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De Salvo A, Mancuso R, Wu XF. Carbonylative synthesis and functionalization of indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:973-1000. [PMID: 38711593 PMCID: PMC11070973 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonylation processes have become widely recognized as a versatile, convenient, and low-cost method for the synthesis of high-value compounds. Given the great importance of heterocyclic compounds, the carbonylative approach has become increasingly important for their synthesis. In this mini-review, as a class of benzo-fused nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, we summarized and discussed the recent achievements on the synthesis and functionalization of indole derivatives via carbonylative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex De Salvo
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Liaoning, China
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2
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Lakshman MK, Sebastian D, Pradhan P, Neary MC, Piette AM, Trzebiatowski SP, Henriques AEK, Willoughby PH. Nitrene C-H Bond Insertion Approach to Carbazolones and Indolones, and a Reactivity Departure for 7-Membered Analogues. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302995. [PMID: 37751465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A modular platform for facile access to 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-ones (H4 -carbazolones) and 3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-1(2H)-ones (H2 -indolones) is described. The requisite 6- and 5-membered 2-arylcycloalkane-1,3-dione precursors were readily obtained through a Cu-catalyzed arylation of 1,3-cyclohexanediones or by a ring expansion of aryl succinoin derivatives. Enolization of one carbonyl group in the diones, conversion to a leaving group, and subsequent azidation gave 2-aryl-3-azidocycloalk-2-en-1-ones. This two-step, one-pot azidation is highly regioselective with unsymmetrically substituted 2-arylcyclohexane-1,3-diones. The regioselectivity, which is important for access to single isomers of 3,3-disubstituted carbazolones, was analyzed mechanistically and computationally. Finally, a Rh-catalyzed nitrene/nitrenoid insertion into the ortho C-H bond of the aryl moiety gave the H4 -carbazolones and H2 -indolones. One carbazolone was elaborated to an intermediate reported in the total synthesis of N-decarbomethoxychanofruticosinate, (-)-aspidospermidine, (+)-kopsihainanine A. With 2-phenylcycloheptane-1,3-dione, prepared from cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, the azidation reaction was readily accomplished. However, the Rh-catalyzed reaction unexpectedly led to a labile but characterizable azirine rather than the indole derivative. Computations were performed to understand the differences in reactivities of the 5- and 6-membered 2-aryl-3-azidocycloalk-2-en-1-ones in comparison to the 7-membered analogue, and to support the structural assignment of the azirine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh K Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dellamol Sebastian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Padmanava Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Michelle C Neary
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexis M Piette
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, 300 W. Seward St., Ripon, WI 54971, USA
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3
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Boyarskaya DV, Ongaro A, Piemontesi C, Wang Q, Zhu J. Synthesis of 3-Acyloxyindolenines by TiCl 3-Mediated Reductive Cyclization of 2-( ortho-Nitroaryl)-Substituted Enol Esters. Org Lett 2022; 24:7004-7008. [PMID: 36121329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of TiCl3, the reductive cyclization of tetrasubstituted enol esters bearing a 2-(ortho-nitroaryl) substituent affords 3-acyloxy-2,3-disubstituted indolenines in good yields. A domino process involving the partial reduction of nitro to a nitroso group followed by 5-center-6π-electrocyclization, 1,2-acyloxy migration, and the further reduction of the resulting nitrone intermediate accounts for the reaction outcome. The so-obtained indolenines are converted smoothly to 2,2-disubstituted oxindoles via a sequence of saponification and semipinacol rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Boyarskaya
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Piemontesi
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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4
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He J, Yu Y, Guo P, Liu X, Zhu B, Cao H. Palladium‐Catalyzed C‐N Bond Formation: A Straightforward Alkoxymethylation Process for the Synthesis of the C1 and C3‐Dialkoxy Indoles. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Zhongshan 528458 P.R. of China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Zhongshan 528458 P.R. of China
| | - Pengfeng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Zhongshan 528458 P.R. of China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Zhongshan 528458 P.R. of China
| | - Baofu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Zhongshan 528458 P.R. of China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Zhongshan 528458 P.R. of China
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Colella M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Heterocycles: A Recent Update on the Flow Synthesis of Indoles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143242. [PMID: 32708643 PMCID: PMC7397031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives are among the most useful and interesting heterocycles employed in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In addition, flow chemistry and flow technology are changing the synthetic paradigm in the field of modern synthesis. In this review, the role of flow technology in the preparation of indole derivatives is showcased. Selected examples have been described with the aim to provide readers with an overview on the tactics and technologies used for targeting indole scaffolds.
