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Fontana ACK, Poli AN, Gour J, Srikanth YV, Anastasi N, Ashok D, Khatiwada A, Reeb KL, Cheng MH, Bahar I, Rawls SM, Salvino JM. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships for Glutamate Transporter Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6119-6143. [PMID: 38626917 PMCID: PMC11056993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are essential CNS proteins that regulate glutamate levels. Excess glutamate release and alteration in EAAT expression are associated with several CNS disorders. Previously, we identified positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of EAAT2, the main CNS transporter, and have demonstrated their neuroprotective properties in vitro. Herein, we report on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the analogs identified from virtual screening and from our medicinal chemistry campaign. This work identified several selective EAAT2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) such as compounds 4 (DA-023) and 40 (NA-014) from a library of analogs inspired by GT949, an early generation compound. This series also provides nonselective EAAT PAMs, EAAT inhibitors, and inactive compounds that may be useful for elucidating the mechanism of EAAT allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia C. K. Fontana
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adi N.R. Poli
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jitendra Gour
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yellamelli V.V. Srikanth
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas Anastasi
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Devipriya Ashok
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Apeksha Khatiwada
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Katelyn L. Reeb
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University
College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Laufer
Center for Physical & Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, College of Arts & Sciences and
School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Laufer
Center for Physical & Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center
for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140United States
| | - Joseph M. Salvino
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis (MCO) Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- The
Wistar
Cancer Center Molecular Screening, The Wistar
Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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2
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Forster YM, Green JL, Khatiwada A, Liberato JL, Narayana Reddy PA, Salvino JM, Bienz S, Bigler L, dos Santos WF, Karklin Fontana AC. Elucidation of the Structure and Synthesis of Neuroprotective Low Molecular Mass Components of the Parawixia bistriata Spider Venom. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1573-1596. [PMID: 32343555 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The South American social spider Parawixia bistriata produces a venom containing complex organic compounds with intriguing biological activities. The crude venom leads to paralysis in termites and stimulates l-glutamate uptake and inhibits GABA uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. Glutamate is the major neurotransmitter at the insect neuromuscular junction and at the mammalian central nervous system, suggesting a modulation of the glutamatergic system by the venom. Parawixin1, 2, and 10 (Pwx1, 2 and 10) are HPLC fractions that demonstrate this bioactivity. Pwx1 stimulates l-glutamate uptake through the main transporter in the brain, EAAT2, and is neuroprotective in in vivo glaucoma models. Pxw2 inhibits GABA and glycine uptake in synaptosomes and inhibits seizures and neurodegeneration, and Pwx10 increases l-glutamate uptake in synaptosomes and is neuroprotective and anticonvulsant, shown in in vivo epilepsy models. Herein, we investigated the low molecular mass compounds in this venom and have found over 20 small compounds and 36 unique acylpolyamines with and without amino acid linkers. The active substances in fractions Pwx1 and Pwx2 require further investigation. We elucidated and confirmed the structure of the active acylpolyamine in Pwx10. Both fraction Pwx10 and the synthesized component enhance the activity of transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2, and, importantly, offer in vitro neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in primary cultures. These data suggest that compounds with this mechanism could be developed into therapies for disorders in which l-glutamate excitotoxicity is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Forster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Leigh Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Apeksha Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - José Luiz Liberato
- Department of Biology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Joseph M. Salvino
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Stefan Bienz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH 8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Andréia Cristina Karklin Fontana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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3
