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Willis GL, Armstrong SM. Fine-tuning the circadian system with light treatment for Parkinson's disease: an in-depth, critical review. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:57-84. [PMID: 37609845 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Late in the twentieth century, interest intensified regarding the involvement of the circadian system in the aetiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been envisaged that this approach might provide relief beyond the limited benefits and severe side effects achieved by dopamine (DA) replacement. In the first clinical article, published in 1996, polychromatic light was used to shift the circadian clock as it is considered to be the most powerful zeitgeber (time keeper) that can be implemented to realign circadian phase. Since that time, 11 additional articles have implemented light treatment (LT) in various forms as an adjuvant to DA replacement. In spite of the growing interest in this area, the systematic exploration of LT in PD has been stymied by several methodological factors. Such factors include time of LT presentation, duration of studies undertaken, frequency of light employed, dose of light prescribed and relevance of experimental design to the prolonged course of the illness. On this basis, it is the purpose of this review to provide an in-depth examination of these papers, and the underlying preclinical work, to provide critique, thereby giving direction for future studies in therapeutic applications of LT for PD. Consideration of this collective work may serve to carve a path for future research and thereby improve the lives of those suffering from this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Willis
- The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, 40 Davy Street, Woodend, VIC 3442, Australia
| | - Stuart M Armstrong
- The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, 40 Davy Street, Woodend, VIC 3442, Australia
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2
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Shoshina II, Hovis JK, Felisberti FM, Santos NA, Adreeva A, Butler PD, Fernandes TP. Visual processing and BDNF levels in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 305:114200. [PMID: 34653830 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) have deficits in early visual processing, namely contrast processing. The brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) is an important measure to investigate neuroplasticity in some visual functions like visual perception. In this study, we investigated the relationship between visual processing and BDNF levels in first-episode SCZ patients. Thirty-nine healthy controls and 43 first-episode SCZ patients were enrolled. Contrast sensitivity measurements were conducted using low, mid- and high spatial frequencies. First-episode SCZ patients had higher contrast sensitivity than healthy controls for all frequencies, except for the middle spatial frequency. Negative correlations were found between BDNF, contrast sensitivity and clinical variables, mostly for middle and high spatial frequencies among females. Our results provide support for (i) the association of SCZ with alterations of magno- and parvocellular pathway functioning and (ii) decreased BDNF levels in first-episode SCZ patients. This study highlights the importance of using biomarkers along with other measures to investigate visual processing in SCZ and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Shoshina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Department of Visual Physiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State University, Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Jeffery K Hovis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Fatima M Felisberti
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natanael A Santos
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Anna Adreeva
- St. Petersburg State University, Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Pamela D Butler
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Thiago P Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil.
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Guo L, Normando EM, Shah PA, De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Oculo-visual abnormalities in Parkinson's disease: Possible value as biomarkers. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1390-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Eduardo M. Normando
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Parth Arvind Shah
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Lies De Groef
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
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The role of the retina in visual hallucinations: A review of the literature and implications for psychosis. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Weil RS, Schrag AE, Warren JD, Crutch SJ, Lees AJ, Morris HR. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2827-2843. [PMID: 27412389 PMCID: PMC5091042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have a number of specific visual disturbances. These include changes in colour vision and contrast sensitivity and difficulties with complex visual tasks such as mental rotation and emotion recognition. We review changes in visual function at each stage of visual processing from retinal deficits, including contrast sensitivity and colour vision deficits to higher cortical processing impairments such as object and motion processing and neglect. We consider changes in visual function in patients with common Parkinson's disease-associated genetic mutations including GBA and LRRK2 . We discuss the association between visual deficits and clinical features of Parkinson's disease such as rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder and the postural instability and gait disorder phenotype. We review the link between abnormal visual function and visual hallucinations, considering current models for mechanisms of visual hallucinations. Finally, we discuss the role of visuo-perceptual testing as a biomarker of disease and predictor of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimona S. Weil
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anette E. Schrag
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D. Warren
