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Lin Y, Yin L, Li X, Ge Y, Guo Z, Qiu H, Ji J, Lu S. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of atmospheric PM 2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions in Shenzhen, China from 2016 to 2021. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:143521. [PMID: 39393583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a total of 1425 atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected and analyzed for four water-soluble inorganic ions from 2016-2021 in Shenzhen. The average PM2.5 concentrations exhibit an overall decreasing trend, with a total decrease of 57.5% during the six-year period, which is related to the reduction of emissions due to the 13th Five-Year Plan, the COVID-19, and the introduction of new energy conservation and emission reduction policies. The analyzed ions were all detected in PM2.5 during the observation period in the concentration order of SO42- >NO3- >NH4+ >Cl-. These ions also showed a declining trend over the six years, with the average concentrations of the four ions decreasing to 3.95, 2.25, 1.59, and 0.17 μg m-3 until 2021, respectively. Seasonally, the concentration of SO42- peaks in autumn and winter, and Cl- peaks in spring, while both NO3- and NH4+ peak in winter and spring. Variations in meteorological factors are the main contributors to their different seasonal concentrations. The average mass percentages of SO42-, NO3-, Cl- and NH4+ in PM2.5 are 51.2%, 25.5%, 2.7% and 20.6%, respectively. Three secondary ions (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) contribute significantly to the formation of PM2.5 as well as having a stronger correlation with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Liuyi Yin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiming Ge
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hongmei Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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2
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Kim CH, Yang KH, Song YS, Yoo SS, Pu Y, Kim IH, Chung SW, Choi KW, Park JE, Lee KY. A Surface Acoustic Wave-Based PM 1.0 Fine Dust Detection System Using Full Digital Time-Interleaved Counters. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4149. [PMID: 39000932 PMCID: PMC11244120 DOI: 10.3390/s24134149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This paper proposed a fine dust detection system using time-interleaved counters in which surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors changed the resonance point characteristic. When fine dust was applied to the SAW sensor, the resonance point decreased. The SAW oscillator made of the SAW sensor and radio frequency (RF) amplifier generated an oscillation frequency that was the same as the resonance frequency. The oscillation frequency was transferred to digital data by a 20-bit asynchronous counter. This system has two channels: a sensing channel and a reference channel. Each channel has a SAW oscillator and a 20-bit asynchronous counter. The difference of the two channel counter results is the frequency difference. Through this, it is possible to know whether fine dust adheres to the SAW sensor. The proposed circuit achieved 0.95 ppm frequency resolution when it was operated at a frequency of 460 MHz. This circuit was implemented in a TSMC 130 nm CMOS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.K.); (K.-H.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (S.-S.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ki-Hoon Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.K.); (K.-H.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (S.-S.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yeon-Seob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.K.); (K.-H.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (S.-S.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Sang-Sun Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.K.); (K.-H.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (S.-S.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Younggun Pu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.K.); (K.-H.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (S.-S.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16706, Republic of Korea; (I.-H.K.); (S.-W.C.); k.- (K.-W.C.)
| | - Seok-Whan Chung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16706, Republic of Korea; (I.-H.K.); (S.-W.C.); k.- (K.-W.C.)
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16706, Republic of Korea; (I.-H.K.); (S.-W.C.); k.- (K.-W.C.)
| | - Jun-Eun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.K.); (K.-H.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (S.-S.Y.); (Y.P.)
| | - Kang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (C.-H.K.); (K.-H.Y.); (Y.-S.S.); (S.-S.Y.); (Y.P.)