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Gentz MC, Jones A, Clement H, King GF. Comparison of the peptidome and insecticidal activity of venom from a taxonomically diverse group of theraphosid spiders. Toxicon 2009; 53:496-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Rodrigues MCA, Guimarães LHS, Liberato JL, de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli M, dos Santos WF. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities of a fraction isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom. Toxicon 2006; 47:854-8. [PMID: 16730046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This present study describes the isolation of a high molecular weight fraction (F1) from the venom of the social spider Parawixia bistriata, by gel filtration and also its subfractions by further purification with affinity chromatography on a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column. Acid and an alkaline phosphatase activities were found in fractions. The effects of pH, temperature and metallic ions on these activities were evaluated. Optimal temperature for both enzymes was 55 degrees C and optimal pH was 5.0 and 8.5 for the acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, respectively. As ZnCl(2) inhibited enzymatic activities and the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) raised the basal phosphatase activities, it was speculated that the venom itself could contain Zn(+ +); this was confirmed with the use of an atomic absorption flame spectrometer. In conclusion, the high molecular weight components of the spider venom of P. bistriata have acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, which may reflect the presence of at least two different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Cairrão Araujo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Peçonhas, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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5
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Beleboni RO, Guizzo R, Fontana ACK, Pizzo AB, Carolino ROG, Gobbo-Neto L, Lopes NP, Coutinho-Netto J, Dos Santos WF. Neurochemical Characterization of a Neuroprotective Compound fromParawixia bistriataSpider Venom That Inhibits Synaptosomal Uptake of GABA and Glycine. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1998-2006. [PMID: 16551783 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.017319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The major contribution of this work is the isolation of a neuroprotective compound referred to as 2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide (FrPbAII) (M(r) = 174) from Parawixia bistriata spider venom and an investigation of its mode of action. FrPbAII inhibits synaptosomal GABA uptake in a dose-dependent manner and probably does not act on Na(+), K(+), and Ca(2+) channels, GABA(B) receptors, or gamma-aminobutyrate:alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase enzyme; therefore, it is not directly dependent on these structures for its action. Direct increase of GABA release and reverse transport are also ruled out as mechanisms of FrPbAII activities as well as unspecific actions on pore membrane formation. Moreover, FrPbAII is selective for GABA and glycine transporters, having slight or no effect on monoamines or glutamate transporters. According to our experimental glaucoma data in rat retina, FrPbAII is able to cross the blood-retina barrier and promote effective protection of retinal layers submitted to ischemic conditions. These studies are of relevance by providing a better understanding of neurochemical mechanisms involved in brain function and for possible development of new neuropharmacological and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renê Oliveira Beleboni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Literature, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900-Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, 14040-901
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6
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Cesar LMM, Mendes MA, Tormena CF, Marques MR, de Souza BM, Saidemberg DM, Bittencourt JC, Palma MS. Isolation and chemical characterization of PwTx-II: a novel alkaloid toxin from the venom of the spider Parawixia bistriata (Araneidae, Araneae). Toxicon 2005; 46:786-96. [PMID: 16183095 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brazil has many species of spiders belonging to Araneidae family however, very little is known about the composition, chemical structure and mechanisms of action of the main venom components of these spiders. The main objective of this work was to isolate and to perform the chemical characterization of a novel beta-carboline toxin from the venom of the spider Parawixia bistriata, a typical species of the Brazilian 'cerrado'. The toxin was purified by RP-HPLC and structurally elucidated by using a combination of different spectroscopic techniques (UV, ESI-MS/MS and 1H NMR), which permitted the assignment of the molecular structure of a novel spider venom toxin, identified as 1-4-guanidinobutoxy-6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and referred to here as PwTx-II. This compound is toxic to insects (LD50 = 12+/-3 etag/mg honeybee), neurotoxic, convulsive and lethal to rats (LD50 = 9.75 mg/kg of male Wistar rat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M M Cesar
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenue 24 A, 1515-Bela vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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7
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Rodrigues MCA, Guizzo R, Gobbo-Neto L, Ward RJ, Lopes NP, dos Santos WF. The biological activity in mammals and insects of the nucleosidic fraction from the spider Parawixia bistriata. Toxicon 2004; 43:375-83. [PMID: 15051400 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the crude venom of Parawixia bistriata induces convulsive seizures in rats after intracerebroventricular injection. In this work, the isolation of a bioactive fraction with ultraviolet absorption characteristics of nucleic acid and trace protein or amino acid content is described. NMR analysis demonstrated that the major component of the active fraction is the nucleoside inosine. An analogue of this component (inosine 5'-monophosphate) induced a delayed paralysis effect in termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Cairrão Araujo Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-901 São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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de O Beleboni R, Pizzo AB, Fontana ACK, de O G Carolino R, Coutinho-Netto J, Dos Santos WF. Spider and wasp neurotoxins: pharmacological and biochemical aspects. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 493:1-17. [PMID: 15189759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Venoms from several arthropods are recognized as useful sources of bioactive substances, such as peptides, acylpolyamines, and alkaloids, which show a wide range of pharmacological effects on synaptic transmission. In this work, we summarize and compile several biochemical and pharmacological aspects related to spider and wasp neurotoxins. Their inhibitory and stimulatory actions on ion channels, receptors, and transporters involved in mammalian and insect neurotransmission are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renê de O Beleboni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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9