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Nowacka B, Lubiński W, Honczarenko K, Potemkowski A, Safranow K. Bioelectrical function and structural assessment of the retina in patients with early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Doc Ophthalmol 2015; 131:95-104. [PMID: 25972299 PMCID: PMC4567588 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-015-9503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
To determine bioelectrical function and structural changes of the retina in patients with early stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Materials and methods Thirty-eight eyes of 20 patients with early idiopathic PD and 38 eyes of 20 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were ophthalmologically examined, including assessment of distance best-corrected visual acuity (DBCVA), slit lamp examination of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye, evaluation of the eye structures: paramacular retinal thickness (RT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with the aid of OCT, and the bioelectrical function by full-field electroretinogram (ERG). Additionally, PD patients were interviewed as to the presence of dopamine-dependent visual functions abnormalities. Results In patients with early PD, statistically significant changes in comparison with the control group were observed in ERG. They contained a reduction in mean amplitudes of the scotopic a-wave (rod–cone response), the scotopic oscillatory potentials (OPs)—OP2 and OP3, the photopic b-wave, and a reduction in the overall index (OP1 + OP2 + OP3) and a prolongation of mean peak times of the scotopic OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4 (p < 0.05). A questionnaire concerning abnormalities of dopamine-dependent visual functions revealed that PD patients with abnormal peak times of OP1, OP2, and OP3 reported non-specific visual disturbances more frequently in comparison with PD patients with normal peak times of OPs. Other analyzed parameters of ERG, DBCVA, RT, and RNFL did not significantly differ between patients with PD and the control group. Conclusion In patients with early PD, bioelectrical dysfunction of the retina was observed in the ERG test, probably as a result of dopamine deficiency in the retina. The results of our study indicate that ERG may also be a useful tool for understanding the reason for non-specific visual disturbances occurring in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nowacka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Lubiński
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Nowacka B, Lubinski W, Honczarenko K, Potemkowski A, Safranow K. Ophthalmological features of Parkinson disease. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2243-9. [PMID: 25387009 PMCID: PMC4238794 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the type and frequency of ophthalmologic changes occurring in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Material/Methods One hundred consecutive patients (196 eyes) with idiopathic PD and a control group consisting of 100 healthy patients (196 eyes) matched for age and sex underwent a complete ophthalmological examination of both eyes, including assessment of patient medical history, dry eye questionare, and visual hallucinations questionnaire, distance and near best corrected visual acuity (DBCVA, NBCVA), color vision, distance photopic contrast sensitivity, near point of convergence, slit lamp examination of the eye anterior segment, tear film osmolarity and breakup time, aqueous tear production, and intraocular pressure, as well as fundus examination and evaluation of the perimacular retinal thickness (RT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Results In the eyes of PD patients DBCVA, NBCVA, contrast sensitivity, and color discrimination were significantly reduced. We also detected increased frequency of convergence insufficiency, seborrhoic blepharitis, meibomian gland disease (MGD), dry eye syndrome, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract, and glaucoma (p<0.05). However, intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly lower in the PD group compared to controls. The frequency of visual hallucinations, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and other ophthalmological diseases, as well as RT and RNFL thickness, did not significantly differ between investigated groups. Conclusions Clinicians need to be aware of the association between PD and ophthalmological changes. Restoration of good-quality vision has a great impact on PD patients’ quality of life, reduction of costs of treatment and care, and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nowacka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Lubinski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Willis GL, Moore C, Armstrong SM. Parkinson's disease, lights and melanocytes: looking beyond the retina. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3921. [PMID: 24473093 PMCID: PMC5379242 DOI: 10.1038/srep03921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical analysis of recent research suggesting that light pollution causes Parkinson's disease (PD) reveals that such a hypothesis is unsustainable in the context of therapeutic use of light in treating various neuropsychiatric conditions. Reinterpretation of their findings suggests that retinal damage caused by prolonged light exposure may have contributed to the observed enhancement of experimental PD. To test this hypothesis further, forty-two Sprague Dawley rats received microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2, 4, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), paraquat or rotenone into the vitreal mass in doses so minute that the effects could not be attributed to diffusion into brain. Significant changes in five motor parameters consistent with symptoms of experimental PD were observed. These findings support the interpretation that the retina is involved in the control of motor function and in the aetiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Willis
- Neurosciences Section, The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Victoria 3444, Australia
| | - Cleo Moore
- Neurosciences Section, The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Victoria 3444, Australia
| | - Stuart Maxwell Armstrong
