1
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Gustafson A, Sburlati S, Kahr B. Computed Gyration Tensors of Knotted Chiral and Achiral Topological Stereoisomers of C 60 Cyclocarbons. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400277. [PMID: 38606486 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The electronic origins of the computed optical rotations of the simplest chiral and achiral chemical knots with comparatively simple compositions and large, anticipated magnetoelectric polarizabilities are provided. Linear response theory (LRT) is used to calculate the gyration at 1064 nm of two knotted polyyne chains, topological stereoisomers of cyclo[60]carbon. One isomer is analogous to the trefoil knot with approximate D3 symmetry and the other to the figure eight knot with approximate S4 symmetry. The response in each case can be attributed largely to the magnetic dipole term that arises in a near degenerate E-like excited state. An oriented achiral figure eight knot is as optically active in some directions as the chiral knot in any direction, and its absolute eigenvalues are larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Sophia Sburlati
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New York City, New York, 10003, USA
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2
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Pairault N, Rizzi F, Lozano D, Jamieson EMG, Tizzard GJ, Goldup SM. A catenane that is topologically achiral despite being composed of oriented rings. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01194-1. [PMID: 37169983 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes-molecules comprising two interlocking rings held together like links in a chain-are topologically non-trivial: a catenane is a topological isomer of its separated rings, but the rings cannot be disconnected without bond scission. Catenanes can exist as topological enantiomers if both rings have directionality conferred by a defined atom sequence, but this has led to the assumption that the stereochemistry of chiral catenanes composed of oriented rings is inherently topological in nature. Here we show that this assumption is incorrect by synthesizing an example that contains the same fundamental stereogenic unit but whose stereochemistry is Euclidean. One ring in this chiral catenane is oriented by the geometry of an exocyclic double rather than determined by atom sequence within the ring. Isomerization of the exocyclic double bond results in racemization of the catenane, confirming that the stereochemistry is not topological in nature. Thus, we can unite the stereochemistry of catenanes with that of their topologically trivial cousins, the rotaxanes, enabling a more unified approach to their discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Pairault
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Federica Rizzi
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Lozano
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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A chiral macrocycle for the stereoselective synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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4
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Zhang ZH, Zhou Q, Li Z, Zhang N, Zhang L. Completely stereospecific synthesis of a molecular cinquefoil (51) knot. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Feng HN, Sun Z, Chen S, Zhang ZH, Li Z, Zhong Z, Sun T, Ma Y, Zhang L. A Star of David [2]catenane of single handedness. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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6
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Maynard JR, Gallagher P, Lozano D, Butler P, Goldup SM. Mechanically axially chiral catenanes and noncanonical mechanically axially chiral rotaxanes. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1038-1044. [PMID: 35760959 PMCID: PMC7613450 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chirality typically arises in molecules because of a rigidly chiral arrangement of covalently bonded atoms. Less generally appreciated is that chirality can arise when molecules are threaded through one another to create a mechanical bond. For example, when two macrocycles with chemically distinct faces are joined to form a catenane, the structure is chiral, although the rings themselves are not. However, enantiopure mechanically axially chiral catenanes in which the mechanical bond provides the sole source of stereochemistry have not been reported. Here we re-examine the symmetry properties of these molecules and in doing so identify a straightforward route to access them from simple chiral building blocks. Our analysis also led us to identify an analogous but previously unremarked upon rotaxane stereogenic unit, which also yielded to our co-conformational auxiliary approach. With methods to access mechanically axially chiral molecules in hand, their properties and applications can now be explored.
