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Han X, Xu L, Deng A, Xing P, Xu Y. Centurial deposition records of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sediment cores from a plateau deep-water lake of China: Significance of anthropogenic impacts, transformation signals and ecological risks revealed by full congener analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171800. [PMID: 38508255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Lake Fuxian, the largest deep freshwater lake in China, has been suffering from increasing ecological and environmental issues along with the rapid urbanization and industrialization in the past 40 years. To better understand the historical pollution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Lake Fuxian, comprehensive analyses of 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were conducted in two intact sediment cores (Core V1 and Core V2). The total mass concentrations of PCBs ranged from 7.60 to 31.47 ng/g (dry weight basis) and 5.55 to 28.90 ng/g during the period of 1908-2019 in Core V1 and 1924-2019 in Core V2, respectively. PCBs exhibited a consecutive increasing trend from 1940s to 2019 in Core V1. The temporal trend of PCBs in Core V2 basically matched to the history of PCB usage and prohibition in China (increasing from 1940s to mid-1960s, a remarkable drop in mid-1970s, and then increasing until 2019). Moreover, low-chlorinated PCBs were dominant among PCB homologues. Mono-CBs, di-CBs, tri-CBs and tetra-CBs accounted for 86.71 %-98.57 % in sediment segments. The PCB sources included unintentional emission and atmospheric deposition, as well as biological transformation. The total mass concentrations of OCPs ranged from 0.74 to 3.82 ng/g in Core V1 and 0.35 to 2.23 ng/g in Core V2, respectively. Similar trend was observed in the two sediment cores with peaks in the early 1990s. The predominant OCPs were γ-hexachlorohexane (γ-HCHs), dieldrin and p,p'-DDD. The ecological risks posed by PCBs and p-p'-DDD in Lake Fuxian were relatively low. In contrast, dieldrin might pose a potential threat to exposed organisms and apparently adverse ecological effects were caused by γ-HCH. This study will provide important baseline information on historical POPs contamination of Lake Fuxian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Han
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Aixin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Peng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science & Environments, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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Sabatier P, Mottes C, Cottin N, Evrard O, Comte I, Piot C, Gay B, Arnaud F, Lefevre I, Develle AL, Deffontaines L, Plet J, Lesueur-Jannoyer M, Poulenard J. Evidence of Chlordecone Resurrection by Glyphosate in French West Indies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2296-2306. [PMID: 33507080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture during the last several decades has contaminated soils and different Critical Zone (CZ) compartments, defined as the area extended from the top of the vegetation canopy to the groundwater table, and it integrates interactions of the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. However, the long-term fate, storage, and transfer dynamics of persistent pesticides in CZ in a changing world remain poorly understood. In the French West Indies, chlordecone (CLD), a toxic organochlorine insecticide, was extensively applied to banana fields to control banana weevil from 1972 to 1993 after which it was banned. Here, to understand CZ trajectories we apply a retrospective observation based on marine sediment core analyses to monitor long-term CLD transfer, fate, and consequences in Guadeloupe and Martinique islands. Both CLD profiles show synchronous chronologies. We hypothesized that the use of glyphosate, a postemergence herbicide, from the late 1990s onward induced CZ modification with an increase in soil erosion and led to the release of the stable CLD stored in the soils of polluted fields. CLD fluxes drastically increased when glyphosate use began, leading to widespread ecosystem contamination. As glyphosate is used globally, ecotoxicological risk management strategies should consider how its application affects persistent pesticide storage in soils, transfer dynamics, and widespread contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sabatier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, LE Bourget du lac 73376, France
| | - Charles Mottes
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, Le Lamentin, Martinique F-97285, France
- HortSys, Geco, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Nathalie Cottin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, LE Bourget du lac 73376, France
| | - Olivier Evrard
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CEA, CNRS, LSCE/IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Irina Comte
- HortSys, Geco, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier 34398, France
- Cirad, UPR GECO, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe F-97130, France
| | - Christine Piot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, LE Bourget du lac 73376, France
| | - Bastien Gay
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, LE Bourget du lac 73376, France
| | - Fabien Arnaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, LE Bourget du lac 73376, France
| | - Irène Lefevre
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CEA, CNRS, LSCE/IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Anne-Lise Develle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, LE Bourget du lac 73376, France