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Qin X, Wei P, Ning Z, Gali NK, Ghadikolaei MA, Wang Y. Dissecting PM sensor capabilities: A combined experimental and theoretical study on particle sizing and physicochemical properties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124354. [PMID: 38862097 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in particulate matter (PM) optical measurement technology have enhanced the characterization of particle size distributions (PSDs) across various temporal and spatial scales, offering a more detailed analysis than traditional PM mass concentration monitoring. This study employs field experiments, laboratory tests, and model simulations to evaluate the influence of physicochemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) on the performance of a compact, multi-channel PM sizing sensor. The sensor is integrated within a mini air station (MAS) designed to detect particles across 52 channels. The field experiments highlighted the sensor's ability to track hygroscopicity parameter κ-values across particle sizes, noting an increasing trend with particle size. The sensor's capability in identifying the size and mass concentration of different PM types, including ammonium nitrate, sodium chloride, smoke, incense, and silica dust particles, was assessed through laboratory tests. Laboratory comparisons with the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) showed high consistency (R2 > 0.96) for various PM sources, supported by Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests confirming the sensor's capability to match APSsize distributions. Model simulations further elucidated the influence of particle refractive index and size distributions on sensor performance, leading to optimized calibrant selection and application-specific recommendations. These comprehensive evaluations underscore the critical interplay between the chemical composition and physical properties of PM, significantly advancing the application and reliability of optical PM sensors in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Qin
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Atmospheric Research Center, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wei
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Atmospheric Research Center, Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nirmal Kumar Gali
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meisam Ahmadi Ghadikolaei
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Zampetti E, Mancuso MA, Dirri F, Palomba E, Papa P, Capocecera A, Bearzotti A, Macagnano A, Scaccabarozzi D. Effects of Oscillation Amplitude Variations on QCM Response to Microspheres of Different Sizes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5682. [PMID: 37420848 DOI: 10.3390/s23125682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Suspended particulate matter (PMx) is one of the most important environmental pollutants. Miniaturized sensors capable of measuring and analyzing PMx are crucial in environmental research fields. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is one of the most well-known sensors that could be used to monitor PMx. In general, in environmental pollution science, PMx is divided into two main categories correlated to particle diameter (e.g., PM < 2.5 µm and PM < 10 µm). QCM-based systems are capable of measuring this range of particles, but there is an important issue that limits the application. In fact, if particles with different diameters are collected on QCM electrodes, the response will be a result of the total mass of particles; there are no simple methods to discriminate the mass of the two categories without the use of a filter or manipulation during sampling. The QCM response depends on particle dimensions, fundamental resonant frequency, the amplitude of oscillation, and system dissipation properties. In this paper, we study the effects of oscillation amplitude variations and fundamental frequency (10, 5, and 2.5 MHz) values on the response, when particle matter with different sizes (2 µm and 10 µm) is deposited on the electrodes. The results showed that the 10 MHz QCM was not capable of detecting the 10 µm particles, and its response was not influenced by oscillation amplitude. On the other hand, the 2.5 MHz QCM detected the diameters of both particles, but only if a low amplitude value was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Zampetti
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research-National Research Council (IIA-CNR), Research Area of Rome 1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9-00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Maria Aurora Mancuso
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research-National Research Council (IIA-CNR), Research Area of Rome 1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9-00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dirri
- National Institute for Astrophysics INAF-IAPS, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palomba
- National Institute for Astrophysics INAF-IAPS, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Papa
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research-National Research Council (IIA-CNR), Research Area of Rome 1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9-00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capocecera
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research-National Research Council (IIA-CNR), Research Area of Rome 1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9-00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Andrea Bearzotti
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research-National Research Council (IIA-CNR), Research Area of Rome 1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9-00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Antonella Macagnano
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research-National Research Council (IIA-CNR), Research Area of Rome 1, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9-00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Diego Scaccabarozzi
- Mechanical Department, Polytechnic University of Milan, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milano, Italy
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Melzi G, Nozza E, Frezzini MA, Canepari S, Vecchi R, Cremonesi L, Potenza M, Marinovich M, Corsini E. Toxicological Profile of PM from Different Sources in the Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line BEAS-2B. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050413. [PMID: 37235228 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of particulate matter (PM) is strictly associated with its physical-chemical characteristics, such as size or chemical composition. While these properties depend on the origin of the particles, the study of the toxicological profile of PM from single sources has rarely been highlighted. Hence, the focus of this research was to investigate the biological effects of PM from five relevant sources of atmospheric PM: diesel exhaust particles, coke dust, pellet ashes, incinerator ashes, and brake dust. