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Nisha N, Kumar K, Kumar V. Prodigiosin alkaloids: recent advancements in total synthesis and their biological potential. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review article is focused on the medicinal potential and total synthesis of prodigiosins witnessed in the last decade. The aim will be to provide an inspiration to the marvels and pit falls of constructing the polypyrrole heterocycles with in the complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nisha
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Kewal Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
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2
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Rastogi S, Marchal E, Uddin I, Groves B, Colpitts J, McFarland SA, Davis JT, Thompson A. Synthetic prodigiosenes and the influence of C-ring substitution on DNA cleavage, transmembrane chloride transport and basicity. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:3834-45. [PMID: 23640568 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the tripyrrolic natural product prodigiosin bearing an additional methyl and a carbonyl group at the C-ring were synthesised and evaluated. In vitro anticancer activity screening (NCI) and the study of modes of action (copper-mediated cleavage of double-stranded DNA and transmembrane transport of chloride anions) showed that the presence of the methyl group is not detrimental to activity. Furthermore, although the presence of an ester conjugated to the prodigiosene C-ring seems to decrease both pK(a) and chloride transport efficiency compared to the natural product, these analogues still exhibit a high rate of chloride transport. All analogues exhibit good in vitro anticancer activity and reduced toxicity compared to the natural product: compare an acute systemic toxicity of 100 mg kg(-1) in mice vs. 4 mg kg(-1) for prodigiosin, pointing towards a larger therapeutic window than for the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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3
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Stankovic N, Senerovic L, Ilic-Tomic T, Vasiljevic B, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Properties and applications of undecylprodigiosin and other bacterial prodigiosins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3841-58. [PMID: 24562326 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand to fulfill the needs of present-day medicine in terms of novel effective molecules has lead to reexamining some of the old and known bacterial secondary metabolites. Bacterial prodigiosins (prodiginines) have a long history of being re markable multipurpose compounds, best examined for their anticancer and antimalarial activities. Production of prodigiosin in the most common producer strain Serratia marcescens has been described in great detail. However, few reports have discussed the ecophysiological roles of these molecules in the producing strains, as well as their antibiotic and UV-protective properties. This review describes recent advances in the production process, biosynthesis, properties, and applications of bacterial prodigiosins. Special emphasis is put on undecylprodigiosin which has generally been a less studied member of the prodigiosin family. In addition, it has been suggested that proteins involved in undecylprodigiosin synthesis, RedG and RedH, could be a useful addition to the biocatalytic toolbox being able to mediate regio- and stereoselective oxidative cyclization. Judging by the number of recent references (216 for the 2007-2013 period), it has become clear that undecylprodigiosin and other bacterial prodigiosins still hold surprises in terms of valuable properties and applicative potential to medical and other industrial fields and that they still deserve continuing research curiosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Stankovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Nikodinovic-Runic J, Mojic M, Kang Y, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Vasiljevic B, Stamenkovic VR, Senerovic L. Undecylprodigiosin conjugated monodisperse gold nanoparticles efficiently cause apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3271-3281. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00300d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pigment undecylprodigiosin was conjugated to monodisperse gold nanoparticles, resulting in improved stability and cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marija Mojic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”
- Department of Immunology
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yijin Kang
- Materials Science Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne, USA
| | - Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”
- Department of Immunology
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”
- Department of Immunology
- University of Belgrade
- 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Vasiljevic
- University of Belgrade
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering
- 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Lidija Senerovic
- University of Belgrade
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering
- 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
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Davoodi-Semiromi A, Wasserfall CH, Hassanzadeh A, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Wabitsch M, Atkinson M. Influence of Tyrphostin AG490 on the expression of diabetes-associated markers in human adipocytes. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:83-90. [PMID: 23081744 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) hold promise as a treatment for a variety of disorders ranging from those in oncology to diseases thought as immune mediated. Tyrphostin AG490 is a potent Jak-Stat TKi shown effective in the prevention of allograft transplant rejection, experimental autoimmune disease, as well as the treatment of cancer. However, given its ability to modulate this important but pleiotropic intracellular pathway, we thought that it is important to examine its effects on glucose metabolism and expression of major transcription factors and adipokines associated with insulin insensitivity and diabetes. We investigated the metabolic effects of AG490 on glucose levels in vivo using an animal model of diabetes, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, and transcription factor expression through assessment of human adipocytes. AG490 treatment of young nondiabetic NOD mice significantly reduced blood glucose levels (p = 0.002). In vitro, treatment of adipocytes with rosiglitazone, an insulin sensitizer that binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) receptors and increases the adipocyte response to insulin, significantly increased the expression of the antidiabetic adipokine adiponectin. Importantly, the combination of rosiglitazone plus Tyrphostin AG490 further increased this effect and was specifically associated with significant upregulation of C-enhanced binding protein (C/EBP) (p < 0.0001). In terms of the mechanism underlying this action, regulatory regions of the PPARγ, ADIPOQ, and C/EBP contain the Stat5 DNA-binding sequences and were demonstrated, by gel shift experiments in vitro. These data suggest that blocking Jak-Stat signaling with AG490 reduces blood glucose levels and modulates the expression of transcription factors previously associated with diabetes, thereby supporting its potential as a therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoreza Davoodi-Semiromi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 33136, USA.