| | - Landry Deffontaines
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, Le Lamentin, Martinique F-97285, France
- HortSys, Geco, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Joanne Plet
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, Le Lamentin, Martinique F-97285, France
- HortSys, Geco, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer
- Cirad, UPR HortSys, Le Lamentin, Martinique F-97285, France
- HortSys, Geco, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Jérôme Poulenard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, LE Bourget du lac 73376, France
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Varnosfaderany MN, Soffianian A, Mirghaffari N, Gu Z, Chu G. Occurrence and depositional history of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments of the Zayandehrud River in the arid region of Central Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126847. [PMID: 32417509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface sediments along the Zayandehrud River (14 samples), and two dated core sediments (46 samples) from small artificial urban lakes at the middle section of the Zayandehrud River in the Gavkhooni basin in the central arid regions of Iran were analyzed for residual levels of 20 organochlorine pesticide (OCP) compounds. Total OCP concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 50.1 ng g-1 dry weight and from 1.9 to 51.5 ng g-1 dry weight in surface and core sediments, respectively. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) were found to be the predominant OCPs in these sediments. The calculated metabolic and isomeric ratios confirmed the aged nature of residual dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in sediments. Moreover, the isomeric ratios indicated the aged nature of technical HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), while the contribution of γ- HCH (lindane) as a main source has increased, especially in the last two decades. Past usage, as well as current usage of endosulfan technical mixture in the Gavkhooni basin, has been found in the last four decades. Analyses of sedimentary cores, as natural archives, have shown the successful ban on the use of organochlorine pesticides (especially DDT) in the Gavkhooni basin, and to some extent, in the central plateau of Iran. In general, it can be concluded that natural factors (i.e., floods and wet years) lead to soil leachate and play an essential role in remobilization and transfer of residual OCPs from soil to inland aquatic ecosystems in the Gavkhooni basin, which is an arid region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Soffianian
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Nourollah Mirghaffari
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Zhaoyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoqiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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Gouin N, Bertin A, Espinosa MI, Snow DD, Ali JM, Kolok AS. Pesticide contamination drives adaptive genetic variation in the endemic mayfly Andesiops torrens within a semi-arid agricultural watershed of Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113099. [PMID: 31600702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agrichemical contamination can provoke evolutionary responses in freshwater populations. It is a particularly relevant issue in semi-arid regions due to the sensitivity of endemic species to pollutants and to interactions with temperature stress. This paper investigates the presence of pesticides in rivers within a semi-arid agricultural watershed of Chile, testing for their effects on population genetic characteristics of the endemic mayfly Andesiops torrens (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Pesticides were detected in sediment samples in ten out of the 30 sites analyzed throughout the upper part of the Limarí watershed. To study the evolutionary impact of such contamination on A. torrens, we used a genome-wide approach and analyzed 2056 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in 551 individuals from all sites. Genetic differentiation was weak between populations, suggesting high gene flow across the study area. While we did not find evidence of pesticide effects on genetic diversity nor on population differentiation, the allele frequency of three outlier SNP loci correlated significantly with pesticide occurrence. Interrogation of genomic resources indicates that two of these SNPs are located within functional genes that encode for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 and Dumpy, both potentially involved in insect cuticle resistance processes. Such genomic signatures of local adaptation are indicative of past adverse effects of pesticide exposure on the locally adapted populations. Our results reveal that A. torrens is sensitive to pesticide exposure, but that a high gene flow may confer resilience to contamination. This research supports the contention that A. torrens is an ideal model organism to study evolutionary responses induced by pesticides on non-target, endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gouin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile; Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados Zonas en Áridas, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Angéline Bertin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Mara I Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán, 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0844, United States.
| | - Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3002, United States.
