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Zhang FG, Chen Z, Tang X, Ma JA. Triazines: Syntheses and Inverse Electron-demand Diels-Alder Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14555-14593. [PMID: 34586777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triazines are an important class of six-membered aromatic heterocycles possessing three nitrogen atoms, resulting in three types of regio-isomers: 1,2,4-triazines (a-triazines), 1,2,3-triazines (v-triazines), and 1,3,5-triazines (s-triazines). Notably, the application of triazines as cyclic aza-dienes in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition reactions has been established as a unique and powerful method in N-heterocycle synthesis, natural product preparation, and bioorthogonal chemistry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances in the construction of these triazines via annulation and ring-expansion reactions, especially emphasizing recent developments and challenges. The synthetic transformations of triazines are focused on IEDDA cycloaddition reactions, which have allowed access to a wide scope of heterocycles, including pyridines, carbolines, azepines, pyridazines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines. The utilization of triazine IEDDA reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis is also discussed. More importantly, a particular attention is paid on the bioorthogonal application of triazines in fast click ligation with various strained alkenes and alkynes, which opens a new opportunity for studying biomolecules in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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Dai J, Li N, Wang J, Schneider U. Fruitful Decades for Canthin-6-ones from 1952 to 2015: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Biological Activities. Molecules 2016; 21:493. [PMID: 27092482 PMCID: PMC6274392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, more than 60 natural canthin-6-one alkaloids and their structures are considered. The biosynthesis, efficient and classic synthetic approaches, and biological activities of canthin-6-one alkaloids, from 1952 to 2015, are discussed. From an analysis of their structural properties and an investigation of the literature, possible future trends for canthin-6-one alkaloids are proposed. The information reported will be helpful in future research on canthin-6-one alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkun Dai
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Uwe Schneider
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
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Dondas HA, Hempshall A, Narramore S, Kilner C, Fishwick CW, Grigg R. γ-Carboline AC190 analogues via palladium catalysed allene insertion stereo and regioselective 3- and 5-component cascades. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kaur N. Applications of Microwaves in the Synthesis of Polycyclic Six-Membered N,N-Heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.828755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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Kaur N. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Three and Four N-Heteroatoms: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.813550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- a Department of Chemistry , Banasthali University , Banasthali , India
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Shipe WD, Wolkenberg SE, Lindsley CW. Accelerating lead development by microwave-enhanced medicinal chemistry. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 2:155-61. [PMID: 24981843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) addresses the need for accelerated chemical synthesis by providing many advantages over classical thermal conditions. Microwave instruments produced by Biotage, CEM and Milestone enable chemistry to be safely and reproducibly performed on various scales and in a parallel fashion. To illustrate the high utility of this technology for lead development, our Akt kinase program will be described wherein MAOS played a pivotal role in the identification of isozyme-selective Akt inhibitors.:
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Shipe
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Scott E Wolkenberg
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Majumdar P, Pati A, Patra M, Behera RK, Behera AK. Acid hydrazides, potent reagents for synthesis of oxygen-, nitrogen-, and/or sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:2942-77. [PMID: 24506477 DOI: 10.1021/cr300122t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Majumdar
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar, Burla 768019, Orissa, India
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Naik PN, Naik NH, Khan A, Kusurkar RS. Synthesis of canthine analogues using intramolecular aza-Diels–Alder strategy and evaluation of their activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Naik NH, Sikder AK, Kusurkar RS. Two new approaches towards the synthesis of annomontine using Pictet–Spengler and aza-Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Showalter HDH. Progress in the synthesis of canthine alkaloids and ring-truncated congeners. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:455-467. [PMID: 23311415 DOI: 10.1021/np300753z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The canthines represent a fairly large subclass of β-carboline alkaloids, with the first members described 75 years ago. Over the last 60 years, many members of the parent compound, canthin-6-one (1), have been isolated from various plant sources, principally the Rutaceae and Simaroubaceae families, and recently from fungi. Structures isolated from these sources have been the subject of total synthesis, which continues to the present day. This review gives a broad overview of synthetic approaches to canthines over a 30-year period from 1982 to 2012 and summarizes recent reports on the synthesis of less well known ring-truncated congeners. These include C-ring-truncated ("ABD", 2) and A-ring-truncated ("BCD", 3) ring systems, which are providing new scaffolds for potentially useful therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Hollis Showalter
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA.
