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Wang X, Liu K, Wang Y, Huang Z, Wang X. Preparation of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol by Enzymatic Alcoholysis: Effects of Solvent and Water Activity on Acyl Migration. Foods 2022; 11:3213. [PMCID: PMC9601288 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic alcoholysis was performed in an organic medium to synthesize 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) rich in arachidonic acid. The results showed that solvent type and water activity (aw) significantly affected the 2-MAG yield. Under the optimum conditions, 33.58% 2-MAG was produced in the crude product in t-butanol system. Highly pure 2-MAG was obtained after two-stage extraction using 85% ethanol aqueous solution and hexane at first stage and dichloromethane and water at second stage. Isolated 2-MAG was used as substrate to investigate the effect of solvent type and aw on 2-MAG acyl migration in a lipase-inactivated system. The results indicated that non-polar solvents accelerated the acyl migration of 2-MAG, whereas isomerization was inhibited in polar solvent systems. The aw exhibited the strongest inhibition effect on 2-MAG isomerization at 0.97, but also affected the hydrolysis of glycerides and lipase selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Keying Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhuoneng Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaosan Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-85876799
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Ottria R, Casati S, Rota P, Ciuffreda P. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: Facile and Handy Enzymatic Method That Allows to Avoid Isomerization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165190. [PMID: 36014430 PMCID: PMC9416359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and practical synthesis of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), an endogenous agonist for cannabinoid receptors, based on a two-step enzymatic process and a chemical coupling, was achieved with a good yield and negligible amount of the isomerization product 1-AG. Commercial preparation of immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei (MML) was selected as the most suitable enzyme to catalyze the efficient protection of glycerol using vinyl benzoate as an acyl transfer reagent in tetrahydrofuran. The same enzyme was used to remove the protective groups in positions 1 and 3. Owing to the mild neutral conditions and easy suitability of the method, 2-AG was obtained without any isomerization to the more stable 1-AG and air oxidation of acid chain. The synthetic method proposed here allows us to easily obtain 2-AG from the protected precursor in a one-step reaction without purification requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvana Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Rota
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via della Commenda 10, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Choi BS, Choi J, Bak S, Koo S. Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3- and 1,2-Tocopheryl Glyceride Ethers of Carboxylic Acids. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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5
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Roche MJ, Madren SM, Tallent CR, Carroll FI, Seltzman HH. Mild acetal cleavage using B-chlorocatecholborane in the synthesis of rearrangement-sensitive 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Duclos RI, Johnston M, Vadivel SK, Makriyannis A, Glaser ST, Gatley SJ. A methodology for radiolabeling of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). J Org Chem 2011; 76:2049-55. [PMID: 21370840 PMCID: PMC3064716 DOI: 10.1021/jo102277q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic intermediate and endocannabinoid signaling lipid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has not been readily labeled, primarily because of its instability toward rearrangement. We now detail a synthetic method that easily gives tritiated 2-AG from [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-(3)H(N)]arachidonic acid in two steps. We utilized a short chain 1,3-diacylglycerol and proceeded through the "structured lipid" [5'',6'',8'',9'',11'',12'',14'',15''-(3)H(N)]2-arachidonoyl-1,3-dibutyrylglycerol, a triacylglycerol that was conveniently deprotected in ethanol with acrylic beads containing Candida antarctica lipase B to give [5'',6'',8'',9'',11'',12'',14'',15''-(3)H(N)]2-arachidonoylglycerol ([(3)H]2-AG). The flash chromatographic separation necessary to isolate the labeled 2-acylglycerol [(3)H]2-AG resulted in only 4% of the rearrangement byproducts that have been a particular problem with previous methodologies. This reliable "kit" method to prepare the radiolabeled endocannabinoid as needed gave tritiated 2-arachidonoylglycerol [(3)H]2-AG with a specific activity of 200 Ci/mmol for enzyme assays, metabolic studies, and tissue imaging. It has been run on unlabeled materials on over 10 mg scales and should be generally applicable to other 2-acylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Duclos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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7
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Vadivel SK, Whitten KM, Makriyannis A. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, An Endogenous Ligand for Cannabinoid Receptors. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:1149-1150. [PMID: 21318079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient synthesis of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, an endogenous agonist for cannabinoid receptors was achieved using Novozym 435, immobilized lipase from Candida Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian K Vadivel