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Placencia JA, Contreras S. Organochlorine pesticides in surface waters from Reloncaví Fjord and the inner sea of Chiloé (~39.5°S - 43°S), Chilean Patagonia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:389-395. [PMID: 29421116 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface water samples from the environmental continuum spanning rivers (Petrohue, Cochamo, Puelo), fjord (Reloncaví), and the inner sea of Chiloé in Chilean Patagonia were analyzed to estimate concentration and distribution of dissolved Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). High concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and endosulfan found in surface waters from rivers suggest that rivers are the major source of dissolved OCPs to coastal marine ecosystems. We interpret variations in the distribution and concentration as an apparent oscillation between rain and snow-scavenging processes that might determine the type of OCPs that can be preferentially deposited on mountains, glaciers, rivers, estuaries, and finally transferred to the marine realm. Predominance of α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p'-DDE and α-endosulfan compounds suggest that the main deposition mechanism of OCPs to the Chilean Patagonia is rain scavenging. Snow and rain can be additional sources of OCPs that must be considered for future studies in fjord systems in Chilean Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Placencia
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Sergio Contreras
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Casilla 297, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile; Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittburgh, USA
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6
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Korosi JB, Thienpont JR, Smol JP, Blais JM. Paleo-ecotoxicology: What Can Lake Sediments Tell Us about Ecosystem Responses to Environmental Pollutants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9446-9457. [PMID: 28763202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective risk reduction strategies for aquatic pollutants requires a comprehensive understanding of toxic impacts on ecosystems. Classical toxicological studies are effective for characterizing pollutant impacts on biota in a controlled, simplified environment. Nonetheless, it is well-acknowledged that predictions based on the results of these studies must be tested over the long-term in a natural ecosystem setting to account for increased complexity and multiple stressors. Paleolimnology (the study of lake sediment cores to reconstruct environmental change) can address many key knowledge gaps. When used as part of a weight-of-evidence framework with more traditional approaches in ecotoxicology, it can facilitate rapid advances in our understanding of the chronic effects of pollutants on ecosystems in an environmentally realistic, multistressor context. Paleolimnology played a central role in the Acid Rain debates, as it was instrumental in demonstrating industrial emissions caused acidification of lakes and associated ecosystem-wide impacts. "Resurrection Ecology" (hatching dormant resting eggs deposited in the past) records evolutionary responses of populations to chronic pollutant exposure. With recent technological advances (e.g., geochemistry, genomic approaches), combined with an emerging paleo-ecotoxicological framework that leverages strengths across multiple disciplines, paleolimnology will continue to provide valuable insights into the most pressing questions in ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Korosi
- Department of Geography, York University , Toronto, Ontario Canada , M3J 1P3
| | - Joshua R Thienpont
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario Canada , K1N 6N5
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario Canada , K1N 6N5
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Aguayo P, González P, Campos V, Maugeri TL, Papale M, Gugliandolo C, Martinez MA. Comparison of Prokaryotic Diversity in Cold, Oligotrophic Remote Lakes of Chilean Patagonia. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:598-613. [PMID: 28265709 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prokaryotic abundance and diversity in three cold, oligotrophic Patagonian lakes (Témpanos, Las Torres and Mercedes) in the northern region Aysén (Chile) were compared in winter and summer using 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique. Prokaryotic abundances, numerically dominated by Bacteria, were quite similar in the three lakes, but higher in sediments than in waters, and they were also higher in summer than in winter. The relative contribution of Archaea was greater in waters than in sediments, and in winter rather than in summer. Despite the phylogenetic analysis indicated that most sequences were affiliated to a few taxonomic groups, mainly referred to Proteobacteria (consisting of Beta-, Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria) and Euryarchaeota (mainly related to uncultured methanogens), their relative abundances differed in each sample, resulting in different bacterial and archaeal assemblages. In winter, the abundance of the dominant bacterial phylotypes were mainly regulated by the increasing levels of total organic carbon in waters. Archaeal abundance and richness appeared mostly influenced by pH in winter and total nitrogen content in summer. The prokaryotic community composition at Témpanos lake, located most northerly and closer to a glacier, greatly differed in respect to the other two lakes. In this lake was detected the highest bacterial diversity, being Betaproteobacteria the most abundant group, whereas Alphaproteobacteria were distinctive of Mercedes. Archaeal community associated with sediments was mainly represent by members related to the order of Methanosarcinales at Mercedes and Las Torres lakes, and by Crenarchaeota at Témpanos lake. Our results indicate that the proximity to the glacier and the seasonality shape the composition of the prokaryotic communities in these remote lakes. These results may be used as baseline information to follow the microbial community responses to potential global changes and to anthropogenic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Aguayo
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Basic Microbiology and Bioremedation, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Paulina González
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Basic Microbiology and Bioremedation, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Víctor Campos
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa L Maugeri
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Papale
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Gugliandolo
