1
|
Ajitha M, Haines BE, Musaev DG. Mechanism and Selectivity of Copper-Catalyzed Bromination of Distal C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Organometallics 2023; 42:2467-2476. [PMID: 37772274 PMCID: PMC10526628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds are the most challenging substrate class for transition metal-catalyzed C-H halogenation. Recently, the Yu group [Liu, T.; Myers, M. C.; Yu, J. Q. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2017, 56 (1), 306-309] has demonstrated that a CuII/phenanthroline catalyst and BrN3, generated in situ from NBS and TMSN3 precursors, can achieve selective C-H bromination distal to a directing group. The current understanding of the mechanism of this reaction has left numerous questions unanswered. Here, we investigated the mechanism of Cu-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bromination with distal site selectivity using density functional theory calculations. We found that this reaction starts with the Br-atom transfer from BrN3 to the Cu center that occurs via a small energy barrier at the singlet-triplet state seam of crossing. In the course of this reaction, the presence of the N-H bond in the substrate is critically important and acts as a directing group for enhancing the stability of the catalyst-substrate interaction and for the recruitment of the substrate to the catalyst. The required C-centered radical substrate formation occurs via direct C-H dehydrogenation by the Cu-coordinated N3 radical, rather than via the previously proposed N-H bond dehydrogenation and then the 1,5-H transfer from the γ-(C-H) bond to the N-radical center pathway. The C-H bond activation by the azide radical is a regioselectivity-controlling step. The following bromination of the C-centered radical by the Cu-coordinated bromine completes the product formation. This reaction step is the rate-limiting step, occurs at the singlet-to-triplet state seam of the crossing point, and is exergonic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjaly
J. Ajitha
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Computational Study of Key Mechanistic Details for a Proposed Copper (I)-Mediated Deconstructive Fluorination of N-Protected Cyclic Amines. Top Catal 2022; 65:418-432. [PMID: 35197715 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using calculations, we show that a proposed Cu(I)-mediated deconstructive fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines with Selectfluor® is feasible and may proceed through: (a) substrate coordination to a Cu(I) salt, (b) iminium ion formation followed by conversion to a hemiaminal, and (c) fluorination involving C-C cleavage of the hemiaminal. The iminium ion formation is calculated to proceed via a F-atom coupled electron transfer (FCET) mechanism to form, formally, a product arising from oxidative addition coupled with electron transfer (OA + ET). The subsequent β-C-C cleavage/fluorination of the hemiaminal intermediate may proceed via either ring-opening or deformylative fluorination pathways. The latter pathway is initiated by opening of the hemiaminal to give an aldehyde, followed by formyl H-atom abstraction by a TEDA2+ radical dication, decarbonylation, and fluorination of the C3-radical center by another equivalent of Selectfluor®. In general, the mechanism for the proposed Cu(I)- mediated deconstructive C-H fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines (LH) by Selectfluor® was calculated to proceed analogously to our previously reported Ag(I)-mediated reaction. In comparison to the Ag(I)-mediated process, in the Cu(I)-mediated reaction the iminium ion formation and hemiaminal fluorination have lower associated energy barriers, whereas the product release and catalyst re-generation steps have higher barriers.