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7
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Rodríguez-Rubio A, Savoini A, Modicom F, Butler P, Goldup SM. A Co-conformationally "Topologically" Chiral Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11927-11932. [PMID: 35763555 PMCID: PMC9348828 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes composed of two achiral rings that are oriented (Cnh symmetry) because of the sequence of atoms they contain are referred to as topologically chiral. Here, we present the synthesis of a highly enantioenriched catenane containing a related but overlooked "co-conformationally 'topologically' chiral" stereogenic unit, which arises when a bilaterally symmetric Cnv ring is desymmetrized by the position of an oriented macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Rodríguez-Rubio
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Savoini
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Modicom
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Butler
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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8
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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9
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Gauthier M, Waelès P, Coutrot F. Post-Synthetic Macrocyclization of Rotaxane Building Blocks. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100458. [PMID: 34811956 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although not often encountered, cyclic interlocked molecules are appealing molecular targets because of their restrained tridimensional structure which is related to both the cyclic and interlocked shapes. Interlocked molecules such as rotaxane building blocks may be good candidates for post-synthetic intramolecular cyclization if the preservation of the mechanical bond ensures the interlocked architecture throughout the reaction. This is obviously the case if the modification does not involve the cleavage of either the macrocycle's main chain or the encircled part of the axle. However, among the post-synthetic reactions, the chemical linkage between two reactive sites belonging to embedded elements of rotaxanes still consists of an underexploited route to interlocked cyclic molecules. This Review lists the rare examples of macrocyclization through chemical connection between reactive sites belonging to a surrounding macrocycle and/or an encircled axle of interlocked rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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10
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11
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Margolis EA, Keyes RJ, Lockey SD, Fenlon EE. Design and synthesis of a bis-macrocyclic host and guests as building blocks for small molecular knots. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2314-2321. [PMID: 33014171 PMCID: PMC7509378 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The thread–link–cut (TLC) approach has previously shown promise as a novel method to synthesize molecular knots. The modular second-generation approach to small trefoil knots described herein involves electrostatic interactions between an electron-rich bis-macrocyclic host compound and electron-deficient guests in the threading step. The bis-macrocyclic host was synthesized in eight steps and 6.6% overall yield. Ammonium and pyridinium guests were synthesized in 4–5 steps. The TLC knot-forming sequence was carried out and produced a product with the expected molecular weight, but, unfortunately, further characterization did not produce conclusive results regarding the topology of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Margolis
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Rebecca J Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Stephen D Lockey
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Edward E Fenlon
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
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12
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13
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Gao WX, Feng HJ, Guo BB, Lu Y, Jin GX. Coordination-Directed Construction of Molecular Links. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6288-6325. [PMID: 32558562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the concept of chemical topology, interlocked molecular assemblies have graduated from academic curiosities and poorly defined species to become synthetic realities. Coordination-directed synthesis provides powerful, diverse, and increasingly sophisticated protocols for accessing interlocked molecules. Originally, metal ions were employed solely as templates to gather and position building blocks in entwined or threaded arrangements. Recently, metal centers have increasingly featured within the backbones of the integral structural elements, which in turn use noncovalent interactions to self-assemble into intricate topologies. By outlining ingenious recent examples as well as seminal classic cases, this Review focuses on the role of metal-ligand paradigms in assembling molecular links. In addition, the ever-evolving approaches to efficient assembly, the structural features of the resulting architectures, and their prospects for the future are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xi Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ye Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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14
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Abstract
Catenated cages represent chemistry’s challenging synthetic targets because a three-dimensional assembly is necessary for their formation. Herein, a cyclic bis[2]catenane is constructed through the coordination-driven self-assembly of the interlocked bis-metallacage, by the 90° Pt(II) heteroligation of the endo-functionalized double-bridged tweezer bearing pyridyl moieties and the tetra-carboxylated linker. NMR spectrometry, X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry confirm the formation of a cyclic bis[2]catenane with “∞”-shaped topology via a 14-component self-assembly. Particularly, reversibly responsive transformation between the bis[2]catenane and the bis-metallacage can be realized by guest exchange, concentration effect and solvent effect. This work represents a novel example of a cyclic cage-based [2]catenane oligomer. Catenated cages are challenging synthetic targets in chemistry. Here, the authors employ a multi-component coordination strategy using a Pt(II) heteroligation to construct a cyclic bis[2]catenane metallacage, which could be reversibly transformed between the catenated structure and the bis-metallacage.