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Miguel A Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Basic Microbiology and Bioremedation, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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Camenzuli L, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Local organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soil put into a global perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:11-18. [PMID: 26341663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, agricultural and background soil concentrations of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH from 1993 to 2012 were collected from 73 peer-reviewed publications, and analysed statistically. For the period 2003-2012 and for all chemicals, the mean concentration in agricultural soil is significantly higher than the concentration in background soil. In addition to the statistical analysis, concentrations of p,p'-DDT and α-HCH in soils were calculated with a global environmental fate and transport model. A decrease in the mean soil concentration from the first decade to the second was observed with the model, but this decrease is not visible in the measured concentrations, which could result from ongoing use of p,p'-DDT and α-HCH Furthermore, modelled background soil concentrations are generally lower than measurements. This implies that background soil may have received p,p'-DDT and α-HCH through additional routes not described by the model such as spray drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Camenzuli
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststrasse 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Le Gall M, Evrard O, Foucher A, Laceby JP, Salvador-Blanes S, Thil F, Dapoigny A, Lefèvre I, Cerdan O, Ayrault S. Quantifying sediment sources in a lowland agricultural catchment pond using (137)Cs activities and radiogenic (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:968-980. [PMID: 27300445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion often supplies high sediment loads to rivers, degrading water quality and contributing to the siltation of reservoirs and lowland river channels. These impacts are exacerbated in agricultural catchments where modifications in land management and agricultural practices were shown to accelerate sediment supply. In this study, sediment sources were identified with a novel tracing approach combining cesium ((137)Cs) and strontium isotopes ((87)Sr/(86)Sr) in the Louroux pond, at the outlet of a lowland cultivated catchment (24km(2), Loire River basin, France) representative of drained agricultural areas of Northwestern Europe. Surface soil (n=36) and subsurface channel bank (n=17) samples were collected to characterize potential sources. Deposited sediment (n=41) was sampled across the entire surface of the pond to examine spatial variation in sediment deposits. In addition, a 1.10m sediment core was sampled in the middle of the pond to reconstruct source variations throughout time. (137)Cs was used to discriminate between surface and subsurface sources, whereas (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios discriminated between lithological sources. A distribution modeling approach quantified the relative contribution of these sources to the sampled sediment. Results indicate that surface sources contributed to the majority of pond (μ 82%, σ 1%) and core (μ 88%, σ 2%) sediment with elevated subsurface contributions modeled near specific sites close to the banks of the Louroux pond. Contributions of the lithological sources were well mixed in surface sediment across the pond (i.e., carbonate sediment contribution, μ 48%, σ 1% and non-carbonate sediment contribution, μ 52%, σ 3%) although there were significant variations of these source contributions modeled for the sediment core between 1955 and 2013. These fluctuations reflect both the progressive implementation of land consolidation schemes in the catchment and the eutrophication of the pond. This original sediment fingerprinting study demonstrates the potential of combining radionuclide and strontium isotopic geochemistry measurements to quantify sediment sources in cultivated catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- Laboratoire des Sciences et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Evrard
- Laboratoire des Sciences et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Foucher
- E.A 6293, Laboratoire GéoHydrosystèmes Continentaux (GéHCO), Université F. Rabelais de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - J Patrick Laceby
- Laboratoire des Sciences et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Salvador-Blanes
- E.A 6293, Laboratoire GéoHydrosystèmes Continentaux (GéHCO), Université F. Rabelais de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - François Thil
- Laboratoire des Sciences et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Dapoigny
- Laboratoire des Sciences et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Irène Lefèvre
- Laboratoire des Sciences et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Cerdan
- Département Risques et Prévention, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Sophie Ayrault
- Laboratoire des Sciences et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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10
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Guo J, Zhao L, Lu W, Jia H, Wang L, Liu X, Sun Y. Effect of historical residual hexachlorocyclohexanes and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on bacterial communities in sediment core collected from an estuary in northeastern China by next-generation sequencing. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 93:68-74. [PMID: 25736815 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the influence of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on bacterial communities of sediment core from an estuary formed during the period of 1960-2011. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that o,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDD (mitotane), and depth had important influences on bacterial community distributions (p<0.05). Furthermore, our results found variance explained by all variables was 82.9%, while that by o,p'-DDD was 24.4%, and that of o,p'-DDT was 9.8%, indicating that o,p'-DDD had a greater influence on sediment-dwelling bacteria than o,p'-DDT. Also, bacterial diversity was affected and the Shannon index was significantly negatively correlated with total HCHs (r=-0.579, p<0.05) and total DDTs (r=-0.607, p<0.01), respectively. Furthermore, our results showed that Flavobacteria and Clostridia content can be considered an indicator of pollution of HCHs and DDTs in sediment core samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Longhao Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Weihong Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Luo Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xianjie Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China.