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative, and inflammatory response were assessed in a bronchial cell line (BEAS-2B). BEAS-2B cells were exposed to different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL medium) of particles suspended in water. The exposure lasted 24 h for all the assays performed, except for reactive oxygen species, which were evaluated after 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h of treatment. The results showed a different action of the five types of PM. All the tested samples showed a genotoxic action on BEAS-2B, even in the absence of oxidative stress induction. Pellet ashes seemed to be the only ones able to induce oxidative stress by boosting the formation of reactive oxygen species, while brake dust resulted in the most cytotoxic. In conclusion, the study elucidated the differential response of bronchial cells to PM samples generated by different sources. The comparison could be a starting point for a regulatory intervention since it highlighted the toxic potential of each type of PM tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Nozza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via della Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Agostina Frezzini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via C. De Lollis 21, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via C. De Lollis 21, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Llorenç Cremonesi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Potenza
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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6
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Świsłowski P, Nowak A, Wacławek S, Ziembik Z, Rajfur M. Is Active Moss Biomonitoring Comparable to Air Filter Standard Sampling? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084706. [PMID: 35457569 PMCID: PMC9024558 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, significant attention has been paid to air quality awareness and its impact on human health, especially in urban agglomerations. Many types of dust samplers for air quality monitoring are used by governmental environmental monitoring agencies. However, these techniques are associated with high costs; as a consequence, biological methods such as active moss biomonitoring are being developed. The main disadvantages of such techniques are the lack of standardization of the preparation procedures and the lack of reliable comparisons of results with data from instrumental analyses. Our study aimed to compare the results obtained from active biomonitoring with the use of three moss species: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax and Dicranum polysetum. Samples were exposed via the moss-bag technique to measure the concentrations of analytes (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb) which had accumulated among the total suspended particulates (TSP) collected from the filters of a dust collector in the city of Opole (Opole voivodeship, Poland). With regard to the physicochemical and biological traits of the mosses, their assessed lifetime and actual photochemical efficiency (yield) following exposure were meagre, which may have been related to the change of environment and their exposure to pollutants. When comparing the results obtained by the two methods used to monitor air pollution, the biomonitoring method was found to be incompletely consistent with the reference method. Biological monitoring using mosses must be carefully considered depending on the monitoring objectives, the required level of sensitivity and quality of measurement and the type of pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Świsłowski
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-022 Opole, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Arkadiusz Nowak
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-022 Opole, Poland;
- Botanical Garden—Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská St. 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - Zbigniew Ziembik
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, B. Kominka St. 6a, 45-032 Opole, Poland; (Z.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Małgorzata Rajfur
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, B. Kominka St. 6a, 45-032 Opole, Poland; (Z.Z.); (M.R.)
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Yang N, Yang S, Zheng X. Inhibition of Maillard reaction during alkaline thermal hydrolysis of sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152497. [PMID: 34968583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Maillard reaction (MR) occurs during the alkaline thermal hydrolysis (ATH) of sludge, which affects the quantity and quality of recovered protein. In this paper, four different sulfites were added to investigate their inhibitory effects on melanoidin production. The results showed that sulfites inhibited melanoidin production during ATH of sludge and the inhibitory rate increased with their concentration. At a concentration of 5.71 g/L, the inhibitory rates of NaHSO3 on melanoidin were 63.27%. Furthermore, the 3D-EEM (Three-Dimension Excitation-Emission-Matrix) fluorescence spectroscopy and protein testing data showed that the inhibition of melanoidin production was accompanied by an increased protein concentration, and protein increased with increasing sulfites concentration. A 2.5-fold increase in protein concentration with Na2S2O4 significantly enhanced the quantity of protein recovered. Therefore, the addition of sulfite during ATH of sludge reduces the amount of non-biodegradable melanoidin, which in turn benefits protein recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shucheng Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Shaanxi 710048, China
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Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) represents an air quality management challenge for confined swine production systems. Due to the limited space and ventilation rate, PM can reach relatively high concentrations in swine barns. PM in swine barns possesses different physical, chemical, and biological characteristics than that in the atmosphere and other indoor environments. As a result, it exerts different environmental and health effects and creates some unique challenges regarding PM measurement and mitigation. Numerous research efforts have been made, generating massive data and information. However, relevant review reports are sporadic. This study aims to provide an updated comprehensive review of swine barn PM, focusing on publications since 1990. It covers various topics including PM characteristics, sources, measurement methods, and in-barn mitigation technologies. As PM in swine barns is primarily of biological origins, bioaerosols are reviewed in great detail. Relevant topics include bacterial/fungal counts, viruses, microbial community composition, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, endotoxins, and (1→3)-β-D-glucans. For each topic, existing knowledge is summarized and discussed and knowledge gaps are identified. Overall, PM in swine barns is complicated in chemical and biological composition and highly variable in mass concentrations, size, and microbial abundance. Feed, feces, and skins constitute the major PM sources. Regarding in-barn PM mitigation, four technologies (oil/water sprinkling, ionization, alternation of feed and feeders, and recirculating air filtration) are dominant. However, none of them have been widely used in commercial barns. A collective discussion of major knowledge gaps and future research needs is offered at the end of the report.
