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Lee J. Perspectives on Bioluminescence Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:389-404. [PMID: 27748947 DOI: 10.1111/php.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of the bioluminescence systems of the firefly, bacteria and those utilizing imidazopyrazinone luciferins such as coelenterazine are gradually being uncovered using modern biophysical methods such as dynamic (ns-ps) fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR, X-ray crystallography and computational chemistry. The chemical structures of all reactants are well defined, and the spatial structures of the luciferases are providing important insight into interactions within the active cavity. It is generally accepted that the firefly and coelenterazine systems, although proceeding by different chemistries, both generate a dioxetanone high-energy species that undergoes decarboxylation to form directly the product in its S1 state, the bioluminescence emitter. More work is still needed to establish the structure of the products completely. In spite of the bacterial system receiving the most research attention, the chemical pathway for excitation remains mysterious except that it is clearly not by a decarboxylation. Both the coelenterazine and bacterial systems have in common of being able to employ "antenna proteins," lumazine protein and the green-fluorescent protein, for tuning the color of the bioluminescence. Spatial structure information has been most valuable in informing the mechanism of the Ca2+ -regulated photoproteins and the antenna protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Coutant EP, Janin YL. Synthetic Routes to Coelenterazine and Other Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-one Luciferins: Essential Tools for Bioluminescence-Based Investigations. Chemistry 2015; 21:17158-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ishii Y, Hayashi C, Suzuki Y, Hirano T. Chemiluminescent 2,6-diphenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones: a new entry to Cypridina luciferin analogues. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:182-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50197c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hachiya S, Inagaki T, Hashizume D, Maki S, Niwa H, Hirano T. Synthesis and fluorescence properties of difluoro[amidopyrazinato-O,N]boron derivatives: a new boron-containing fluorophore. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Synthesis of boradiazaindacene–imidazopyrazinone conjugate as lipophilic and yellow-chemiluminescent chemosensor for superoxide radical anion. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saito R. Non-CRET-Based Green Chemiluminescence of Imidazopyrazinone Modified by 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[i,j]quinolizine as a Strong Electron-Donating Unit. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hirano T, Takahashi Y, Kondo H, Maki S, Kojima S, Ikeda H, Niwa H. The reaction mechanism for the high quantum yield of Cypridina (Vargula) bioluminescence supported by the chemiluminescence of 6-aryl-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones (Cypridinaluciferin analogues). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:197-207. [DOI: 10.1039/b713374j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Teranishi K. Luminescence of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one compounds. Bioorg Chem 2007; 35:82-111. [PMID: 17007903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review I will discuss chemical principles of the luminescence of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one compounds described to date. The review is composed of two main parts, the first dealing with the bioluminescence of coelenterate luciferin "coelenterazine" and Cypridina luciferin in marine organisms and the second with the chemiluminescence of these luciferins and their analogues. In the second section, possible applications of chemiluminescence and enhanced chemiluminescence in the area of bioassay are also discussed.