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Usman M, Hu X, Liu W. Recent Advances and Perspectives in the Synthesis and Applications of Tetrahydrocarbazol‐4‐ones†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences; Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xu‐Dong Hu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences; Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Wen‐Bo Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences; Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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7
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Ansari NH, Banini S, Cummings MM, Söderberg BCG. Palladium-Catalyzed Double Reductive Cyclization of 2,3-Dinitro-1,4-dialkenylbenzenes. Synthesis of 1 H,8 H-Pyrrolo[3,2- g]indoles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4002-4010. [PMID: 32130856 PMCID: PMC9827688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A flexible route to both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1H,8H-pyrrolo[3,2-g]indole has been developed. The key and ultimate step is a double palladium-catalyzed, carbon monoxide mediated reductive cyclization of 1,4-dialkenyl-2,3-dinitrobenzenes. The cyclization precursors were prepared by a double Kosugi-Migita-Stille cross coupling of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-dinitrobenzene with an alkenyltin reagent to give symmetrical products. Unsymetrical cyclization precursors were prepared by two sequential cross couplings using 4-iodo-2,3-dinitrophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as the starting material.
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8
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Qiu Y, Dlugosch M, Liu X, Khan F, Ward JS, Lan P, Banwell MG. Reductive Cyclization of o-Nitroarylated-α,β-unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with TiCl 3/HCl or Fe/HCl Leading to 1,2,3,9-Tetrahydro-4 H-carbazol-4-ones and Related Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12023-12033. [PMID: 30180589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compounds such as 3, the product of a palladium[0]-catalyzed Ullmann cross-coupling of o-iodonitrobenzene and 2-iodocyclohex-2-en-1-one, undergo complementary modes of reductive cyclization depending upon the conditions employed. Thus, on treatment with hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon, the tetrahydrocarbazole 4 is formed, while reaction of the same substrate (3) with TiCl3 in acetone affords the 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4 H-carbazol-4-one 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Michael Dlugosch
- Research School of Chemistry , Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Xin Liu
- Research School of Chemistry , Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Faiyaz Khan
- Research School of Chemistry , Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Jas S Ward
- Research School of Chemistry , Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry , Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
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9
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Zuo Y, He X, Ning Y, Wu Y, Shang Y. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Intramolecular Cyclization: Access to N-Acyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-carbazol-4(9 H)-ones from Cyclic 2-Diazo-1,3-diketones and N-Arylamides. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8507-8516. [PMID: 31457387 PMCID: PMC6645244 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation/cyclization cascade reaction is described. The reaction involves cyclic 2-diazo-1,3-diketones and N-arylamides, and it proceeds via an intermolecular C-C bond formation and subsequent intramolecular C-N bond formation. A variety of N-acyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-carbazol-4(9H)-ones were obtained under mild conditions in good to excellent yields (65-90%). Key features of this strategy include high-efficiency, operational simplicity, scalability, and broad functional-group tolerance. In addition, H2O and N2 are the only byproducts. Carbazole derivatives with free NH groups can be easily obtained through N-deprotection reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xinwei He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ning
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular
Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry
and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P.R. China
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10
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Gammack Yamagata AD, Dixon DJ. Enantioselective Construction of the ABCDE Pentacyclic Core of the Strychnos Alkaloids. Org Lett 2017; 19:1894-1897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Gammack Yamagata
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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11
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McWilliams JC, Sidler DR, Sun Y, Mathre DJ. Applying Statistical Design of Experiments and Automation to the Rapid Optimization of Metal-Catalyzed Processes in Process Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of automation in conjunction with DoE designs towards the rapid discovery and optimization of metal-catalyzed reactions used in the synthetic preparation of clinical drug candidates at Merck Process Research is demonstrated with three examples. A description of the software and hardware is provided, followed by three examples highlighting these applications. The first example highlights a DoE optimization of a platinum-catalyzed chemoselective hydrogenation of a nitroaromatic nitrile. In the second example, automated screening is employed to discover a highly efficient palladium catalyst that affects nitrostyrene cyclization under a carbon monoxide reducing atmosphere. In the last example, a rapid discovery and DoE optimization of a rhodium-catalyzed diastereoselective hydrogenation of an unsaturated ester is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongkui Sun
- Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ
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12
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Glotz G, Gutmann B, Hanselmann P, Kulesza A, Roberge D, Kappe CO. Continuous flow synthesis of indoles by Pd-catalyzed deoxygenation of 2-nitrostilbenes with carbon monoxide. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed cyclization of o-vinylnitrobenzenes employing carbon monoxide as terminal reductant is investigated. The reaction proceeds with 1 to 2 mol% of Pd(OAc)2 and generates carbon dioxide as the only stoichiometric side-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | | | | | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- NAWI Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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13