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11
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Korosi JB, Cheng W, Blais JM. Organic Pollutants in Sediment Core Archives. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Long-term relationships among pesticide applications, mobility, and soil erosion in a vineyard watershed. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15647-52. [PMID: 25313074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411512111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural pesticide use has increased worldwide during the last several decades, but the long-term fate, storage, and transfer dynamics of pesticides in a changing environment are poorly understood. Many pesticides have been progressively banned, but in numerous cases, these molecules are stable and may persist in soils, sediments, and ice. Many studies have addressed the question of their possible remobilization as a result of global change. In this article, we present a retro-observation approach based on lake sediment records to monitor micropollutants and to evaluate the long-term succession and diffuse transfer of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticide treatments in a vineyard catchment in France. The sediment allows for a reliable reconstruction of past pesticide use through time, validated by the historical introduction, use, and banning of these organic and inorganic pesticides in local vineyards. Our results also revealed how changes in these practices affect storage conditions and, consequently, the pesticides' transfer dynamics. For example, the use of postemergence herbicides (glyphosate), which induce an increase in soil erosion, led to a release of a banned remnant pesticide (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDT), which had been previously stored in vineyard soil, back into the environment. Management strategies of ecotoxicological risk would be well served by recognition of the diversity of compounds stored in various environmental sinks, such as agriculture soil, and their capability to become sources when environmental conditions change.
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13
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Bigus P, Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. Historical records of organic pollutants in sediment cores. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 78:26-42. [PMID: 24300286 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of sediment core samples are primary sources of historical pollution trends in aquatic systems. Determining organic compounds, such as POPs, in the dated sediments enables the estimation of their temporal concentration changes and the identification of the contaminant origin in local regions. Wars, large-scale fires, economical transitions, and bans on certain chemicals are reflected in the sediment organic compound concentrations. The high POP concentrations in surficial sediments suggest that these chemicals, even after being banned, remain in the environment. Furthermore, vertical profiles can help in understanding the sedimentation process and in estimating effective countermeasures against pollution. Moreover, studies published during the period 1991-2013 on PAHs, PCBs, OCPs, dioxins and dioxin-like compound concentrations in sediment core samples are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bigus
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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El Nemr A, Moneer AA, Khaled A, El-Sikaily A. Levels, distribution, and risk assessment of organochlorines in surficial sediments of the Red Sea coast, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:4835-4853. [PMID: 23054273 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The analyses of environmentally persistent pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites in surficial sediment samples collected from 17 locations along with the coast of the Red Sea in Egypt were carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Several potential organic contaminants from agricultural (e.g., DDT and its breakdown products, lindane, endrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan) and industrial (PCBs) sources were measured. The levels of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and ten PCB congeners in sediment collected from 17 stations along ~1,200 km were investigated. Concentrations of PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, and cyclodienes ranged from 0.40 to 6.17, 0.01 to 0.09, n.d. to 0.46, and 0.08 to 0.90 ppb dry weight. Two statistical programs were applied on the data (principal component analysis, PCA, and cluster analysis, CA), and it was concluded that it is impossible to predict the distribution patterns of the OCPs in a contaminated area. Risk assessment of the organochlorines contaminated in the sediments of the studied area was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Nemr
- Environmental Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt.