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9
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Jandacka D, Durcanska D. Seasonal Variation, Chemical Composition, and PMF-Derived Sources Identification of Traffic-Related PM 1, PM 2.5, and PM 2.5-10 in the Air Quality Management Region of Žilina, Slovakia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910191. [PMID: 34639491 PMCID: PMC8508023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the urban environment is mainly related to the presence of potential sources throughout the year. Road transport is one of the most important sources of PM in the urban environment, because it directly affects pedestrians. PM measurements were performed in the city of Žilina, Slovakia, at various road-traffic-related measurement stations over the course of several years. This paper evaluates changes in the concentration of the fine fraction (PM2.5), the ultrafine fraction (PM1), and the coarse fraction (PM2.5–10) over time. PM concentrations were measured by reference gravimetric method. Significant changes in PM concentrations over time due to the diversification of pollution sources and other, secondary factors can be observed from the analysis of the measured data. PM samples were subjected to chemical analysis inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the concentrations of elements (Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Ni, and Zn). The seasonal variation of elements was evaluated, and the sources of PM2.5, PM1, and PM2.5–10 were estimated using principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). PM2.5 (maximum concentration of 148.95 µg/m3 over 24 h) and PM1 (maximum concentration of 110.51 µg/m3 over 24 h) showed the highest concentrations during the heating season, together with the elements Cd, Pb, and Zn, which showed a significant presence in these fractions. On the other hand, PM2.5–10 (maximum concentration of 38.17 µg/m3 over 24 h) was significantly related to the elements Cu, Sb, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Al. High correlation coefficients (r ≥ 0.8) were found for the elements Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn in the PM1 fraction, Cd, Pb, and Zn in PM2.5, and Ba, Sb, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mg, Al, and Ca in PM2.5–10. Using PMF analysis, three major sources of PM (abrasion from tires and brakes, road dust resuspension/winter salting, and combustion processes) were identified for the PM2.5 and PM1 fractions, as well as for the coarse PM2.5–10 fraction. This study reveals the importance of non-exhaust PM emissions in the urban environment.