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Kaur N. Palladium Catalysts: Synthesis of Five-MemberedN-Heterocycles Fused with Other Heterocycles. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2014.976118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Mamedov VA, Kalinin AA. Advances in the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]- and imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalines. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n09abeh004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Janreddy D, Kavala V, Bosco JWJ, Kuo CW, Yao CF. An Easy Access to Carbazolones and 2,3-Disubstituted Indoles. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Arcadi A, Cianci R, Ferrara G, Marinelli F. 3-(2-Alken-1-one-2-yl)indoles through the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 2-alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides with cyclic α-iodoenones. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Gataullin RR. Synthesis of compounds containing a cycloalka[b]indole fragment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428009030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Bunce RA, Nammalwar B. 1,2,3,9-Tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-one and 8,9-dihydropyrido-[1,2-a]indol-6(7H)-one from 1H-indole-2-butanoic acid. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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20
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From the study of naturally occurring N-allylated phenazines towards new Pd-mediated transformations. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Performances of symmetrical achiral ferrocenylphosphine ligands in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions: A review of syntheses, catalytic applications and structural properties. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy R Humphrey
- Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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23
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24
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Seganish WM, DeShong P. Application of Aryl Siloxane Cross-Coupling to the Synthesis of Allocolchicinoids. Org Lett 2006; 8:3951-4. [PMID: 16928046 DOI: 10.1021/ol061413t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we report a new approach to the allocolchicine carbocyclic skeleton based upon an aryl siloxane coupling reaction and a phenanthrol ring expansion. These key steps allow for the selective functionalization of every carbon within the carbocyclic framework. The siloxane coupling-phenanthrol sequence was applied to the synthesis of two allocolchicinoids, including the first fully synthetic approach to N-acetyl colchinol-O-methyl ether (NCME).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Seganish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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25
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Butin AV, Smirnov SK, Stroganova TA. Furan ring opening - indole ring closure: Synthesis of furo[2′,3′:3,4]-cyclohepta[1,2-b]indolium chlorides. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Mena M, Bonjoch J. Model studies in the lepadin series: synthesis of enantiopure decahydroquinolines by aminocyclization of 2-(3-aminoalkyl)cyclohexenones. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Davies IW, Smitrovich JH, Sidler R, Qu C, Gresham V, Bazaral C. A highly active catalyst for the reductive cyclization of ortho-nitrostyrenes under mild conditions. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Söderberg BC, Hubbard JW, Rector SR, O'Neil SN. Synthesis of fused indoles by sequential palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction and N-heteroannulation. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Kuethe JT, Wong A, Qu C, Smitrovich J, Davies IW, Hughes DL. Synthesis of 5-Substituted-1H-indol-2-yl-1H-quinolin-2-ones: A Novel Class of KDR Kinase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2555-67. [PMID: 15787543 DOI: 10.1021/jo0480545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A number of approaches for the synthesis of the 1H-indol-2-yl-1H-quinolin-2-one ring system found in the potent and selective KDR kinase inhibitor 1 are described. The preparation and reaction of trimethylsilylnitrobenzene 26 with 2-methoxy-3-quinolinecarboxaldehyde 28 afforded alcohol 30, which was the key intermediate for the preparation of the target compounds. Conversion of alcohol 30 to either nitroketone 36 or nitrostyrene 45 set the stage for reductive cyclization and the formation of indole 25. The quinolin-2-one functionality was unmasked in the last step to provide compound 1 in 56-60% overall yield from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Kuethe
- Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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Mee SP, Lee V, Baldwin JE, Cowley A. Total synthesis of 5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy-3,3′-biindolyl, the proposed structure of a potent antioxidant found in beetroot (Beta vulgaris). Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Scott TL, Söderberg BC. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-dihydro-4(3H)-carbazolones. Formal total synthesis of murrayaquinone A. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Banwell MG, Kelly BD, Kokas OJ, Lupton DW. Synthesis of indoles via palladium[0]-mediated Ullmann cross-coupling of o-halonitroarenes with alpha-halo-enones or -enals. Org Lett 2003; 5:2497-500. [PMID: 12841764 DOI: 10.1021/ol034745w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Palladium[0]-mediated Ullmann cross-coupling of o-halonitrobenzene (1) and various related nitroarenes with a range of alpha-halo-enones (e.g., 2) or -enals readily affords the expected alpha-arylenones, e.g., 3, or -enals, which are converted into the corresponding indoles, e.g., 4, on reaction with dihydrogen in the presence of Pd on C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Dantale SW, Söderberg BC. A novel palladium-catalyzed synthesis of β-carbolines: application in total synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chapter 5.2 Five-membered ring systems: Pyrroles and benzo derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(03)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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