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12
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Literature Survey Part C: Heterocycle Synthesis. MICROWAVES IN ORGANIC AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527647828.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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K. Snyder J, C. Benson S, Lee L, Wei W, Ni F, David Janna Olmos J, R. Strom K, B. Beeler A, Chih-Chien Cheng K, Inglese J, Kota S, Takahashi V, Donny Strosberg A, H. Connor J, Guy Bushkin G. Truncated Aspidosperma Alkaloid-Like Scaffolds: Unique Structures for the Discovery of New, Bioactive Compounds. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-11-sr(p)4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brogan JT, Stoops SL, Crews BC, Marnett LJ, Lindsley CW. Total Synthesis (+)-7-Bromotrypargine and Unnatural Analogs: Biological Evaluation Uncovers Activity at CNS Targets of Therapeutic Relevance. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:633-639. [PMID: 22247792 PMCID: PMC3254090 DOI: 10.1021/cn200075n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The first total synthesis of (+)-7-bromotrypargine, a β-carboline alkaloid from Ancornia sp. is reported. The synthesis proceeds in 9 steps, 8 steps longest linear sequence, in 36.9% overall yield. Biological characterization found that (+)-7-bromotrypargine is an H(3) antagonist, and a selective inhibitor of DAT and NET, without inhibiting SERT. Moreover, unlike electron rich congeners, (+)-7-bromotrypargine is not cytotoxic, and thus represents an attractive starting point for chemical optimization; therefore, we piloted a number of chemistries for the synthesis of unnatural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Brogan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, United States
| | - Sydney L. Stoops
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Brenda C. Crews
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, United States
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Ioannidou HA, Martin A, Gollner A, Koutentis PA. Three-step synthesis of Ethyl Canthinone-1-carboxylates from ethyl 4-bromo-6-methoxy-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate via a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and a Cu-catalyzed amidation reaction [corrected]. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5113-22. [PMID: 21563779 DOI: 10.1021/jo200824b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl canthin-6-one-1-carboxylate (1b) and nine analogues 1c-k were prepared from readily prepared ethyl 4-bromo-6-methoxy-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate (2b) via a three-step non-classical approach that focused on construction of the central pyrrole (ring B) using Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling followed by Cu-catalyzed C-N coupling. Furthermore, treatment of the ethyl canthinone-1-carboxylate 1b with NaOH in DCM/MeOH (9:1) gave the canthin-6-one-1-carboxylic acid (6) in high yield. All compounds are fully characterized.
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Rooshenas P, Hof K, Schreiner PR, Williams CM. 1,2,4-Triazine vs. 1,3- and 1,4-Oxazinones in Normal- and Inverse-Electron-Demand Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions: Establishing a Status Quo by Computational Analysis. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Ding D, Zhao CG, Guo Q, Arman H. Enantioselective synthesis of bicylco[3.2.1]octan-8-ones using a tandem Michael-Henry reaction. Tetrahedron 2010; 66:4423-4427. [PMID: 20532185 PMCID: PMC2880813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ones have been prepared from a tandem Michael-Henry reaction between cyclohexane-1,2-diones and nitroalkenes using a quinine-derived thiourea as the catalyst. Although four stereogenic centers were created during the reaction, only two diastereomers were obtained in good diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity (92-99% ee). When 3-methylcyclohexane-1,2-dione (R(1) = Me) was used as the substrate, only the regioisomeric product of the corresponding thermodynamic enolate was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derong Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Nowak
- a Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research , Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - David Malwitz
- a Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research , Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - Derek C. Cole
- a Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research , Pearl River, New York, USA
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Gollner A, Koutentis PA. Two-step total syntheses of canthin-6-one alkaloids: new one-pot sequential Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and Cu-catalyzed amidation reaction. Org Lett 2010; 12:1352-5. [PMID: 20192213 DOI: 10.1021/ol100300s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canthin-6-one (1) and nine analogues including the naturally occurring 9-methoxycanthin-6-one (2) and amaroridine (3) are prepared rapidly and in high yields via a convergent "non-classical" strategy that focuses on construction of the central ring B. The strategy relies on concomitant Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura C-C coupling followed by a Cu-catalyzed C-N coupling that can be achieved either stepwise or in a new one-pot protocol starting from the appropriate 8-bromo-1,5-naphthyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gollner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Ding S, Shi Z, Jiao N. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbolines by Iminoannulation of Internal Alkynes via Direct C−H Bond Cleavage Using Dioxygen as Oxidant. Org Lett 2010; 12:1540-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100272s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China, and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ding D, Zhao CG. Organocatalyzed synthesis of 2-amino-8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:1322. [PMID: 20161684 PMCID: PMC2821098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-8-oxo-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles were synthesized for the first time from a tandem Michael addition - cyclization reaction between cyclohexane-1,2-dione and benzylidenemalononitriles. An enantioselective synthesis of these compounds was achieved in moderate ee values (up to 63% ee) by using a cinchona alkaloid-derived thiouea catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derong Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Cong-Gui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