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15
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Tezuka Y. Topological Polymer Chemistry: A Personal Reflection Upon the Evolution and Prospects of Synthetic Macromolecular Chemistry. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Exploring and Exploiting the Symmetry-Breaking Effect of Cyclodextrins in Mechanomolecules. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cone-shaped molecular rings that have been widely employed in supramolecular/host–guest chemistry because of their low cost, high biocompatibility, stability, wide availability in multiple sizes, and their promiscuity for binding a range of molecular guests in water. Consequently, CD-based host–guest complexes are often employed as templates for the synthesis of mechanically bonded molecules (mechanomolecules) such as catenanes, rotaxanes, and polyrotaxanes in particular. The conical shape and cyclodirectionality of the CD “bead” gives rise to a symmetry-breaking effect when it is threaded onto a molecular “string”; even symmetrical guests are rendered asymmetric by the presence of an encircling CD host. This review focuses on the stereochemical implications of this symmetry-breaking effect in mechanomolecules, including orientational isomerism, mechanically planar chirality, and topological chirality, as well as how they support applications in regioselective and stereoselective chemical synthesis, the design of molecular machine prototypes, and the development of advanced materials.
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17
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Shining a Spotlight on DNA: Single-Molecule Methods to Visualise DNA. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030491. [PMID: 30704053 PMCID: PMC6384704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to watch single molecules of DNA has revolutionised how we study biological transactions concerning nucleic acids. Many strategies have been developed to manipulate DNA molecules to investigate mechanical properties, dynamics and protein–DNA interactions. Imaging methods using small molecules and protein-based probes to visualise DNA have propelled our understanding of complex biochemical reactions involving DNA. This review focuses on summarising some of the methodological developments made to visualise individual DNA molecules and discusses how these probes have been used in single-molecule biophysical assays.
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18
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Yee CC, Ng AWH, Au-Yeung HY. Control over the macrocyclisation pathway and product topology in a copper-templated catenane synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6169-6172. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to control building block intertwining and the efficient assembly of a linear [4]catenane are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chung Yee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | | | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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19
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Mena-Hernando S, Pérez EM. Mechanically interlocked materials. Rotaxanes and catenanes beyond the small molecule. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5016-5032. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the progress in mechanically interlocked materials is presented. In particular, we focus on polycatenanes, polyrotaxanes, metal–organic rotaxane frameworks (MORFs), and mechanically interlocked derivatives of carbon nanotubes (MINTs).
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Tsukamoto T, Sasahara R, Muranaka A, Miura Y, Suzuki Y, Kimura M, Miyagawa S, Kawasaki T, Kobayashi N, Uchiyama M, Tokunaga Y. Synthesis of a Chiral [2]Rotaxane: Induction of a Helical Structure through Double Threading. Org Lett 2018; 20:4745-4748. [PMID: 30058808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A helically chiral [2]rotaxane featuring two ammonium ion recognition sites in the dumbbell-like component and a calix-bis-crown ether as the macrocyclic component was synthesized, but with no chirality in either individual component. The enantiomeric nature of the isomers, separated through chiral HPLC, was apparent in their CD spectra, which were mirror images for all wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tsukamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Fukui University , Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Ryota Sasahara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Fukui University , Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako-shi , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yuzuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Yu Suzuki
- Tenure-Track Program for Innovative Research , University of Fukui , Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Fukui University , Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Fukui University , Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Tokyo University of Science , Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 , Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology , Shinshu University , Tokida, Ueda , Nagano 386-8567 , Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako-shi , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Fukui University , Bunkyo , Fukui 910-8507 , Japan
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21
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Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Goldup SM. Chirality in rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5266-5311. [PMID: 29796501 PMCID: PMC6049620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although chiral mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have been synthesised and studied, enantiopure examples are relatively under-represented in the pantheon of reported catenanes and rotaxanes and the underlying chirality of the system is often even overlooked. This is changing with the advent of new applications of MIMs in catalysis, sensing and materials and the appearance of new methods to access unusual stereogenic units unique to the mechanical bond. Here we discuss the different stereogenic units that have been investigated in catenanes and rotaxanes, examples of their application, methods for assigning absolute stereochemistry and provide a perspective on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. G. Jamieson
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - F. Modicom
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - S. M. Goldup
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
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22
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Rao S, Ye X, Zhang Q, Gao C, Wang W, Qu D. Light‐Induced Cyclization of A [
c
2]Daisy‐Chain Rotaxane to Form a Shrinkable Double‐Lasso Macrocycle. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si‐Jia Rao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringKey Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xu‐Hao Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringKey Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringKey Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringKey Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wen‐Zhi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringKey Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Da‐Hui Qu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringKey Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsEast China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