- Neurosciences Section, The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Victoria 3444, Australia
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Correlation of inner retinal thickness evaluated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson disease. J Neuroophthalmol 2014; 33:137-42. [PMID: 23612240 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0b013e31828c4e1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare inner retinal layer (IRL) thickness measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and contrast sensitivity (CS) in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and in healthy control (HC) subjects. METHODS Consecutive patients with and without PD were prospectively analyzed using SD-OCT and Pelli-Robson CS testing. SD-OCT IRL (ganglion-cell complex) thickness, consisting of the nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer, was segmented using an RTVue Model-RT100 with an EMM5 scan parameter covering a 5.0 × 5.0 mm cube centered on the fovea. Thickness voxel measurements at 0.25-mm intervals at sequential radial distances from the foveola were acquired horizontally and vertically. SD-OCT thickness raw data files were imported and analyzed within MATLAB (version 7.10.0). A database of CS scores and IRL thickness values by foveal location was constructed and statistically evaluated using JMP 10 (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC). RESULTS The results were compared between 28 eyes of 14 patients with PD and 28 eyes of 14 HC subjects. Controlling for age, mean CS scores of monocular right and randomized eyes were statistically lower in PD eyes (P < 0.05). IRL was significantly thinner in PD eyes than in HC eyes at several distances from the foveola (P < 0.05). The most numerous and significant thickness differences by diagnosis were located in the superior quadrant at a distance of 1.00-1.75 mm from the foveal center (17 μm; P < 0.01, maximum significant thickness difference and P value). Correlation was demonstrated between monocular CS and IRL thickness by diagnosis at multiple foveal locations for HC eyes as follows: nasal quadrant, 0.75-1.00 mm (P < 0.02); temporal quadrant, 0.50-1.00 mm (P < 0.05); superior quadrant, 1.00 mm (P < 0.05); and inferior quadrant, 1.00 mm (P < 0.03). No significant correlation was found between monocular CS and IRL thickness within PD subjects (P > 0.05 for each foveal location measured). CONCLUSION CS and foveal IRL thickness are decreased in patients with PD. CS and IRL thickness correlated in HC subjects; however, no such correlation was demonstrated in PD. The functional deficit of dopaminergic interneurons, including amacrine cells, may outstrip the anatomic structural changes in the inner retina of PD patients. Inner retinal atrophic changes may underlie the pathogenesis of CS deficit and IRL thinning in PD.
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Alexander GE. Biology of Parkinson's disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033559 PMCID: PMC3181806 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2004.6.3/galexander] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder. The characteristic motor impairments - bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor - result from degenerative loss of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, and are responsive to symptomatic treatment with dopaminergic medications and functional neurosurgery. PD is also the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Viewed from this perspective, PD is a disorder of multiple functional systems, not simply the motor system, and of multiple neurotransmitter systems, not merely that of DA. The characteristic pathology - intraneuronal Lewy body inclusions and reduced numbers of surviving neurons - is similar in each of the targeted neuron groups, suggesting a common neurodegenerative process. Pathological and experimental studies indicate that oxidative stress, proteolytic stress, and inflammation figure prominently in the pathogenesis of PD. Yet, whether any of these mechanisms plays a causal role in human PD is unknown, because to date we have no proven neuroprotective therapies that slow or reverse disease progression in patients with PD. We are beginning to understand the pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in PD, but its etiopathogenesis as a neurodegenerative disorder remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett E Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga, USA
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Zhang AJ, Jacoby R, Wu SM. Light- and dopamine-regulated receptive field plasticity in primate horizontal cells. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2125-34. [PMID: 21452210 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Center-surround antagonistic receptive fields (CSARFs) are building blocks for spatial vision and contrast perception. Retinal horizontal cells (HCs) are the first lateral elements along the visual pathway, and are thought to contribute to receptive field surrounds of higher order neurons. Primate HC receptive fields have not been found to change with light, and dopaminergic modulation has not been investigated. Recording intracellularly from HCs in dark-adapted macaque retina, we found that H1-HCs had large receptive fields (λ = 1,158 ± 137 μm) that were reduced by background light (-45%), gap junction closure (-53%), and D1 dopamine receptor activation (-48%). Tracer coupling was modulated in a correlative manner, suggesting that coupling resistance plays a dominant role in receptive field formation under low light conditions. The D1 antagonist SCH23390 increased the size of receptive fields (+13%), suggesting tonic dopamine release in the dark. Because light elevates dopamine release in primate retina, our results support a dopaminergic role in post-receptoral light adaptation by decreasing HC receptive field diameters, which influences the center-surround receptive field organization of higher-order neurons and thereby spatial contrast sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Zhang
- Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Esteve-Rudd J, Campello L, Herrero MT, Cuenca N, Martín-Nieto J. Expression in the mammalian retina of parkin and UCH-L1, two components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Brain Res 2010; 1352:70-82. [PMID: 20638372 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) functions as a major degradation pathway for misfolded and damaged proteins with an important neuroprotective role in the CNS against a variety of cellular stresses. Parkin and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) are two relevant components of the UPS associated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders. We here address the expression profile of parkin and UCH-L1 in the mammalian retina, with special emphasis on primates. We describe for the first time the presence of parkin in the retina of mammals, including humans. Parkin and UCH-L1 genes were expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in the retina of all species examined. The immunolocalization pattern of parkin was quite widespread, being expressed by most retinal neuronal types, including photoreceptors. UCH-L1 was localized to horizontal cells and specific subtypes of bipolar and amacrine cells, as well as to ganglion cells and their axons forming the nerve fiber layer. In rodents no UCH-L1 immunoreactivity was found in cone or rod photoreceptors, whereas this protein was present along the whole length of cones in all other mammals. Remarkably, UCH-L1 was expressed by dopaminergic amacrine cells of primates. The ample distribution of parkin and UCH-L1 in the mammalian retina, together with the crucial role played by the UPS in normal neuronal physiology in the brain, points to a participation of these two proteins in the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway of protein degradation in most retinal cell types, where they could exert a protective function against neuronal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Esteve-Rudd
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Khadjevand F, Shahzadi S, Abbassian A. Reduction of negative afterimage duration in Parkinson's disease patients: a possible role for dopaminergic deficiency in the retinal Interplexiform cell layer. Vision Res 2009; 50:279-83. [PMID: 20004214 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic deficiency may affect Parkinson's disease patients (PD) in the central as well as the peripheral tissues. In the retina, the neuromodulatory role of the dopaminergic Interplexiform cell layer (IP) plays a major role in the retinal light adaptation and may account for the duration of the negative afterimage. Here we present results showing a significant reduction of negative afterimage duration in PD patients. This supports the hypothesis that the retinal dopaminergic system may be the main cause for the long duration of negative afterimage. We suggest that the observed reduction of afterimage duration is due to possible dopaminergic deficiency in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khadjevand
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran 19395-5746, Iran.
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14
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Abstract
Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) can experience hallucinations (spontaneous aberrant perceptions) and illusions (misinterpretations of real perceptual stimuli). Of such phenomena, visual hallucinations (VHs) and illusions are the most frequently encountered, although auditory, olfactory and tactile hallucinations can also occur. In cross-sectional studies, VHs occur in approximately one-third of patients, but up to three-quarters of patients might develop VHs during a 20-year period. Hallucinations can have substantial psychosocial effects and, historically, were the main reason for placing patients in nursing homes. Concomitant or overlapping mechanisms are probably active during VHs, and these include the following: central dopaminergic overactivity and an imbalance with cholinergic neurotransmission; dysfunction of the visual pathways, including specific PD-associated retinopathy and functional alterations of the extrastriate visual pathways; alterations of brainstem sleep-wake and dream regulation; and impaired attentional focus. Possible treatments include patient-initiated coping strategies, a reduction of antiparkinson medications, atypical neuroleptics and, potentially, cholinesterase inhibitors. Evidence-based studies, however, only support the use of one atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, and only in patients without dementia. Better phenomenological discrimination, combined with neuroimaging tools, should refine therapeutic options and improve prognosis. The aim of this Review is to present epidemiological, phenomenological, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of hallucinations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- Department of Neurology, Center Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 4 rue Barblé, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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15
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Chaudhuri KR, Schapira AHV. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:464-74. [PMID: 19375664 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1096] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several studies, including work from the Parkinson's disease (PD) non-motor group and others, have established that the non-motor symptoms of PD are common, occur across all stages of PD, are under-reported, and are a key determinant of quality of life. Research suggests that the non-motor symptoms of the disease are frequently unrecognised by clinicians and remain untreated. Even when identified, there is a common perception that many of these symptoms are untreatable. The role of dopaminergic drugs in treating the various non-motor problems of PD, although clinically recognised, has received little attention. In this Review, we investigate the dopaminergic basis of the range of non-motor symptoms that occur in PD such as depression, apathy, sleep disorders (including rapid-eye movement sleep behaviour disorder), and erectile dysfunction. We discuss the evidence that these symptoms are treatable, at least in part, with various dopaminergic strategies and, where relevant, we also refer to the use of deep-brain stimulation of appropriate targets in the brain. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of the management of this challenging aspect of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK.