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Singh V, Hutait S, Batra S. BaylisâHillman Reaction of 1-Formyl-β-carboline: One-Step Synthesis of the Canthin-6-one Framework by an Unprecedented Cascade Cyclization Reaction. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rueping M, Kuenkel A, Tato F, Bats J. Eine asymmetrische organokatalytische Domino-Michael-Aldol- Reaktion: enantioselektiver Zugang zu chiralen Cycloheptanonen, Tetrahydrochromenonen und polyfunktionalisierten Bicyclo[3.2.1]octanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rueping M, Kuenkel A, Tato F, Bats J. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Domino Michael/Aldol Reactions: Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Cycloheptanones, Tetrahydrochromenones, and Polyfunctionalized Bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3699-702. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mehta S, Swarnkar N, Vyas R, Vardia J, Punjabi PB, Ameta SC. Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Some Pyridine Derivatives Containing Mercaptotriazole and Thiazolidinone as a New Class of Antimicrobial Agents. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500701557138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Hajbi Y, Suzenet F, Khouili M, Lazar S, Guillaumet G. Polysubstituted 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-b]pyridines and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridines via microwave-activated inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Cecchi M, Micoli A, Giomi D. Nucleophilic aromatic substitutions on 4,5-dicyanopyridazine. Pyrrole and indole systems as carbon nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Malamidou-Xenikaki E, Vlachou C, Stampelos XN. Annulated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines by intramolecular Mannich-type amino- and amidoalkylations of N(9)-(ω-nitroalkyl)-3,4-dihydro-β-carbolines. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martínez-Palou R. Advances in Microwave-Assisted Combinatorial Chemistry Without Polymer-Supported Reagents. Mol Divers 2006; 10:435-62. [PMID: 16896542 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-006-9021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial methodologies have dramatically changed the chemical research and discovery process, offering an unlimited source of new molecule entities to be screened for activity. The application of microwave irradiation in Combinatorial Chemistry and high-throughput synthesis has become increasingly popular. By taking advantage of this energy source, compound libraries for lead generation can be assembled in a fraction of time required by conventional thermal heating. This review focuses on the advances in developing synthetic methodologies in microwave without polymer-supported reagents suitable for combinatorial chemistry, including the advances in microwave-assisted fluorous synthesis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martínez-Palou
- Programa de Ingeniería Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, México, DF, México.
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31
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Appukkuttan P, Van der Eycken E. Microwave-Assisted Natural Product Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/128_051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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32
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Microwave-Assisted Multicomponent Reactionsfor the Synthesis of Heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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33
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D. Shipe W, Yang F, Zhao Z, E. Wolkenberg S, Brad Nolt M, W. Lindsley C. Convenient and General Microwave-Assisted Protocols for the Expedient Synthesis of Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-06-sr(w)1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
In the past few years, using microwave energy to heat and drive chemical reactions has become increasingly popular in the medicinal chemistry community. First described 20 years ago, this non-classical heating method has matured from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in academia and industry. One of the many advantages of using rapid 'microwave flash heating' for chemical synthesis is the dramatic reduction in reaction times--from days and hours to minutes and seconds. As will be discussed here, there are good reasons why many pharmaceutical companies are incorporating microwave chemistry into their drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Kuznetsov DV, Raev VA, Kuranov GL, Arapov OV, Kostikov RR. Microwave Activation in Organic Synthesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11178-006-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Markgraf JH, Dowst AA, Hensley LA, Jakobsche CE, Kaltner CJ, Webb PJ, Zimmerman PW. A versatile route to benzocanthinones. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Fluorous tagging strategy is applied to solution-phase parallel synthesis of a library containing hydantoin and thiohydantoin analogs. Two perfluoroalkyl (Rf)-tagged alpha-amino esters each react with six aromatic aldehydes under reductive amination conditions. Twelve amino esters then each react with 10 isocyanates and isothiocyanates in parallel. The resulting 120 ureas and thioureas undergo spontaneous cyclization to form the corresponding hydantoins and thiohydantoins. The intermediate and final product purifications are performed with solid-phase extraction (SPE) over FluoroFlash cartridges, no chromatography is required. Using standard instruments and straightforward SPE technique, one chemist accomplished the 120-member library synthesis in less than five working days, including starting material synthesis and product analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Author for correspondence: Fluorous Technologies, Inc. University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA. Phone: +1-412-826-3062, fax: +1-412-826-3053, e-mail:
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Lindsley CW, Bogusky MJ, Leister WH, McClain RT, Robinson RG, Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Ross CW, Hartman GD. Synthesis and biological evaluation of unnatural canthine alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chapter 6.3 Triazines, tetrazines and fused ring polyaza systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Janosik T, Bergman J, Pelkey ET. Chapter 5.2 Five-membered ring systems: Pyrroles and benzo derivatives. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE 2003 LITERATURE PRECEDED BY TWO CHAPTERS ON CURRENT HETEROCYCLIC TOPICS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Kappe CO. Kontrolliertes Erhitzen mit Mikrowellen in der modernen organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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