- Center for Drug Discovery, 116 Mugar Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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Vaique E, Guy A, Couedelo L, Gosse I, Durand T, Cansell M, Pinet S. Rapid access to structured triacylglycerols acylated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for nutritional applications. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. Regioselective and Stereospecific Halosilylating Cleavage of the Oxirane System of Glycidol Derivatives as an Efficient Strategy to C2-O-Functionalized C3-Vicinal Halohydrins. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. Regioselective and stereospecific acylation across oxirane- and silyloxy systems as a novel strategy to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure mono-, di- and triglycerides. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3787-800. [DOI: 10.1039/b713246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. Regioselective and stereospecific cleavage of a terminal oxirane system: A novel synthetic approach to lipid mediator congeners—1,2(2,3)-diacyl-3(1)-halo-sn-glycerols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3388-91. [PMID: 16677811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycidyl esters upon treatment with a mixture of carboxylic acid anhydride (CAA) and trimethylsilyl halide (TMSX) in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium halide (Bu(4)NX, X=Cl, Br or I) undergo stereospecific and regioselective opening of the oxirane ring to afford mixed-(or mono)-acid 1,2(2,3)-diacyl-3(1)-halo-sn-glycerols in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan D Stamatov
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Plovdiv, 24 Tsar Assen St., Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
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Parkkari T, Myllymäki M, Savinainen JR, Saario SM, Castillo-Meléndez JA, Laitinen JT, Nevalainen T, Koskinen AMP, Järvinen T. α-Methylated derivatives of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol: Synthesis, CB1 receptor activity, and enzymatic stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2437-40. [PMID: 16466915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-methylated analogues of the endogenous cannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), were synthesized aiming to the improved enzymatic stability of 2-AG. In addition, the CB1 activity properties of fluoro derivatives of 2-AG were studied. The CB1 receptor activity was determined by the [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay, and the enzymatic stability of alpha-methylated analogues was determined in rat cerebellar membranes. The results indicate that even if the alpha-methylated 2-AG derivatives are slightly weaker CB1 receptor agonists than 2-AG, they are clearly more stable than 2-AG. In addition, the results showed that the replacement of the hydroxyl group(s) of 2-AG by fluorine does not improve the CB1 activity of 2-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teija Parkkari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Parkkari T, Salo OMH, Huttunen KM, Savinainen JR, Laitinen JT, Poso A, Nevalainen T, Järvinen T. Synthesis and CB1 receptor activities of dimethylheptyl derivatives of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE). Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2850-8. [PMID: 16403642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Results from a factor analysis and activity studies of commercially available endocannabinoid-type compounds set the starting point for the current study where dimethylheptyl (DMH) analogues of two endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE), were synthesized and their ability to activate the CB1 receptors was determined by the [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay using rat cerebellar membranes. The main goal of the study was to examine how the DMH end tail affects the activity properties of 2-AG (1) and its stable ether (2) and urea analogues (5). The importance of the chain length was also explored by synthesizing 2-AG and 2-AGE derivatives (3 and 4) possessing the chain length C21 instead of C22. Replacement of the pentyl end chain with the DMH resulted in distinct potency decrease as compared to the reference compounds. The modification did not have such a strong impact on the efficacy values. In fact, the efficacy of the derivatives of 2-AGE (2 and 4) was comparable or even improved. Introducing a more stable and hydrophilic urea bond led to a dramatic decrease in biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teija Parkkari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Regioselective opening of an oxirane system with trifluoroacetic anhydride. A general method for the synthesis of 2-monoacyl- and 1,3-symmetrical triacylglycerols. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. Stereospecific and regioselective opening of an oxirane system. A new efficient entry to 1- or 3-monoacyl- and 1- or 3-monoalkyl-sn-glycerols. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Cartoni A, Margonelli A, Angelini G, Finazzi-Agrò A, Maccarrone M. Simplified chemical and radiochemical synthesis of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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