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16
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Abstract
As a more complete picture of the clinical phenotype of Parkinson's disease emerges, non-motor symptoms have become increasingly studied. Prominent among these non-motor phenomena are mood disturbance, cognitive decline and dementia, sleep disorders, hyposmia and autonomic failure. In addition, visual symptoms are common, ranging from complaints of dry eyes and reading difficulties, through to perceptual disturbances (feelings of presence and passage) and complex visual hallucinations. Such visual symptoms are a considerable cause of morbidity in Parkinson's disease and, with respect to visual hallucinations, are an important predictor of cognitive decline as well as institutional care and mortality. Evidence exists of visual dysfunction at several levels of the visual pathway in Parkinson's disease. This includes psychophysical, electrophysiological and morphological evidence of disruption of retinal structure and function, in addition to disorders of 'higher' (cortical) visual processing. In this review, we will draw together work from animal and human studies in an attempt to provide an insight into how Parkinson's disease affects the retina and how these changes might contribute to the visual symptoms experienced by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Archibald
- Clinical Research Fellow, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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Brandies R, Yehuda S. The possible role of retinal dopaminergic system in visual performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 32:611-56. [PMID: 18061262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is a well-known fact that the retina is one of the tissues in the body, which is richest in dopamine (DA), yet the role of this system in various visual functions remains unclear. We have identified 13 types of DA retinal pathologies, and 15 visual functions. The pathologies were arranged in this review on a net grid, where one axis was "age" (i.e., from infancy to old age) and the other axis the level of retinal DA (i.e., from DA deficiency to DA excess, from Parkinson disorder to Schizophrenia). The available data on visual dysfunction(s) is critically presented for each of the DA pathologies. Special effort was made to evaluate whether the site of DA malfunction in the different DA pathologies and visual function is at retinal level or in higher brain centers. The mapping of DA and visual pathologies demonstrate the pivot role of retinal DA in mediating visual functions and also indicate the "missing links" in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandies
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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18
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Deijen JB, Stoffers D, Berendse HW, Wolters EC, Theeuwes J. Abnormal susceptibility to distracters hinders perception in early stage Parkinson's disease: a controlled study. BMC Neurol 2006; 6:43. [PMID: 17156486 PMCID: PMC1702547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-6-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the perceptual abnormalities observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a deficit in the suppression of reflexive saccades that are automatically triggered by the onset of a peripheral target. Impairment of substantia nigra function is thought to lead to this reduced ability to suppress reflexive saccades. Methods The present study examined whether this perceptual deficit is also present in early stage PD when using hardly noticeable task-irrelevant stimuli. Eleven non-demented de novo, untreated PD patients (mean age 57 yr, range 44 – 70) participated in the study as well as 12 age-matched controls. Performance on an 'oculomotor capture' task, in which in half of the trials an irrelevant stimulus with sudden onset was added to the display, was compared between patients and controls. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with group (patients/controls) and age (< 61 yrs/≥ 61 yrs) as independent factors and type of trial (control/distracter) as repeated measurements factor. The factor sex was used as covariate. Results With respect to Reaction Time (RT), a significant interaction between group and condition was found. RTs increased under the 'irrelevant stimulus' condition in both groups, the patients exhibiting a significantly larger increase in RTs than the control group. Also, a significant interaction effect between group and condition for number of correct responses was found. The number of correct responses was reduced in the onset distracter condition, the reduction being larger in the patients. In the patient group, contrary to the control group, a higher age was associated with fewer correct responses at baseline and in the onset distracter condition, suggesting that perceptual functions in PD are highly susceptible to the effects of ageing. The increased reaction times and larger number of incorrect responses of the PD patients in the onset distracter condition may be related to impairments of substantia nigra function and lower brain stem. Conclusion The capture task seems to be a sensitive instrument to detect early perceptual deficits in PD. The magnitude of the observed deficits suggests that perceptual functions in early stage PD are so substantially impaired that this may interfere with daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Berend Deijen