Collapse
|
3
|
Umemoto T, Yang Y, Hammond GB. Development of N-F fluorinating agents and their fluorinations: Historical perspective. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1752-1813. [PMID: 34386101 PMCID: PMC8329385 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review deals with the historical development of all N-F fluorinating agents developed so far. The unique properties of fluorine make fluorinated organic compounds attractive in many research areas and therefore fluorinating agents are important. N-F agents have proven useful by virtue of their easy handling. This reagent class includes many types of N-F compounds: perfluoro-N-fluoropiperidine, N-fluoro-2-pyridone, N-fluoro-N-alkylarenesulfonamides, N-fluoropyridinium salts and derivatives, N-fluoroquinuclidium salts, N-fluoro-trifluoromethanesulfonimide, N-fluoro-sultams, N-fluoro-benzothiazole dioxides, N-fluoro-lactams, N-fluoro-o-benzenedisulfonimide, N-fluoro-benzenesulfonimide, 1-alkyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane salts, N-fluoropyridinium-2-sulfonate derivatives, 1-fluoro-4-hydroxy-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane salts, N-fluorodinitroimidazole, N-fluoro-trichloro-1,3,5-triazinium salt, N-F ethano-Tröger’s base derivatives, N-fluoro-methanesulfonimide, N-fluoro-N-arylarenesulfonamides, bisN-F salts such as N,N’-difluorobipyridinium salts and N,N’-difluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane salts, and their many derivatives and analogs, including chiral N-F reagents such as optically active N-fluoro-sultam derivatives, N-fluoro-alkaloid derivatives, DABCO-based N-F derivatives, and N-F binaphthyldisulfonimides. The synthesis and reactions of these reagents are described chronologically and the review also discusses the relative fluorination power of each reagent and their mechanisms chronicling developments from a historical perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Umemoto
- Department Chemistry, University of Louisville, Lousiville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Yuhao Yang
- Department Chemistry, University of Louisville, Lousiville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Gerald B Hammond
- Department Chemistry, University of Louisville, Lousiville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adachi A, Aikawa K, Ishibashi Y, Nozaki K, Okazoe T. Bench-Stable Electrophilic Fluorinating Reagents for Highly Selective Mono- and Difluorination of Silyl Enol Ethers. Chemistry 2021; 27:11919-11925. [PMID: 34009678 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Efficient methods for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds have been intensively studied, recently. Development of practical fluorinating reagents is indispensable for this purpose. Herein, bench-stable electrophilic fluorinating reagents were synthesized as N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) substitutes. Reagents obtained by replacing one of the NFSI sulfonyl groups with an acyl group led to the highly selective monofluorination of silyl enol ethers with suppression of undesired overreaction, that is, difluorination. On the other hand, reagents bearing electron-withdrawing substituents at NFSI benzenesulfonyl groups efficiently facilitated the difluorination of silyl enol ethers under base-free conditions. Thus, both mono- and difluorinated target materials were prepared from the same substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Adachi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Aikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ishibashi
- Yokohama Technical Center, AGC Inc., 1-1 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Yokohama Technical Center, AGC Inc., 1-1 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rozatian N, Hodgson DRW. Reactivities of electrophilic N-F fluorinating reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:683-712. [PMID: 33367354 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic fluorination represents one of the most direct and useful methods available for the selective introduction of fluorine into organic compounds. Electrophilic fluorinating reagents of the N-F class have revolutionised the incorporation of fluorine atoms into both pharmaceutically- and agrochemically-important substrates. Since the earliest N-F reagents were commercialised in the 1990s, their reactivities have been investigated using qualitative and, more recently, quantitative methods. This review discusses the different experimental approaches employed to determine reactivities of N-F reagents, focussing on the kinetics studies reported in recent years. We make critical evaluations of the experimental approaches against each other, theoretical approaches, and their applicability towards practical problems. The opportunities for achieving more efficient synthetic electrophilic fluorination processes through kinetic understanding are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neshat Rozatian
- Chemistry Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| | - David R W Hodgson
- Chemistry Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kitamura Electrophilic Fluorination Using HF as a Source of Fluorine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25092116. [PMID: 32366048 PMCID: PMC7248860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review article focused on the innovative procedure for electrophilic fluorination using HF and in situ generation of the required electrophilic species derived from hypervalent iodine compounds. The areas of synthetic application of this approach include fluorination of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, aryl-alkyl ketones, styrene derivatives, α,β-unsaturated ketones and alcohols, homoallyl amine and homoallyl alcohol derivatives, 3-butenoic acids and alkynes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Das P, Boone S, Mitra D, Turner L, Tandon R, Raucher D, Hamme AT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluoro-substituted spiro-isoxazolines as potential anti-viral and anti-cancer agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30223-30237. [PMID: 35518245 PMCID: PMC9056317 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic fluorine-mediated dearomative spirocyclization has been developed to synthesize a range of fluoro-substituted spiro-isoxazoline ethers and lactones. The in vitro biological assays of synthesized compounds were probed for anti-viral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and cytotoxicity against glioblastomas (GBM6) and triple negative breast cancer (MDA MB 231). Interestingly, compounds 4d and 4n showed significant activity against HCMV (IC50 ∼ 10 μM), while 4l and 5f revealed the highest cytotoxicity with IC50 = 36 to 80 μM. The synthetic efficacy and biological relevance offer an opportunity to further drug-discovery development of fluoro-spiro-isoxazolines as novel anti-viral and anti-cancer agents. The synthetic efficacy and biological relevance extend an opportunity to further drug-discovery development of fluoro-spiro-isoxazolines as novel anti-viral and anti-cancer agents.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Sarah Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Dipanwita Mitra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Lindsay Turner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Drazen Raucher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Ashton T. Hamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Jackson State University
