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Li CX, Chen K, Sun X, Wang BD, Yang GP, Li Y, Liu L. Occurrence, distribution, and sea-air fluxes of volatile halocarbons in the upper ocean off the northern Antarctic Peninsula in summer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143947. [PMID: 33338791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied the spatial variations of six volatile halocarbons (VHCs), namely, iodomethane (CH3I), chloroform (CHCl3), tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the environmental influencing factors involved in the cycling of VHCs in the upper ocean (0-500 m) off the Northern Antarctic Peninsula (NAP) during the summer of 2018. About 5%-10% of the total biogenic VHCs in the upper ocean were accumulated in the assemblage layer (AL) with high chlorophyll a. However, higher VHCs levels were observed in the dicothermal layer (DL) compared with the AL because of the preservation from winter and production from dinoflagellates and chlorophytes. Owing to the co-existence occurrence of sharp seasonal pycnocline and thick permanent pycnocline, DL could be an important VHCs reservoir in the upper water column during summer. In response to melting of sea ice and glacier, decreased salinity was responsible for ca. 50% of the variation in the CH2Br2 and CCl4 concentrations, which corresponded with increased CH2Br2 and CCl4 concentrations in the less saline water mass. Anthropogenic CCl4 was found with an average concentration of 44.9 pmol/L, and there was a strong positive relationship between CCl4 and CHCl3 in the upper water, indicating their similar source of pollutant transport caused by anthropogenic activities. Calculated sea-to-air fluxes of CCl4, C2Cl4, CHBrCl2, and CH2Br2 averaged 478.7, 93.7, 33.7, and 61.8 nmol/(m2·d) in summer, respectively, indicating that the waters off the NAP are important sources of VHCs for the atmosphere and exert potentially adverse impacts on the Antarctica ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Bao-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
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Szopińska M, Namieśnik J, Polkowska Ż. How Important Is Research on Pollution Levels in Antarctica? Historical Approach, Difficulties and Current Trends. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 239:79-156. [PMID: 26857123 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that Antarctica is a continent notably free from large negative impact of human activities, literature data can be the basis for concluding that this is not an area free from anthropogenic pollutants. Pollutants, which are identified in various elements of the environment of Antarctica, are mostly connected with long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and deposition in this area. The study presents: a historical overview of research pertaining to the presence of pollutants in entire Antarctica; a description of the development of research on pollutants in various environmental samples conducted in this area since 1960; a detailed description of contemporary analytical research (2000-2014); information on concentration levels of a broad range of pollutants present in various elements of the environment. The data collected can provide grounds for concluding that pollutants present in this area can contribute to gradual degradation of Antarctic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szopińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland.
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Dirtu AC, Buczyńska AJ, Godoi AFL, Favoreto R, Bencs L, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Godoi RHM, Van Grieken R, Van Vaeck L. Methods, fluxes and sources of gas phase alkyl nitrates in the coastal air. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6445-6457. [PMID: 24952420 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The daily and seasonal atmospheric concentrations, deposition fluxes and emission sources of a few C3-C9 gaseous alkyl nitrates (ANs) at the Belgian coast (De Haan) on the Southern North Sea were determined. An adapted sampler design for low- and high-volume air-sampling, optimized sample extraction and clean-up, as well as identification and quantification of ANs in air samples by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry, are reported. The total concentrations of ANs ranged from 0.03 to 85 pptv and consisted primarily of the nitro-butane and nitro-pentane isomers. Air mass backward trajectories were calculated by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to determine the influence of main air masses on AN levels in the air. The shorter chain ANs have been the most abundant in the Atlantic/Channel/UK air masses, while longer chain ANs prevailed in continental air. The overall mean N fluxes of the ANs were slightly higher for summer than those for winter-spring, although their contributions to the total nitrogen flux were low. High correlations between AN and HNO₂ levels were observed during winter/spring. During summer, the shorter chain ANs correlated well with precipitation. Source apportionment by means of principal component analysis indicated that most of the gas phase ANs could be attributed to traffic/combustion, secondary photochemical formation and biomass burning, although marine sources may also have been present and a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin C Dirtu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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He SZ, Chen ZM, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Huang DM, Zhao JN, Zhu T, Hu M, Zeng LM. Measurement of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides in Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympic Games: Chemical and physical factors influencing their concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rowe MD, Perlinger JA. Performance of a high flow rate, thermally extractable multicapillary denuder for atmospheric semivolatile organic compound concentration measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2098-2104. [PMID: 20148550 DOI: 10.1021/es903002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A high flow rate (300 L min(-1)) multicapillary denuder was designed to collect trace atmospheric semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs). The denuder is coated with a reusable, polydimethylsiloxane stationary phase as a nonselective absorbent for SOCs. A solvent-free thermal desorption method was developed, including sample cleanup, that is selective for nonpolar SOCs, and has low consumables cost per sample. The entire sample is transferred into the gas chromatograph to minimize the sampling time required to collect detectable analyte mass. Trace concentrations (0.1-100 pg m(-3)) of polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene were measured in the atmosphere near Lake Superior in sample times of 3.2-6.2 h. Overall method precision was determined using field duplicates and compared to the conventional high-volume sampler method. Method precision (coefficient of variation) of 16% was found for the high-flow denuder compared to 21% for the high-volume method. The relative difference between the two methods was 25%, with the high-flow denuder method giving generally lower concentrations. The high-flow denuder is an alternative to high-volume or passive samplers when it is desirable to separate gaseous from particle-associated SOCs upstream of a filter. The method is advantageous for studies that require high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rowe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
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Rowe MD, Perlinger JA. Prediction of gas collection efficiency and particle collection artifact for atmospheric semivolatile organic compounds in multicapillary denuders. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:256-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rowe MD, Perlinger JA. Gas-phase cleanup method for analysis of trace atmospheric semivolatile organic compounds by thermal desorption from diffusion denuders. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5940-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Christiansen CJ, Francisco JS. Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of 1,2-Dibromoethane. J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:7189-204. [PMID: 19117383 DOI: 10.1021/jp807966p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J. Christiansen
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47909
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47909
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Treves
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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