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick Stoffers
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W Berendse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ch Wolters
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theeuwes
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen JC, Brown B, Schmid KL. Retinal adaptation responses revealed by global flash multifocal electroretinogram are dependent on the degree of myopic refractive error. Vision Res 2006; 46:3413-21. [PMID: 16647734 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence that the inner retina is involved in eye growth control processes and the development of myopia. We sought to investigate the response dynamics of the inner retina of adult emmetropes and myopes using the global flash multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) paradigm. METHODS Fourteen myopes and 10 emmetropic subjects (mean age: 21.0+/-2.8 years) underwent mfERG testing using VERIS 5.1.5X. The global flash stimulus array consisted of 103-scaled hexagons which flickered according to a pseudorandom binary m-sequence (2(13)-1). The stimulation sequence was modified by inserting three frames, a dark frame, a global (full screen) flash, and another dark frame. The amplitude and implicit time of the two distinct waveform features, an early direct component (DC) and a later induced component (IC) of the first-order kernel were analyzed. Retinal responses were averaged over rings of increasing eccentricity, or into nasal and temporal hemifields. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between the DC and IC response amplitude and myopic refractive error, i.e., the greater the myopic error, the greater the response amplitude. However, when comparing between the two refractive error groups, DC and IC response amplitudes of emmetropes and myopes were similar, even after compensating for the effect of axial length. There were no significant differences in implicit times of the DC and IC in emmetropes and myopes. CONCLUSIONS Global flash mfERG responses of emmetropes and myopes were not found to be significantly different. The measured retinal adaptation response however varied according to the degree of myopia. We hypothesize that dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in retinal adaptation and is known to be reduced in myopic eyes, may be involved in the retinal adaptation effect observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Chen
- School of Optometry and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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20
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Diederich NJ, Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: Focused review and a new integrative model. Mov Disord 2004; 20:130-40. [PMID: 15486924 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual hallucinations (VH) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are a chronic complication in 30 to 60% of treated patients and have a multifaceted phenomenology. Flickering, faultive impressions, and illusionary misperceptions precede the core syndrome of stereotyped, colorful images. The patient variably recognizes these images as hallucinations, being rarely irritated or frightened and more often amused as a bystander. Although studies on VH in PD focus on several research domains, no comprehensive, unified theory has been developed to study their pathophysiology. We have adapted Hobson's work on the states of consciousness and propose a model integrating seemingly disparate data on VH. We suggest that VH should be considered as a dysregulation of the gating and filtering of external perception and internal image production. Contributive elements and anatomical links for the model include poor primary vision, reduced activation of primary visual cortex, aberrant activation of associative visual and frontal cortex, lack of suppression or spontaneous emergence of internally generated imagery through the ponto-geniculo-occipital system, intrusion of rapid eye movement dreaming imagery into wakefulness, errative changes of the brainstem filtering capacities through fluctuating vigilance, and medication-related overactivation of mesolimbic systems. Different etiologies likely produce different phenomenologies and the prognosis may not be uniform. This new conceptual framework permits an anatomical view of VH and suggests new, testable hypotheses regarding their pathophysiology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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21