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10
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Nozza E, Valentini S, Melzi G, Vecchi R, Corsini E. Advances on the immunotoxicity of outdoor particulate matter: A focus on physical and chemical properties and respiratory defence mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146391. [PMID: 33774291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is acknowledged to have multiple detrimental effects on human health. In this review, we report literature results on the possible link between outdoor PM and health outcomes with a focus on pulmonary infections and the mechanisms responsible for observed negative effects. PM physical and chemical properties, such as size and chemical composition, as well as major emission sources are described for a more comprehensive view about the role played by atmospheric PM in the observed adverse health effects; to this aim, major processes leading to the deposition of PM in the respiratory tract and how this can pave the way to the onset of pathologies are also presented. From the literature works here reviewed, two ways in which PM can threaten human health promoting respiratory infectious diseases are mostly taken into account. The first pathway is related to an enhanced susceptibility and here we will also report on molecular mechanisms in the lung immune system responsible for the augmented susceptibility to pathogens, such as the damage of mechanical defensive barriers, the alteration of the innate immune response, and the generation of oxidative stress. The second one deals with the relationship between infectious agents and PM; here we recall that viruses and bacteria (BioPM) are themselves part of atmospheric PM and are collected during sampling together with particles of different origin; so, data should be analysed with caution in order to avoid any false cause-effect relation. To face these issues a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory as also evident from the ongoing research about the mechanisms hypothesized for the SARS-CoV-2 airborne spreading, which is still controversial and claims for further investigation. Therefore, we preferred not to include papers dealing with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nozza
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S Valentini
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - G Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - E Corsini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Somayaji R, Neradilek MB, Szpiro AA, Lofy KH, Jackson ML, Goss CH, Duchin JS, Neuzil KM, Ortiz JR. Effects of Air Pollution and Other Environmental Exposures on Estimates of Severe Influenza Illness, Washington, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26. [PMID: 32310747 PMCID: PMC7181929 DOI: 10.3201/eid2605.190599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecologic models of influenza burden may be confounded by other exposures that share winter seasonality. We evaluated the effects of air pollution and other environmental exposures in ecologic models estimating influenza-associated hospitalizations. We linked hospitalization data, viral surveillance, and environmental data, including temperature, relative humidity, dew point, and fine particulate matter for 3 counties in Washington, USA, for 2001-2012. We used negative binomial regression models to estimate the incidence of influenza-associated respiratory and circulatory (RC) hospitalizations and to assess the effect of adjusting for environmental exposures on RC hospitalization estimates. The modeled overall incidence rate of influenza-associated RC hospitalizations was 31/100,000 person-years. The environmental parameters were statistically associated with RC hospitalizations but did not appreciably affect the event rate estimates. Modeled influenza-associated RC hospitalization rates were similar to published estimates, and inclusion of environmental covariates in the model did not have a clinically important effect on severe influenza estimates.
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Kim J, Go T, Lee SJ. Accurate real-time monitoring of high particulate matter concentration based on holographic speckles and deep learning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124637. [PMID: 33309383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate real-time monitoring of particulate matter (PM) has emerged as a global issue due to the hazardous effects of PM on public health and industry. However, conventional PM monitoring techniques are usually cumbersome and require expensive equipments. In this study, Holo-SpeckleNet is proposed as a fast and accurate PM concentration measurement technique with high throughput using a deep learning based holographic speckle pattern analysis. Speckle pattern datasets of PMs for a wide range of PM concentrations were acquired by using a digital in-line holography microscopy system. Deep autoencoder and regression algorithms were trained with the captured speckle pattern datasets to directly measure PM concentration from speckle pattern images without any air intake device and time-consuming post image processing. The proposed technique was applied to predict various PM concentrations using the test datasets, optimize hyperparameters, and compare its performance with a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. As a result, high PM concentration values can be measured over air quality index of 150, above which human exposure is unhealthy. In addition, the proposed technique exhibits higher measurement accuracy and less overfitting than the CNN with a relative error of 7.46 ± 3.92%. It can be applied to design a compact air quality monitoring device for highly accurate and real-time measurement of PM concentrations under hazardous environment, such as factories or construction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Taesik Go
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea.
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13
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Galvão ES, de Cassia Feroni R, D'Azeredo Orlando MT. A review of the main strategies used in the interpretation of similar chemical profiles yielded by receptor models in the source apportionment of particulate matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128746. [PMID: 33153846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Receptor models have been widely used for the source apportionment of airborne particulate matter. However, in the last 10 years, the use of factor analysis-based models, such as PMF and UNMIX, has increased significantly. The results yielded by these models must be interpreted by users who must know all variables influencing the modeling, and without this knowledge, the probability of incorrect interpretation of the source profiles may increase, especially when two or more sources have similar chemical profiles. Concerning the quality of data, this work shows that a broad characterization of PM composition, including inorganic, organic, and mineralogical species can improve this process, avoiding misinterpretation and the attribution of mixed or unidentified sources. This work aims to provide readers with some answers for a question often risen during source apportionment studies: Which source markers should be used for better separation and interpretation of source profiles? This review shows there is no right answer for this because different strategies can be used for this purpose. Therefore, this review aims to compile and highlight qualitatively the key strategies already used by several experienced receptor models users, combining the use of inorganic, organic, and mineralogical markers of PM for better separation and interpretation of the profiles yielded by receptor models. Also, this work presents a compilation in tables of the main chemical species reported in the literature as markers for interpreting the source profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Física, Vitória, Brazil.