- Jackson
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Timofeeva DS, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Kinetics of Electrophilic Fluorinations of Enamines and Carbanions: Comparison of the Fluorinating Power of N–F Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11474-11486. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Timofeeva
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deng Y, Kauser NI, Islam SM, Mohr JT. Ag
II
‐Mediated Synthesis of β‐Fluoroketones by Oxidative Cyclopropanol Opening. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Deng
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607 Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Nabeelah I. Kauser
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607 Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Shahidul M. Islam
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607 Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Justin T. Mohr
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607 Chicago Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang JD, Wang Y, Xue XS, Cheng JP. A Systematic Evaluation of the N–F Bond Strength of Electrophilic N–F Reagents: Hints for Atomic Fluorine Donating Ability. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4129-4135. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Dong Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Charanraj T, Ramachandra P, Ramesh N, Junjappa H. Fluorination of α-oxoketenedithioacetals: one-pot four-component synthesis of α-fluoro-α-oxoketenedithioacetals. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Xue XS, Wang Y, Li M, Cheng JP. Comprehensive Energetic Scale for Quantitatively Estimating the Fluorinating Potential of N–F Reagents in Electrophilic Fluorinations. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4280-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Neumann CN, Ritter T. Late-stage fluorination: fancy novelty or useful tool? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3216-21. [PMID: 25653137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Charming fluorine: This Essay examines the recent surge in late-stage fluorination reactions and outlines challenges that need to be overcome to increase the impact of modern fluorination methods on the synthesis of complex organofluorine compounds. It is outlined how an improved understanding of the bonding interactions of fluoride could lead to a new class of mild fluorinating reagents and a range of functional-group-tolerant reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze N Neumann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA) http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fluorierung in späten Synthesestadien: extravagante Neuheit oder nützliches Hilfsmittel? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
15
|
Construction of fluorinated pyrazole derivatives via a one-pot tandem C–H insertion/electrophilic fluorination reaction. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
16
|
Pitts CR, Bloom S, Woltornist R, Auvenshine DJ, Ryzhkov LR, Siegler MA, Lectka T. Direct, catalytic monofluorination of sp³ C-H bonds: a radical-based mechanism with ionic selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9780-91. [PMID: 24943675 DOI: 10.1021/ja505136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, our group unveiled a system in which an unusual interplay between copper(I) and Selectfluor effects mild, catalytic sp(3) C-H fluorination. Herein, we report a detailed reaction mechanism based on exhaustive EPR, (19)F NMR, UV-vis, electrochemical, kinetic, synthetic, and computational studies that, to our surprise, was revealed to be a radical chain mechanism in which copper acts as an initiator. Furthermore, we offer an explanation for the notable but curious preference for monofluorination by ascribing an ionic character to the transition state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kitamura T, Muta K, Muta K. Hypervalent Iodine-Promoted α-Fluorination of Acetophenone Derivatives with a Triethylamine·HF Complex. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5842-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsugio Kitamura
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Kensuke Muta
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Muta
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shamma T, Buchholz H, Prakash GS, Olah GA. Electrophilic Fluorination of Aromatics with Selectfluor™ and Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid1. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
Liang T, Neumann CN, Ritter T. Introduction of fluorine and fluorine-containing functional groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8214-64. [PMID: 23873766 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1955] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Kumar A, Pal AK, Anand RD, Singh TV, Venugopalan P. EWG assisted nucleophilic fluorination using PPHF: a strategy for the synthesis of 1,2,2-triaryl-2-fluoroethanones. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Anbarasan P, Neumann H, Beller M. A New and Practical Grignard-Coupling-Fluorination Sequence: Synthesis of 2-Aryl Fluoroarenes. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1775-8. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Malamakal RM, Hess WR, Davis TA. Highly efficient diastereoselective reduction of alpha-fluoroimines. Org Lett 2010; 12:2186-9. [PMID: 20408600 PMCID: PMC2929650 DOI: 10.1021/ol100647b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective reduction of alpha-fluoroimines to the corresponding beta-fluoroamines has been developed utilizing trichlorosilane as the reductant. The key aspect of this reaction is the ability of fluorine and nitrogen to activate organosilanes leading to high diastereoselectivity (>100:1) in the product distribution. This new method provides a new avenue for the diastereoselective synthesis of beta-fluorinated amines in good yields and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Campus Box 8023, Pocatello, ID 83209