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6
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Significant Reduction of Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection by Selective Janus Kinase-1/3 Inhibition Using R507 and R545. Transplantation 2012; 94:695-702. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182660496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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Chen K, Rannulu NS, Cai Y, Lane P, Liebl AL, Rees BB, Corre C, Challis GL, Cole RB. Unusual odd-electron fragments from even-electron protonated prodiginine precursors using positive-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1856-1866. [PMID: 18774733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reports of anticancer and immunosuppressive properties have spurred recent interest in the bacterially produced prodiginines. We use electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS/MS) to investigate prodigiosin, undecylprodiginine, and streptorubin B (butyl-meta-cycloheptylprodiginine) and to explore their fragmentation pathways to explain the unusual methyl radical loss and consecutive fragment ions that dominate low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra. The competition between the formation of even-electron ions and radical ions is examined in detail. Theoretical calculations are used to optimize the structures and calculate the energies of both reactants and products using the Gaussian 03 program. Results indicate that protonation occurs on the nitrogen atom that initially held no hydrogen, thus allowing formation of a pseudo-seven-membered ring that constitutes the most stable ground state [M + H](+) structure. From this precursor, experimental data show that methyl radical loss has the lowest apparent threshold but, alternatively, even-electron fragment ions can be formed by loss of a methanol molecule. Computational modeling indicates that methyl radical loss is the more endothermic process in this competition, but the lower apparent threshold associated with methyl radical loss points to a lower kinetic barrier. Additionally, this characteristic and unusual loss of methyl radical (in combination with weaker methanol loss) from each prodiginine is useful for performing constant neutral loss scans to quickly and efficiently identify all prodiginines in a complex biological mixture without any clean-up or purification. The feasibility of this approach has been proven through the identification of a new, low-abundance prodigiosin analog arising from Hahella chejuensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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8
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Williamson NR, Fineran PC, Gristwood T, Chawrai SR, Leeper FJ, Salmond GPC. Anticancer and immunosuppressive properties of bacterial prodiginines. Future Microbiol 2008; 2:605-18. [PMID: 18041902 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.2.6.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial prodiginines are a family of red-pigmented, tripyrrolic compounds that display numerous biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive and anticancer properties. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis and regulation of bacterial prodiginines. An understanding of the biosynthesis of prodiginines will allow engineering of bacterial strains capable of synthesizing novel prodiginines through rational design and mutasynthesis experiments. Bacterial prodiginines and synthetic derivatives are effective proapoptotic agents with multiple cellular targets, and they are active against numerous cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cells, with little or no toxicity towards normal cell lines. A synthetic derivative, GX15-070 (Obatoclax), developed through structure-activity relationship studies of the pyrrolic ring A of GX15, is in multiple Phase I and II clinical trials in both single and dual-agent studies to treat different types of cancer. Therefore, prodiginines have real therapeutic potential in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Williamson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, UK.