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Zhao Y, Kerscher N, Eysel U, Funke K. D1 and D2 receptor-mediated dopaminergic modulation of visual responses in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Physiol 2002; 539:223-38. [PMID: 11850515 PMCID: PMC2290134 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulatory effects of dopamine (DA) on the visual responses of relay cells of the dorsal aspect of cat lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) were tested using local micro-iontophoretic application of DA and application of the receptor-specific agonists SKF38393 (SKF, D1/D5) and quinpirole (QUIN, D2/D3/D4) in the anaesthetized alcuronium-treated cat. The effects of DA and QUIN were clearly dose-dependent: small amounts caused a weak and transient facilitation of visual activity (10-30% increase) preferentially in Y-type relay cells, which changed to a moderate reduction of visual responses when the dose was increased (50%, maximal 70%). The effect of SKF was mainly suppressive and increased with the amount of drug applied (up to 90% reduction). The selective antagonists SCH23390 (SCH, D1) and sulpiride (SULP, D2) reduced the effects of co-applied DA agonists. We found little evidence for a specific dopaminergic modulation of the surround inhibition (stimulus-driven lateral inhibition) although DA slightly facilitated the transmission of weak signals (small stimuli). Nevertheless, some dopaminergic effects seem to be mediated via inhibitory interneurons regulating the strength of sustained or recurrent inhibition. Application of DA agonists during blockade of GABA(A) receptors indicates a direct suppression of relay cells via D1 receptors, an excitation of relay cells via D2 receptors and--with increasing amounts of D2 agonist--probably also an excitation of inhibitory interneurons, which results in an indirect inhibition of dLGN relay cells (predominantly of the X-type). The results are discussed in relation to the impairment of visual functions in Parkinson's disease.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Cats
- Dopamine/administration & dosage
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Geniculate Bodies/drug effects
- Geniculate Bodies/physiology
- Interneurons/physiology
- Male
- Neural Inhibition/physiology
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Sulpiride/pharmacology
- Visual Perception/drug effects
- Visual Perception/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Zhao Y, Kerscher N, Eysel U, Funke K. Changes of contrast gain in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus by dopamine receptor agonists. Neuroreport 2001; 12:2939-45. [PMID: 11588607 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200109170-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory effects of dopamine (DA) on the contrast gain of retino-geniculate transmission were tested with local micro-iontophoretical application of DA and the DA receptor agonists SKF38393 (SKF, D1/D5) and quinpirole (QUIN, D2/D3/D4) while recording visually induced spike activity of relay cells of the dorsal aspect of cat lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in the anesthetised and paralyzed preparation. DA and QUIN could either facilitate or inhibit visual activity in a dose-dependent fashion: small amounts caused a facilitation while larger quantities resulted in a more (DA) or less (QUIN) strong inhibition. The effect of SKF was almost always suppressive and increased with the amount of drug applied. The absolute change in activity was depending on stimulus contrast and the strength of the elicited response: facilitation and inhibition of activity was proportional to stimulus contrast and response strength and thus resulted in a changed contrast gain. The results indicate that the visual deficits found in Parkinson's disease patients my be not solely related to retinal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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23
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Harris JP, Wink B. Invariance of the perceived spatial frequency shift of peripherally viewed gratings with manipulations of contrast, duration, and luminance. Vision Res 2000; 40:931-41. [PMID: 10720664 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gratings appear of higher spatial frequency when they are viewed peripherally rather than foveally. To test the hypothesis that this effect is an artefact of particular laboratory conditions, we manipulated the contrast, luminance and presentation duration, manipulations which have also been shown to increase the apparent spatial frequency of foveally presented gratings. It has been argued that such shifts reflect an attempt to increase sensitivity by changing the receptive field properties of spatially tuned visual channels, while keeping their size labels constant. If so, and peripheral channels are not otherwise mislabelled, it should be possible to find conditions under which the apparent spatial frequency of peripherally viewed gratings matches that of foveal gratings of the same spatial frequency. In this study, manipulations of contrast, luminance, and duration had no effect on the size of the perceived spatial frequency shift in peripheral vision. Thus the putative inappropriate size labelling of peripheral visual channels is constant over a wide range of stimulus values. We speculate that this apparent constant error may result from a mechanism which normally compensates for another factor such as blur, which may otherwise lead to an overestimation of size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Harris
- Department of Psychology, The University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.
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