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Takahashi Y, Kondo H, Maki S, Niwa H, Ikeda H, Hirano T. Chemiluminescence of 6-aryl-2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones in DMSO/TMG and in diglyme/acetate buffer: support for the chemiexcitation process to generate the singlet-excited state of neutral oxyluciferin in a high quantum yield in the Cypridina (Vargula) bioluminescence mechanism. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Substituent effects on the kinetics for the chemiluminescence reaction of 6-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones (Cypridina luciferin analogues): support for the single electron transfer (SET)–oxygenation mechanism with triplet molecular oxygen. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tarpey MM, Wink DA, Grisham MB. Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R431-44. [PMID: 14761864 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00361.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Facile detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in biologic systems is often problematic. This is a result of the numerous cellular mechanisms, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic involved in their catabolism/decomposition, the complex and overlapping nature of their reactivities, as well as the often limited intracellular access of detector systems. This review describes approaches to the direct and indirect measurement of different reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen. Particular attention to a method's applicability for in vivo determinations will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Tarpey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Saito R, Inoue C, Katoh A. Well-divided and pH-Dependent Bimodal Chemiluminescence of 2-Methyl-6-phenyl-8-(4-substituted phenyl)imidazo-[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones Induced by Superoxide Anion. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-9977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Imai Y, Shibata T, Maki S, Niwa H, Ohashi M, Hirano T. Fluorescence properties of phenolate anions of coelenteramide analogues: the light-emitter structure in aequorin bioluminescence. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Fujimori K, Komiyama T, Tabata H, Nojima T, Ishiguro K, Sa-waki Y, Tatsuzawa H, Nakano M. Chemiluminescence of Cypridina Luciferin Analogs. Part 3. MCLA Chemiluminescence with Singlet Oxygen Generated by the Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction of a Naphthalene Endoperoxide. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hirano T, Negishi R, Yamaguchi M, Chen FQ, Ohmiya Y, Tsuji FI, Ohashi M. Chemi- and bioluminescence of coelenterazine analogues possessing an adamantylmethyl group. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Teranishi K, Hisamatsu M, Yamada T. Synthesis and chemiluminescent properties of the peroxy acid compound as an intermediate of coelenterate luciferin luminescence. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Teranishi K, Hisamatsu M, Yamada T. Studies on the mechanism of chemiluminescence: Synthesis and chemiluminescent properties of the 5-hydroperoxide analogue of coelenterate luciferin. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Usami K, Isobe M. Low-temperature photooxygenation of coelenterate luciferin analog synthesis and proof of 1,2-dioxetanone as luminescence intermediate. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Two luminescent intermediates of coelenterazine analog, peroxide and dioxetanone, prepared by direct photo-oxygenation at low temperature. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01855-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hirano T, Nisbibuchi S, Yoneda M, Tsujimoto K, Ohashi M. Mass spectrometric studies on chemiluminescence of coelenterate luciferin analogues. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(93)80013-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hirano T, Gomi Y, Takahashi T, Kitahara K, Feng Qi C, Mizoguchi I, Kyushin S, Ohashi M. Chemiluminescence of coelenterazine analogues - structures of emitting species -. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(92)89028-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Ohmiya Y, Ohashi M, Tsuji FI. Two excited states in aequorin bioluminescence induced by tryptophan modification. FEBS Lett 1992; 301:197-201. [PMID: 1568480 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81247-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein, aequorin, contains six tryptophan residues and has a bioluminescence emission maximum at 465 nm. On converting the six tryptophan residues to phenylalanine, the mutant aequorins exhibited varied luminescence activities and spectra, but one mutant, with tryptophan-86 replaced by phenylalanine, gave a bimodal emission spectrum, with maxima at 455 nm and 400 nm. This result suggests that tryptophan-86 may be importantly involved in the generation of the product excited state during aequorin bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohmiya
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Japan
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Tsuji FI, Nafpaktitis BG, Goto T, Cormier MJ, Wampler JE, Anderson JM. Spectral characteristics of the bioluminescence induced in the marine fish, Porichthys notatus by Cypridina (ostracod) luciferin. Mol Cell Biochem 1975; 9:3-8. [PMID: 1186662 DOI: 10.1007/bf01731727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Specimens of Porichthys notatus, which are naturally luminous along the coast of California, are non-luminous in Puget Sound. However, luminescence capability may be induced in the adult Puget Sound Porichthys by the administration of purified Cypridina (ostracod) luciferin, synthetic Cypridina luciferin, or Cypridina organisms. The bioluminescence emission spectra produced by the Puget Sound fish following induction is similar, if not identical, to that of the naturally luminous Porichthys notatus from California waters (maxima: 485 and 507 nm).
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Cormier MJ, Hori K, Anderson JM. Bioluminescence in coelenterates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 346:137-64. [PMID: 4154104 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(74)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Karpetsky T, White E. The synthesis of cypridina etioluciferamine and the proof of structure of cypridina luciferin. Tetrahedron 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(73)80193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Cormier MJ, Wampler JE, Hori K. Bioluminescence: Chemical Aspects. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1973; 30:1-60. [PMID: 4156520 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-7102-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cypridina bioluminescence VII. chemiluminescence in micelle solutions — a model system for cypridina bioluminescence. Tetrahedron Lett 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)88679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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