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15
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Kirchner G. 210Pb as a tool for establishing sediment chronologies: examples of potentials and limitations of conventional dating models. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:490-494. [PMID: 21145144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For aquatic sediments, the use of (210)Pb originating from the decay of atmospheric (222)Rn is a well-established methodology to estimate sediment ages and sedimentation rates. Traditionally, the measurement of (210)Pb in soils and sediments involved laborious and time-consuming radiochemical separation procedures. Due to the recent development of advanced planar ('n-type') semi-conductors with high efficiencies in the low-energy range which enable the gamma-spectrometric analysis of the 46.5 keV decay line of (210)Pb, sediment dating using this radionuclide has gained renewed interest. In this contribution, potentials and limitations of the (210)Pb methodology and of the models used for estimating sediment ages and sedimentation rates are discussed and illustrated by examples of freshwater and marine sediments. Comparison with the use of (137)Cs shows that the information which may be gained by these two tracers is complementary. As a consequence, both radionuclides should be used in combination for dating of recent sediments. It is shown that for various sedimentation regimes additional information from other sources (e.g. sediment lithology) may be needed to establish a reliable chronology. A strategy for sediment dating using (210)Pb is recommended.
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16
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Geyikçi F, Büyükgüngör H. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the surface waters from Mid-Black Sea Region, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 173:127-137. [PMID: 20217219 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The levels of 16 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water in Mid-Black Sea Region in Turkey were investigated to evaluate their potential pollution and risks. The analysis of OCPs extracted by C-18 solid phase extract was performed using Fisions Mega II Series gas chromatograph coupled by electron capture detector. Surface water samples have been collected seasonally from ten rivers for a period of 1 year. The most commonly encountered OCPs in surface water were the isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, dieldrin, p,p-DDD, and heptachlor epoxide. In some cases the concentrations detected were higher than the qualitative target levels set by the European Union, especially for δ-hexachlorocyclohexane. The concentration levels found are lower than the EU maximum acceptable concentration of 0.10 μg/l for all compounds examined, except for δ-HCH in two samples (0.2505 μg l(-1) in the S-5 and 0.2046 μg l(-1) in the S-10). The occurrence of these compounds in Mid-Black Sea Region surface waters can be attributed to intense agricultural activity as well as to transboundary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feza Geyikçi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey.
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17
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Kim YS, Eun H, Cho HS, Kim KS, Sakamoto T, Watanabe E, Baba K, Katase T. Organochlorine pesticides in the sediment core of Gwangyang bay, South Korea. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 54:386-94. [PMID: 17885778 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediment samples taken from Gwangyang Bay, which is a heavy chemical industrial region in South Korea, are analyzed to evaluate their contaminations during the past 50 years. The vertical distributions of SigmaOCPs concentration in the sediment core were in good agreement with the temporal amount of pesticides used in South Korea except for the top sediment layer. The DDTs were predominant, their concentrations ranging from 78.0 to 202 pg/g dry wt and attributed more than 60% to SigmaOCPs in all the sediment layers. Based on the ratio of DDT metabolite compositions, the DDT contamination in the top layer might be caused from recent input. This is due to the highest residual concentration of OCPs in the top layer. Although HCB and mirex have been unregistered as pesticides in South Korea, two compounds were detectable in all of the sediment samples in the range from 0.243 to 16.7 pg/g dry wt in the study area. The emission source of HCB in the sediment core could be estimated to be due to incomplete combustion in the industrial chemical processes rather than pesticide application. Regarding horizontal distribution of SigmaOCPs, the concentration was slightly higher than for the inner bay than the outer bay. The OCPs in the sediments of Gwangyang Bay were compared with those of other countries by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seok Kim
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan
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18