| | - Rita de Cassia Feroni
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Engenharias e Tecnologia, São Mateus, ES, Brazil
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14
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Source Apportionment and Assessment of Air Quality Index of PM2.5–10 and PM2.5 in at Two Different Sites in Urban Background Area in Senegal. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the particulate matter (PM) sources is an essential step to assess PM effects on human health and understand PM’s behavior in a specific environment. Information about the composition of the organic or/and inorganic fraction of PM is usually used for source apportionment studies. In this study that took place in Dakar, Senegal, the identification of the sources of two PM fractions was performed by utilizing data on the elemental composition and elemental carbon content. Four PM sources were identified using positive matrix factorization (PMF): Industrial emissions, mineral dust, traffic emissions, and sea salt/secondary sulfates. To assess the effect of PM on human health the air quality index (AQI) was estimated. The highest values of AQI are approximately 497 and 488, in Yoff and Hlm, respectively. The spatial location of the sources was investigated using potential source contribution function (PSCF). PSCF plots revealed the high effect of transported dust from the desert regions to PM concentration in the sampling site. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first source apportionment study on PM fractions published for Dakar, Senegal.
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15
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Naing NN, Goh EXY, Lee HK. Enhanced microextraction of endocrine disrupting chemicals adsorbed on airborne fine particulate matter with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461828. [PMID: 33373795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel double-microextraction approach, combining dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and vortex-assisted micro-solid-phase extraction (VA-µ-SPE) was developed. The procedure was applied to extract endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) consisting of three phthalate esters (PEs) and bisphenol A (BPA) associated with PM2.5 (airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm). Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used for determination of the analytes. These analytes were first ultrasonically desorbed from PM2.5 in a 10% acetone aqueous solution. DLLME was used to first preconcentrate the analytes; the sample solution, still in the same vial, was then subjected to VA-µ-SPE. The synergistic effects provided by the combination of the microextraction techniques provided advantages such as high enrichment factors and good cleanup performance. Various extraction parameters such as type and volume of extractant solvent (for DLLME), and type of sorbent, extraction time, desorption solvent, volume of desorption solvent and desorption time (for µ-SPE) were evaluated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were found to be the most suitable sorbent. This procedure achieved good precision with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations of between 1.93 and 9.95%. Good linearity ranges (0.3-100 ng/mL and 0.5-100 ng/mL, depending on analytes), and limits of detection (LODs) of between 0.07 and 0.15 ng/mL were obtained. The method was used to determine the levels of PEs and BPA in ambient air, with concentrations ranging between below the limits of quantification and 0.48 ng/m3. DLLME-VA-µ-SPE-GC-MS/MS was demonstrated to be suitable for the determination of these EDCs present in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyi Nyi Naing
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Esther Xue Yi Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, S2S Building, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore.