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D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Targeting mast cells in endometriosis with janus kinase 3 inhibitor, JANEX-1. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58:75-97. [PMID: 17631002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial etiology characterized by implantation and growth of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. EMS is a significant public health issue as it affects 15-20% of women in their reproductive age. Clinical symptoms may include pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic/abdominal masses, and infertility. Symptomatic treatments such as surgical resection and/or hormonal suppression of ovarian function and analgesics are not as effective as desired. Consequently, there is an enormous unmet need to develop effective medical therapy capable of preventing the occurrence and recurrence of EMS without undesirable side-effects. EMS-associated intra-abdominal bleeding episodes, local inflammation, adhesions, and i.p. immunologic dysfunction leads to pelvic nociception and pelvic pain. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of allergic-type inflammation in EMS. Invasion of mast cells, degranulation, and proliferation of interstitial component are observed in endometriotic lesions. Presence of activated and degranulating mast cells within the nerve structures can contribute to the development of pain and hyperalgesia by direct effects on primary nociceptive neurons. Therefore, treatments targeting endometrial mast cells may prove effective in preventing or alleviating EMS-associated symptoms. The Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) is abundantly expressed in mast cells and is required for the full expression of high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated mast cell inflammatory sequelae. JANEX-1/WHI-P131 is a rationally designed novel JAK3 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory activity in several cellular and in vivo animal models of inflammation, including mouse models of peritonitis, colitis, cellulitis, sunburn, and airway inflammation with favorable toxicity and pharmacokinetic profile. We hypothesize that JAK3 inhibitors, especially JANEX-1, may prove useful to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, St Paul, MN 55113, USA.
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Fürstner A, Radkowski K, Peters H, Seidel G, Wirtz C, Mynott R, Lehmann CW. Total Synthesis, Molecular Editing and Evaluation of a Tripyrrolic Natural Product: The Case of “Butylcycloheptylprodigiosin”. Chemistry 2007; 13:1929-45. [PMID: 17225234 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting reports are found in the literature on whether the ortho-pyrrolophane derivative 6, which has been named "butylcycloheptylprodigiosin" even though it is a cyclononane derivative, is a natural product or merely a mis-assigned structure. This dispute has now been resolved by an unambiguous total synthesis of this complex alkaloid which confirms the initial structure assignment. The chosen approach is largely catalysis-based, featuring the first application of a "Narasaka-Heck" reaction in natural product chemistry. This palladium-catalyzed transformation allows the unsaturated oxime ester 26 to be converted into the bicyclic dihydropyrrole 27. Other notable reactions of the reported approach to 6 are a regioselective Tsuji-Trost reaction of the doubly allylic acetate 21 with methyl acetoacetate, a base-induced aromatization of 27 to the corresponding pyrrole 28, a chemoselective oxidation of the benzylic methyl group in 33 with cerium ammonium nitrate in a biphasic reaction medium that does not affect the labile pyrrole nucleus, and a Suzuki cross-coupling for the completion of the heterocyclic domain. Diversification in the latter step leads to a set of analogues that differ from the natural product in the terminal (hetero)arene ring. This structural modification results in complete loss of the very pronounced ability of the parent compound 6 to induce oxidative cleavage in double stranded DNA in the presence of Cu(II). Several cyclononane-, cyclononene- and cyclononadiene derivatives prepared en route to 6 have been characterized by crystal structure analysis, allowing the conformational behavior of nine-membered carbocycles to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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Fantini MC, Becker C, Kiesslich R, Neurath MF. Drug insight: novel small molecules and drugs for immunosuppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:633-44. [PMID: 17068501 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases can result from the inadequate or excessive response of the immune system to self or innocuous antigens. Moreover, the physiologic activation of the immune system against non-self antigens is a major clinical problem in liver organ transplantation. At present, many drugs are available that suppress the activation of the immune system, although most of the currently used immunosuppressive drugs lack specificity in terms of their molecular targets and, therefore, have the potential to generate numerous side effects. The advances that have been made in understanding the molecular events that underlie the activation of the immune system have led to the development of a new generation of 'small molecules' that are endowed with immunosuppressive properties and can serve as immunomodulatory agents. Among these new small molecules, inhibitors of Janus kinase 3, p21-Rac1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase represent the most innovative approach to immunosuppression, and could be a promising alternative to current immunosuppressive therapies. Here, we report on the progress that has been made in the development of small molecules in the field of gastroenterology.