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Kim YS, Eun H, Katase T, Fujiwara H. Vertical distributions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) caused from organochlorine pesticides in a sediment core taken from Ariake bay, Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:456-63. [PMID: 17109925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDTs) and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor, chlordane compounds (CHLs), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex and isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), were analyzed in sediment cores collected from Ariake Bay, Japan. Although Chikugo River has the largest flow in Ariake Bay, the total concentration of POPs in surface sediment was found in St.3, mouth of the Yabe River, where that level was two times higher than St.1, mouth of the Chikugo River. It could be assumed that the potential source of POPs contamination is relatively close to this study area. Relatively high residue levels of HCB, HCHs and DDTs in sediment core were found during the period from 1967 to 1970. In this layer, the HCB concentration investigated in sediment cores of Ariake Bay was maximum, 2.6 ng g(-1) dry weight and higher than that of Tokyo Bay and subsequently detected in deeper sediment cores. The ratio of (DDD+DDE)/SigmaDDTs was high in top sediments (0-2 cm). Although there was a concentration of DDTs in the top sediment, it was noticed that DDT emission did not cause direct input of DDT recently. The HCHs determined in upper sediment cores might be originated from long-range accumulation in environment after dispersing of technical-grade HCH. Moreover, the CHLs, dieldrin and heptachlor concentrations were detected and recently increased in sediment core. POPs in sediment cores of Ariake Bay based on the possibility of PCP contamination during the early 1960s were reflected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seok Kim
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
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19
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Chirinos L, Rose NL, Urrutia R, Muñoz P, Torrejón F, Torres L, Cruces F, Araneda A, Zaror C. Environmental evidence of fossil fuel pollution in Laguna Chica de San Pedro lake sediments (Central Chile). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 141:247-56. [PMID: 16226361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes lake sediment spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCP) profiles from Laguna Chica San Pedro, located in the Biobío Region, Chile (36 degrees 51' S, 73 degrees 05' W). The earliest presence of SCPs was found at 16 cm depth, corresponding to the 1915-1937 period, at the very onset of industrial activities in the study area. No SCPs were found at lower depths. SCP concentrations in Laguna Chica San Pedro lake sediments were directly related to local industrial activities. Moreover, no SCPs were found in Galletué lake (38 degrees 41' S, 71 degrees 17.5' W), a pristine high mountain water body used here as a reference site, suggesting that contribution from long distance atmospheric transport could be neglected, unlike published data from remote Northern Hemisphere lakes. These results are the first SCP sediment profiles from Chile, showing a direct relationship with fossil fuel consumption in the region. Cores were dated using the 210Pb technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chirinos
- Centro de Ciencias Ambientales EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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20
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Borghini F, Grimalt JO, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Barra R, García CJT, Focardi S. Organochlorine compounds in soils and sediments of the mountain Andean Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 136:253-266. [PMID: 15840533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organochlorine compounds (OC) were analyzed in remote Andean soils and lake sediments. The sampling sites covered a wide latitudinal gradient from 18 degrees S to 46 degrees S along Chile and an altitudinal gradient (10-4500 m). The concentrations were in the order of background levels, involving absence of major pollution sources in the high mountain areas. Significant correlations were found between log-transformed concentrations of hexachlorobenzene, alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in soils and total organic content (TOC). In addition, TOC-normalized concentrations of the most volatile OC showed a significant linear dependence with air temperature. This good agreement points to temperature as a significant factor for the retention of long range transported OC in remote ecosystems such as the Andean mountains, although other variables should not be totally excluded. The highest concentrations of OCs were achieved in the sites located at highest altitude and lowest temperature of the dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borghini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
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21
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Barra R, Popp P, Quiroz R, Bauer C, Cid H, von Tümpling W. Persistent toxic substances in soils and waters along an altitudinal gradient in the Laja River Basin, Central Southern Chile. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 58:905-915. [PMID: 15639262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study the levels and distribution of some persistent toxic substances (PTS) were investigated in soils, superficial water, and snow along an altitudinal gradient in the Laja River Basin (South Central Chile). The principal objective was to establish the basin's contamination status. The working hypothesis was that PTS levels and distribution in the basin are dependent on the degree of anthropogenic intervention. Fifteen PAHs, seven PCBs congeners, and three organochlorine pesticides were studied in superficial soil and water samples obtained along the altitudinal gradient and from a coastal reference station (Lleu-Lleu River). Soil samples were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction with acetone/cyclohexane (1:1) for PAHs and organochlorine compounds. Contaminants were extracted from water and snow samples by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). PAH and organochlorine compound quantification was carried out by HPLC with fluorescence detection and GC-MS, respectively. PCBs in soils presented four different profiles in the altitudinal gradient, mainly determined by their chlorination degree; these profiles were