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23
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Xing H, Li Z, Wu ZL, Huang F. Catenane Crosslinked Mechanically Adaptive Polymer Gel. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [PMID: 28795447 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy is introduced to prepare an adaptive polymer gel that has a unique adaptability in response to environmental stimuli. This gel is prepared by the thiol-ene "click" reaction between a bisvinyl [2]catenane and a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative containing multiple thiol groups. The catenane crosslinker is responsive to external stimuli due to the existence of intercomponent hydrogen bonding (IHB). The strong IHB restricts the rotation and movement of the crosslinker, giving it a rigid feature; however, the crosslinker becomes flexible when the IHB is destroyed. In consequence, the resulting gel can be reversibly switched between tough and soft states under stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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24
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Abstract
To a large extent, the field of "molecular machines" started after several groups were able to prepare, reasonably easily, interlocking ring compounds (named catenanes for compounds consisting of interlocking rings and rotaxanes for rings threaded by molecular filaments or axes). Important families of molecular machines not belonging to the interlocking world were also designed, prepared, and studied but, for most of them, their elaboration was more recent than that of catenanes or rotaxanes. Since the creation of interlocking ring molecules is so important in relation to the molecular machinery area, we will start with this aspect of our work. The second part will naturally be devoted to the dynamic properties of such systems and to the compounds for which motions can be directed in a controlled manner from the outside, that is, molecular machines. We will restrict our discussion to a very limited number of examples which we consider as particularly representative of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculiares, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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25
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Sauvage JP. Von der chemischen Topologie zu molekularen Maschinen (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculiares; Université de Strasbourg; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
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26
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Prakasam T, Bilbeisi RA, El-Khoury R, Charbonnière LJ, Elhabiri M, Esposito G, Olsen JC, Trabolsi A. Topological transformation of a trefoil knot into a [2]catenane. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16474-16479. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03582a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic and thermodynamic investigation of topological transformation of a trefoil knot into a [2]catenane in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumurugan Prakasam
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)
- Experimental Research Building
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Rana A. Bilbeisi
- American University of Beirut
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEA)
- Beirut
- Lebanon
| | - Roberto El-Khoury
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)
- Experimental Research Building
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Loïc J. Charbonnière
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée á l'Analyse
- IPHC UMR 7178 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
- 67087 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale
- UMR 7509 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
- 67087 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Gennaro Esposito
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)
- Experimental Research Building
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
- DMIF
| | - John-Carl Olsen
- Department of Chemistry
- RC Box 270216
- University of Rochester
- Rochester
- USA
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)
- Experimental Research Building
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
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27
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Veliks J, Seifert HM, Frantz DK, Klosterman JK, Tseng JC, Linden A, Siegel JS. Towards the molecular Borromean link with three unequal rings: double-threaded ruthenium(ii) ring-in-ring complexes. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of double-threaded ruthenium(ii) ring-in-ring complexes and the Borromean link with three unequal rings detected by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Veliks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Helen M. Seifert
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Derik K. Frantz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Jui-Chang Tseng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- 8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
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28
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Ohayon YP, Sha R, Flint O, Chandrasekaran AR, Abdallah HO, Wang T, Wang X, Zhang X, Seeman NC. Topological Linkage of DNA Tiles Bonded by Paranemic Cohesion. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10296-10303. [PMID: 26364680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Catenation is the process by which cyclic strands are combined like the links of a chain, whereas knotting changes the linking properties of a single strand. In the cell, topoisomerases catalyzing strand passage operations enable the knotting and catenation of DNA so that single- or double-stranded segments can be passed through each other. Here, we use a system of closed DNA structures involving a paranemic motif, called PX-DNA, to bind double strands of DNA together. These PX-cohesive closed molecules contain complementary loops whose linking by Escherichia coli topoisomerase 1 (Topo 1) leads to various types of catenated and knotted structures. We were able to obtain specific DNA topological constructs by varying the lengths of the complementary tracts between the complementary loops. The formation of the structures was analyzed by denaturing gel electrophoresis, and the various topologies of the constructs were characterized using the program Knotilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel P Ohayon
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ruojie Sha
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ortho Flint
- Department of Mathematics, University of Western Ontario , London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | | | - Hatem O Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Nadrian C Seeman
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , New York, New York 10003, United States