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Baldino CM, Parr J, Wilson CJ, Ng SC, Yohannes D, Wasserman HH. Indoloprodigiosins from the C-10 bipyrrolic precursor: New antiproliferative prodigiosin analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:701-4. [PMID: 16289814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The condensation of the C-10 methoxybipyrrole precursor (3) of prodigiosin with indoles and a related pyrrole derivative yields novel analogs of prodigiosin. Biological evaluation of these products revealed compounds that inhibit cancer cell proliferation from 50 nM to 50 microM.
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Han SB, Lee CW, Yoon YD, Kang JS, Lee KH, Yoon WK, Kim YK, Lee K, Park SK, Kim HM. Effective prevention of lethal acute graft-versus-host disease by combined immunosuppressive therapy with prodigiosin and cyclosporine A. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1518-26. [PMID: 16198318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PDG), a bacterial metabolite, is a known T cell-specific immunosuppressant. Here, we compared its inhibitory potency and mode of action with cyclosporine A (CsA) in a mouse model. PDG efficiently inhibited T cell proliferation with an IC(50) of 3.37 ng/ml, a similar dose to that of CsA (IC(50) of 2.71 ng/ml). PDG inhibited only IL-2Ralpha expression, but not IL-2 expression, whereas CsA inhibited both. Exogenously added IL-2 reversed the suppressive activity of CsA, but not that of PDG. Moreover, although both PDG and CsA markedly reduced mortality rates in lethal acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the combined treatment was more effective than either drug alone. These results demonstrate that PDG and CsA have similar inhibitory potencies, but different modes of action, and suggest that PDG has potential use as a supplementary immunosuppressant in combination with CsA for the treatment of GVHD.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Bacteria/chemistry
- Bacteria/immunology
- Bacteria/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclosporine/immunology
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/drug therapy
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Prodigiosin/immunology
- Prodigiosin/pharmacology
- Prodigiosin/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bae Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 52 Oundong, Yusong, Taejon 305-333, South Korea
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14
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Fürstner A, Radkowski K, Peters H. Chasing a Phantom by Total Synthesis: The Butylcycloheptylprodigiosin Case. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2777-2781. [PMID: 15798986 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany, Fax: (+49) 208-306-2994
| | - Karin Radkowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany, Fax: (+49) 208-306-2994
| | - Hartwig Peters
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany, Fax: (+49) 208-306-2994
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Fürstner A, Radkowski K, Peters H. Chasing a Phantom by Total Synthesis: The Butylcycloheptylprodigiosin Case. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saemann MD, Zeyda M, Stulnig TM, Bohmig GA, Wekerle T, Horl WH, Zlabinger GJ. Janus kinase-3 (JAK3) inhibition: a novel immunosuppressive option for allogeneic transplantation. Transpl Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Säemann MD, Zeyda M, Stulnig TM, Böhmig GA, Wekerle T, Hörl WH, Zlabinger GJ. Janus kinase-3 (JAK3) inhibition: a novel immunosuppressive option for allogeneic transplantation. Transpl Int 2004; 17:481-9. [PMID: 15368094 DOI: 10.1007/s00147-004-0756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2003] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive therapy in clinical organ transplantation is based on drugs that suppress various functions of immunocompetent cells but still affect cells and organ compartments other than the immune system. Hence, these drugs have considerable side effects which lead to increased morbidity and reduced life-quality of transplant recipients. A major step forward in the rationale design of clinical immunosuppression resides in the elucidation of molecular targets that play a critical role specifically within the immune system. Recently, Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) has been identified as such a molecule. Genetic absence or ablation of this tyrosine kinase is associated with defective T-cell immunity that results in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) without apparent changes in other organ systems. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition has significantly prolonged allograft survival in several experimental models of organ transplantation. The present review provides an overview of the emerging role of JAK3 in the immune system and the development of JAK3-inhibiting drugs. The potential clinical application of JAK3 inhibitors in organ transplantations is discussed in the light of a recent series of successful kidney transplantations in non-human primates immunosuppressed solely with a novel JAK3 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D Säemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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O'Shea JJ, Pesu M, Borie DC, Changelian PS. A new modality for immunosuppression: targeting the JAK/STAT pathway. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:555-64. [PMID: 15232577 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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