not observed for the chlorinated pesticides. In general, the detected levels for the analyzed compounds were low for soils when compared with soil data from other remote areas of the world. Higher summation operator PAHs levels in soils were found in the station located at 227 masl (4243 ng g-1 TOC), in a forestry area and near a timber industry, where detected levels were up to eight times higher than the other sampling sites. In general, PAH levels and distribution seems to be dependent on local conditions. No pesticides were detected in surface waters. However, congeners of PCBs were detected in almost all sampling stations with the highest levels being found in Laja Lake waters, where 1.1 ng/l were observed. This concentration is two times higher than values reported for polluted lakes in the Northern Hemisphere. The presence of organochlorine compound in snow sampled at the highest elevation point of the basin is indicative of the transport and atmospheric deposition phenomena of alpha-HCH, gamma-HCH and PCB 52, with values being similar to the levels reported in Canadian snow samples. We conclude that environmental PTS substance levels are in general relatively low, although PAHs may be of concern in some areas of the basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Barra
- Aquatic Systems Research Unit, EULA-Chile Environmental Sciences Center, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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22
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Palma G, Sánchez A, Olave Y, Encina F, Palma R, Barra R. Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 57:763-770. [PMID: 15488567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Palma
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
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23
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Barra R, Cisternas M, Suarez C, Araneda A, Piñones O, Popp P. PCBs and HCHs in a salt-marsh sediment record from South-Central Chile: use of tsunami signatures and 137Cs fallout as temporal markers. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 55:965-972. [PMID: 15051366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper documents the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) deposition inferred from a sedimentary record exposed in a salt-marsh trench in South-Central Chile. Sediments were carefully collected every 1 cm from the trench wall. The samples were analyzed for PCBs, HCHs, 137Cs, organic carbon and grain size. The 137Cs fallout and the sedimentary signature left by the 1960 Chilean tsunami were used as temporal markers to estimate the stratigraphic chronology and the sedimentation rates. PCBs were quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD), and positive samples were confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). Based on these results, PCBs and HCHs deposition over the last 40 years was estimated. No PCBs were detected below the tsunami signature. Total concentrations ranged from undetectable (ND) to 32 ng/g d.w. for PCBs and from undetectable (ND) to 1.29 ng/g d.w. for HCHs. The highest PCB concentrations were found in the upper 7 cm of the core. Even though PCBs were banned in 1982 as electrical fluids in Chile, total estimated PCB fluxes have increased approximately 20 times during the last 40 years: from undetectable values to 102.6 ng/cm2/year, reflecting that PCBs are still in use and being released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Barra
- Aquatic Systems Research Unit, EULA-Chile Center, Environmental Sciences Center, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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24
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Cifuentes JM, Becker PH, Sommer U, Pacheco P, Schlatter R. Seabird eggs as bioindicators of chemical contamination in Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2003; 126:123-137. [PMID: 12860109 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seabird eggs were used as bioindicators of chemical contamination in Chile. Brown-hooded Gull (Larus maculipennis), Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus), Trudeau's Tern (Sterna trudeaui), Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus), and Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus) eggs were sampled at different breeding sites during the 1990s. Mercury and organochlorines (PCBs, DDT, HCB, HCH, and PCP) were quantified to reveal the interspecific differences, spatial and temporal trends in contamination levels. Trudeau's Tern displayed the highest levels of mercury (486 ng g(-1) wet weight). The highest sumDDT concentrations were measured in Brown-hooded Gulls (726 ng g(-1)). PCB levels were similar among the species (102-236 ng g(-1)), but the composition of the PCB mixture was different in Pink-footed Shearwaters. With the exception of the Brown-hooded Gull, all species studied presented similar and low levels of organochlorines (sumOHa). Residues of PCB and related compounds were not detected in any of the seabird eggs analyzed in Chile. Geographical variation was low, although levels of industrial chemicals were slightly higher in eggs from Concepción Bay, and agricultural chemicals in eggs from Valdivia. Also interannual variation was low, but some evidence was found of decreasing levels in gull eggs throughout the time of the study. The causes of the low levels and small variability in space and time of environmental chemicals in Chilean seabirds are discussed. We propose the use of seabirds in future monitoring of the development of chemical contamination in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Muñoz Cifuentes
- Institut für Vogelforschung Vogelwarte Helgoland, An der Vogelwarte 21, D-26386, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
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