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yamada S, Gavryushin A, Knochel P. Convenient Electrophilic Fluorination of Functionalized Aryl and Heteroaryl Magnesium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2215-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Yamada S, Gavryushin A, Knochel P. Convenient Electrophilic Fluorination of Functionalized Aryl and Heteroaryl Magnesium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Ilayaraja N, Noel M. Galvanostatic and potentiostatic fluorination of 2-indanone, 1-indanone and 1,3-indandione in Et3N · 4HF medium. Adsorption effects on yield and product selectivity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Kirk KL. Fluorination in Medicinal Chemistry: Methods, Strategies, and Recent Developments. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 953] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Furin GG, Fainzil'berg AA. N-Fluoro amines and their analogues as fluorinating reagents in organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1999v068n08abeh000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
New approaches to enantioselective fluorination: Cinchona alkaloids combinations and chiral ligands/metal complexes. J Fluor Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Ramírez J, Fernández E. One-pot synthesis of α,α-difluoroimines from alkynes through tandem catalytic diboration/fluorination/imination reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Heinrich MR. Synthesis of 2-fluorotetralones by oxidative radical cyclization of α-fluoroacetophenones and olefins. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
New synthetic routes towards various α-fluorinated aryl ketones and their enantioselective reductions using baker's yeast. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Zhang F, Song JZ. A novel general method for preparation of α-fluoro-α-arylcarboxylic acid. Direct fluorination of silyl ketene acetals with Selectfluor®. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
34
|
Fukuzumi T, Shibata N, Sugiura M, Nakamura S, Toru T. Enantioselective fluorination mediated by cinchona alkaloids/selectfluor combinations: A catalytic approach. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Fujiwara T, Takeuchi Y. Synthesis, reactions, and applications of fluorine-containing multifunctional carbon compounds. J Fluor Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
VanVliet DS, Tachibana Y, Bastow KF, Huang ES, Lee KH. Antitumor agents. 207. Design, synthesis, and biological testing of 4beta-anilino-2-fluoro-4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin analogues as cytotoxic and antiviral agents. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1422-8. [PMID: 11311065 DOI: 10.1021/jm000377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Fluoropodophyllotoxin (11) and several 4beta-anilino-2-fluoro-4'-O-demethyl analogues were synthesized and evaluated in both antineoplastic and antiviral assays. These compounds were moderately active against some cancer cell lines, but they were less active than the corresponding nonfluorinated analogues. Compound 11 exhibited the best activity against KB carcinoma with a GI(50) of approximately 30 nM. Most compounds exhibited moderate activity against HCMV with ID(50) and ID(90) values in the range of 1 microM and 4 microM, respectively. Both 9 and 11 showed an unusual 10-fold selectivity for HSV-2 compared to HSV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S VanVliet
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Grée D, Madiot V, Grée R. High regio-and stereocontrol in the dehydroxy — fluorination of propargylic alcohols and the corresponding Cobalt-carbonyl complexes. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
40
|
N-Fluoro-3-ethyl-3-methyl-1,1-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-1λ6-benzo[e]1,2-thiazin-4-one, a new and efficient agent for electrophilic fluorination of carbanions. J Fluor Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(99)00028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
41
|
|
42
|
Umemoto T, Nagayoshi M, Adachi K, Tomizawa G. Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity of N,N‘-Difluorobipyridinium and Related Salts and Their Applications as Reactive and Easy-To-Handle Electrophilic Fluorinating Agents with High Effective Fluorine Content1. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo972338q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Umemoto
- MEC Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd., Miyukigaoka 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nagayoshi
- MEC Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd., Miyukigaoka 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Kenji Adachi
- MEC Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd., Miyukigaoka 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Ginjiro Tomizawa
- MEC Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd., Miyukigaoka 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Enders D, Potthoff M, Raabe G, Runsink J. Regio- und enantioselektive Synthese von α-Fluorketonen via elektrophile Fluorierung von α-Silylketonenolaten mitN-Fluor-N,N-bis(phenylsulfonyl)amin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
45
|
Waschbüsch R, Carran J, Savignac P. New routes to diethyl 1-fluoromethylphosphonocarboxylates and diethyl 1-fluoromethylphosphonocarboxylic acid. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
46
|
Umemoto T, Nagayoshi M. N,N′-Difluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Salts, Highly Reactive and Easy-to-Handle Electrophilic Fluorinating Agents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1996. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.69.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- G. Sankar Lal
- Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 7201 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18195-1501
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Synthese von neuartigen difluorierten Prostacyclinen - Erhöhung der Stabilität durch Fluorsubstituenten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
49
|
Ying W, DesMarteau DD, Gotoh Y. N-fluoro-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide: Electrophilic fluorination of imines and some methyl-substituted pyridines. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00884-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
50
|
|