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29
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Lim NCH, Jackson SE. Molecular knots in biology and chemistry. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:354101. [PMID: 26291690 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/35/354101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Knots and entanglements are ubiquitous. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these fascinating topological entities can be either useful or cumbersome. In recent decades, the importance and prevalence of molecular knots have been increasingly recognised by scientists from different disciplines. In this review, we provide an overview on the various molecular knots found in naturally occurring biological systems (DNA, RNA and proteins), and those created by synthetic chemists. We discuss the current knowledge in these fields, including recent developments in experimental and, in some cases, computational studies which are beginning to shed light into the complex interplay between the structure, formation and properties of these topologically intricate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C H Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
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30
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Kuck D. From Fragmentation to Construction--from Void to Massive: Fascination with Organic Mass Spectrometry and the Synthesis of Novel Three-Dimensional Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. CHEM REC 2015. [PMID: 26202384 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Detailed insights gained from our research into the gas-phase chemistry of ionized and protonated diphenylalkanes and their congeners, obtained by extended synthesis of isotopically labeled model compounds and mass spectrometry, are presented and merged with those acquired during our development of a new family of polycyclic hydrocarbons, the centropolyindanes. Aside from a Personal Account that describes "two scientific lives in one", it is demonstrated, on the one hand, how our understanding of organic chemistry can help to shed light on the details of mass spectrometric fragmentation and to unravel, in a more fundamental way, the unimolecular reactivity of gaseous ions. On the other hand, it is shown how unexpected reactivity of related ions in solution, being subject to the very same fundamentals of organic chemistry, can lead to the construction of novel and, in part, unique three-dimensional polycyclic structures that may contribute to future research in material science. Two such apparently independent fields of organic chemistry may be seen as joint contributions of the art of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kuck
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.
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31
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Christmann M, Hu J, Kitamura M, Stoltz B. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(15)00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenanes: fifty years of molecular links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6110-50. [PMID: 25951013 PMCID: PMC4515087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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33
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenane: fünfzig Jahre molekulare Verschlingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Prakasam T, Lusi M, Nauha E, Olsen JC, Sy M, Platas-Iglesias C, Charbonnière LJ, Trabolsi A. Dynamic stereoisomerization in inherently chiral bimetallic [2]catenanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5840-3. [PMID: 25664727 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07392d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stereoisomerization and the unprecedented phenomenon of metal translocation in the absence of redox processes were probed in two inherently chiral bimetallic [2]catenanes by using a combination of variable-temperature (1)H NMR and CD spectroscopies, X-ray crystallography, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumurugan Prakasam
- Centre for Science and Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), United Arab Emirates.
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35
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Tron A, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Ducrot A, Tucker JHR, Baroncini M, Credi A, McClenaghan ND. Photodriven [2]rotaxane–[2]catenane interconversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2810-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The reversible photocyclomerization of terminal anthracene units enables the interconversion between [2]rotaxane and [2]catenane molecular topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tron
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | | | - Aurélien Ducrot
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | | | - Massimo Baroncini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Giamician”
- Via Selmi 2
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Giamician”
- Via Selmi 2
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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36
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Xiong S, Zhang X, Meng LB, Jiang J, Lin C, Wang L. Novel pseudo[2]rotaxanes constructed by the self-assembly of dibenzyl tetramethylene bis-carbamate derivatives and per-ethylated pillar[5]arene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6504-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel pseudo[2]rotaxanes based on per-ethylated pillar[5]arene and neutral guests G1/G7 were successfully constructed. Particularly, the pseudo[2]rotaxane constructed from per-ethylated pillar[5]arene and G7 showed photoresponsive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Lu-Bo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Juli Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Chen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Leyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Center for Multimolecular Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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37
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Frasconi M, Kikuchi T, Cao D, Wu Y, Liu WG, Dyar SM, Barin G, Sarjeant AA, Stern CL, Carmieli R, Wang C, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Mechanical Bonds and Topological Effects in Radical Dimer Stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11011-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gokhan Barin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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38
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Suzuki T, Yamamoto T, Tezuka Y. Constructing a Macromolecular K3,3 Graph through Electrostatic Self-Assembly and Covalent Fixation with a Dendritic Polymer Precursor. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10148-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504891x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzuki
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tezuka
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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39