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Fontana ACK, Guizzo R, de Oliveira Beleboni R, Meirelles E Silva AR, Coimbra NC, Amara SG, dos Santos WF, Coutinho-Netto J. Purification of a neuroprotective component of Parawixia bistriata spider venom that enhances glutamate uptake. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:1297-309. [PMID: 12890709 PMCID: PMC1573954 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) In this study, we examined the effects of crude venom from the spider Parawixia bistriata on glutamate and GABA uptake into synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortex. Addition of venom to cortical synaptosomes stimulated glutamate uptake and inhibited GABA uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. (2) The venom was fractionated using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a preparative column. The fraction that retained glutamate uptake-stimulating activity was further purified on a reverse-phase analytical column followed by ion-exchange chromatography. (3) The active fraction, referred to as PbTx1.2.3, stimulated glutamate uptake in synaptosomes without changing the K(M) value, and did not affect GABA uptake. Additional experiments showed that the enhancement of glutamate uptake by PbTx1.2.3 occurs when ionotropic glutamate receptors or voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels are completely inhibited or when GABA receptors and potassium channels are activated, indicating that the compound may have a direct action on the transporters. (4) In an experimental model for glaucoma in which rat retinas are subjected to ischemia followed by reperfusion, PbTx1.2.3 protected neurons from excitotoxic death in both outer and inner nuclear layers, and ganglion cell layers. (5) This active spider venom component may serve as a basis for designing therapeutic drugs that increase glutamate clearance and limit neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Cristina Karklin Fontana
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Herzig V, John Ward R, Ferreira dos Santos W. Intersexual variations in the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891). Toxicon 2002; 40:1399-406. [PMID: 12368110 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Venom from male and female specimens of the medically most important Brazilian Ctenidae spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891) has been compared. Males showed a slightly higher venom yield (386 microg) than equal sized females (296 microg), while adult females showed nearly a three times higher venom yield (1079 microg). High-pressure liquid-chromatography analyses revealed differences in the venom composition between males and females. A single peak in HPLC (peak 11) was only detected in venom from females carrying egg-sacs, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis showed a series of high molecular weight proteins only in the male venom pool. The median lethal dose (LD(50)) in mice for female venom was 0.63 microg kg(-1) (95% confidence interval [0.54; 0.71] and 0.61 [0.56; 0.73] microg kg(-1)) for females with egg-sacs, when compared to the male venom which showed a LD(50) of 1.57 [1.46; 1.88] microg kg(-1). The venom of both sexes was also tested in insects using a termite bioassay with doses of 2, 3, 4, and 5 microg per termite. No effect was detected for the lowest dose of female venom, whereas all the other venom doses from both sexes caused a decreased paralysis time and death of the termites. Comparing the venom of both sexes, it was observed that female venom provoked a faster reaction than male venom. The results indicate that males and females of P.nigriventer have differing venom composition which lead to different effects in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Herzig
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Rodrigues MC, Guizzo R, dos Santos WF, Cairasco NG. A comparative neuroethological study of limbic seizures induced by Parawixia bistriata venom and kainic acid injections in rats. Brain Res Bull 2001; 55:79-86. [PMID: 11427341 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of neurotoxins derived from arthropod venoms are known to show highly selective effects on nervous tissue. These neurotoxins have been proved to be extremely useful tools to investigate either convulsive or anticonvulsive mechanisms in the nervous system. In the present work, intracerebroventricular injection of the crude venom from the spider Parawixia bistriata (Araneae, Araneidae) in rats induced convulsive limbic seizures (head and forelimb myoclonus, as well as rearing and falling). Neuroethological analysis showed that the limbic seizures induced by the venom were different from those induced by kainic acid. Intravenous injection of the same venom did not induce seizures, but the neuroethological analysis showed an intensification of grooming behavior similar to a displaced activity. In conclusion, our experiments point that crude venom of P. bistriata may contain convulsant neurotoxins probably acting in limbic system structures. The mechanism of action of these neurotoxins may be different from simple activation of glutamatergic kainate receptors, as evidenced by a comparative neuroethological analysis of seizures induced by either venom or kainic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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