (Solanaceae), together with four known compounds, withaferin A, 5 alpha,20 alpha(F)(R)-dihydroxy-6 alpha,7 alpha-epoxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide, physagulin D, and coagulin Q. The structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were determined based on chemical and physicochemical evidence. Principal constituents, withanoside VI (10 and 30 microM) and withaferin A (10 microM), attenuated the tachyphylaxis to clonidine on electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuda
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Kyoto, Japan
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Withanolides, biologically active natural steroidal lactones: A review. STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY (PART F) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(97)80032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ray AB, Gupta M. Withasteroids, a growing group of naturally occurring steroidal lactones. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1994; 63:1-106. [PMID: 7851821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9281-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A B Ray
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Withasteroids of Physalis. X. Circular dichroism of withasteroids from plants of the genus Physalis. Chem Nat Compd 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00597856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davies-Coleman MT, Rivett DE. Naturally occurring 6-substituted 5,6-dihydro-alpha-pyrones. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1989; 55:1-35. [PMID: 2687139 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9002-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Withasteroids of Physalis. VIII. Vamonolide. Chem Nat Compd 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00596649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Withasteroids ofPhysalis. VII. 14α-Hydroxyixocarpanolide and 24,25-expoxywithanolide D. Chem Nat Compd 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00599261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abdullaev ND, Vasina OE, Maslennikova VA, Abubakirov NK. Withasteroids ofPhysalis VI.1H and13C NMR spectra of withasteroids ixocarpalactone A and ixocarpanolide. Chem Nat Compd 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00598301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hirayama M, Gamoh K, Ikekawa N. SYNTHESIS OF THE STEROIDAL LACTONE MOIETY OF WITHANOLIDES. CHEM LETT 1982. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1982.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kamernitskii AV, Reshetova IG, Krivoruchko VA. Withanolides ? A new type of phytosteroids. Chem Nat Compd 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00563935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Adam G, Hesse M. Strukturaufklärung eines C28-steroidlactons vom withaferin-typ aus Dunalia australis (Griseb.)Sleum. Tetrahedron 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(72)88113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Adam G, Hesse M. Ein neues C28-steroidlacton vom withaferin-typ aus dunalia australis (griseb.) sleum. Tetrahedron Lett 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)96664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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