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Ponnuswamy N, Cougnon FBL, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Homochiral and meso Figure Eight Knots and a Solomon Link. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8243-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4125884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Ponnuswamy
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fabien B. L. Cougnon
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA 7AY, Bath, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
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40
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Schaller GR, Topić F, Rissanen K, Okamoto Y, Shen J, Herges R. Design and synthesis of the first triply twisted Möbius annulene. Nat Chem 2014; 6:608-13. [PMID: 24950331 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As long as 50 years ago theoretical calculations predicted that Möbius annulenes with only one π surface and one edge would exhibit peculiar electronic properties and violate the Hückel rules. Numerous synthetic attempts notwithstanding, the first singly twisted Möbius annulene was not prepared until 2003. Here we present a general, rational strategy to synthesize triply or even more highly twisted cyclic π systems. We apply this strategy to the preparation of a triply twisted [24]dehydroannulene, the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Our strategy is based on the topological transformation of 'twist' into 'writhe'. The advantage is twofold: the product exhibits a lower degree of strain and precursors can be designed that inherently include the writhe, which, after cyclization, ends up in the Möbius product. With our strategy, triply twisted systems are easier to prepare than their singly twisted counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston R Schaller
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Filip Topić
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yoshio Okamoto
- Nagoya University, 1E Miyahigashi-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0804, Japan
| | - Jun Shen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rainer Herges
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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41
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Bordoli R, Goldup SM. An efficient approach to mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4817-20. [PMID: 24559064 PMCID: PMC3977585 DOI: 10.1021/ja412715m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the first method for production of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes in excellent enantiopurity without the use of chiral separation techniques and, for the first time, unambiguously assign the absolute stereochemistry of the products. This proof-of-concept study, which employs a chiral pool sugar as the source of asymmetry and a high-yielding active template reaction for mechanical bond formation, finally opens the door to detailed investigation of these challenging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
J. Bordoli
- School of Biological and
Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University
of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Biological and
Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University
of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
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42
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Pangilinan K, Advincula R. Cyclic polymers and catenanes by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Pangilinan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Rigoberto Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44106 USA
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43
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Neal EA, Goldup SM. Chemical consequences of mechanical bonding in catenanes and rotaxanes: isomerism, modification, catalysis and molecular machines for synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5128-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47842d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We highlight some of the less discussed consequences of mechanical bonding for the chemical behaviour of catenanes and rotaxanes, including striking recent examples where molecular motion controls chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London, UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Biological and Chemical Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London, UK
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44
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Hartlieb KJ, Blackburn AK, Schneebeli ST, Forgan RS, Sarjeant AA, Stern CL, Cao D, Stoddart JF. Topological isomerism in a chiral handcuff catenane. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52106k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Takaishi K, Yabe T, Uchiyama M, Yokoyama A. Binaphthyl-based chiral macrocyclophanes with variously sized cavities: Dn-symmetrical structure constructed from unidirectionally-inclined rod segments. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(13)01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Sørensen A, Andersen SS, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO. Pressure effects in the synthesis of isomeric rotaxanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5936-8. [PMID: 23719617 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sørensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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48
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Chambron JC, Sauvage JP. Topologically complex molecules obtained by transition metal templation: it is the presentation that determines the synthesis strategy. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Siegel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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50
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Forgan RS, Gassensmith JJ, Cordes DB, Boyle MM, Hartlieb KJ, Friedman DC, Slawin AMZ, Stoddart JF. Self-Assembly of a [2]Pseudorota[3]catenane in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17007-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3085115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross S. Forgan
- Center for the Chemistry of
Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133,
United States
| | - Jeremiah J. Gassensmith
- Center for the Chemistry of
Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133,
United States
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh,
St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Megan M. Boyle
- Center for the Chemistry of
Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133,
United States
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Center for the Chemistry of
Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133,
United States
| | - Douglas C. Friedman
- Center for the Chemistry of
Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133,
United States
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh,
St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Center for the Chemistry of
Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133,
United States
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