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16
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Li Y, Yong YL, Yang M, Wang W, Qu X, Dang X, Shang D, Shao Y, Liu J, Chang Y. Fine particulate matter inhibits phagocytosis of macrophages by disturbing autophagy. FASEB J 2020; 34:16716-16735. [PMID: 33124742 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000657r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies has revealed marked correlations between the air pollutant fine particulate matter (FPM) and respiratory diseases. FPM reaches distal airways and deposits in alveolar regions where it can act directly on alveolar macrophages. However, the detailed effect of FPM on the physiological function of alveolar macrophages and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we showed that exposing THP-1-derived macrophages to FPM led to autophagy dysfunction. FPM activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway, which promoted the expression of autophagy-related 2A (ATG2A) and reactive oxygen species generation. The overexpression of ATG2A enhanced the synthesis of autophagic membranes, and the excessive production of reactive oxygen species caused autophagy flux inhibition through disrupting the lysosomal activity. More importantly, FPM impaired the phagocytic ability of macrophages on Escherichia coli and apoptotic neutrophils. Finally, we showed that restoring autophagy rescued the impairment of phagocytic ability induced by FPM. In summary, these results reveal the molecular mechanism of autophagy dysfunction caused by FPM and provide a novel approach to resolve the impaired function of macrophages in respiratory diseases induced by FPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Le Yong
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Menglin Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Dang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Zhu RX, Nie XH, Chen YH, Chen J, Wu SW, Zhao LH. Relationship Between Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Hospitalizations and Mortality of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Med Sci 2020; 359:354-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Olaniyan T, Dalvie MA, Röösli M, Naidoo RN, Künzli N, de Hoogh K, Berman D, Parker B, Leaner J, Jeebhay MF. Short term seasonal effects of airborne fungal spores on lung function in a panel study of schoolchildren residing in informal settlements of the Western Cape of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114023. [PMID: 32018199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The individual effects of biological constituents of particulate matter (PM) such as fungal spores, on lung function in children are not well known. This study investigated the seasonal short-term effect of daily variation in Alternaria and Cladosporium fungal spores on lung function in schoolchildren. METHODS This panel study evaluated 313 schoolchildren in informal settlements of the Western Cape of South Africa, exposed to spores of two commonly encountered fungi, Alternaria and Cladosporium species. The children provided forced-expiratory volume in 1-s (FEV1) and peak-expiratory flow (PEF) measurements thrice daily for two consecutive school-weeks in summer and winter. Daily PM10 levels, from a stationary ambient air quality monitor and fungal spore levels using spore traps were measured in each study area throughout the year. The effects of Alternaria and Cladosporium spores, on lung function were analysed for lag periods up to five-days, adjusting-for PM10, other pollen exposures, study area, and other host and meteorological factors. Same-day exposure-response curves were computed for both fungal species. RESULTS There was more variability in Alternaria spores level with noticeable peaks in summer. There were consistent lag-effects for Alternaria on PEF compared to Cladosporium, with the largest PEF deficit observed in winter (mean deficit: 13.78 L/min, 95%CI: 24.34 to -3.23 L/min) per 10spores/m3 increase in Alternaria spores on lag day-2. Although there were no observable lag-effects for Alternaria and Cladosporium on FEV1, same-day effects of Cladosporium spores on FEV1 was present across both seasons. Threshold effects of Alternaria on both PEF and FEV1 deficits were apparent at levels of 100 spores/m3, but could not be explored for Cladosporium beyond the levels observed during the study. CONCLUSION The study provides evidence for the independent effects of daily exposure to ambient fungal spores of Alternaria and Cladosporium on lung function deficits, more especially in winter for PEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyib Olaniyan
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Dilys Berman
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Bhawoodien Parker
- Department of Environmental Affairs and Developmental Planning, Western Cape Government, South Africa.
| | - Joy Leaner
- Department of Environmental Affairs and Developmental Planning, Western Cape Government, South Africa.
| | - Mohamed F Jeebhay
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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19
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Zilaout H, Houba R, Kromhout H. Temporal trends in respirable dust and respirable quartz concentrations within the European industrial minerals sector over a 15-year period (2002-2016). Occup Environ Med 2020; 77:268-275. [PMID: 32034033 PMCID: PMC7079198 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since 2000 the European Industrial Minerals Association's Dust Monitoring Programme (IMA-DMP) has systematically collected respirable dust and respirable quartz measurements from 35 companies producing industrial minerals. The IMA-DMP initiative allowed for estimating overall temporal trends in exposure concentrations for the years 2002-2016 and for presenting these trends by type of mineral produced, by jobs performed and by time of enrolment into the DMP. METHODS Approximately 32 000 personal exposure measurements were collected during 29 sampling campaigns during a 15-year period (2002-2016). Temporal trends in respirable dust and respirable quartz concentrations were studied by using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS Concentrations varied widely (up to three to four orders of magnitude). However, overall decreases in exposure levels were shown for the European minerals industry over the 15-year period. Statistically significant overall downward temporal trends of -9.0% and -3.9% per year were observed for respirable dust and respirable quartz, respectively. When analyses were stratified by time period, no downward trends (and even slight increasing concentrations) were observed between 2008 and 2012, most likely attributable to the recent global economic crisis. After this time period, downward trends became visible again. CONCLUSIONS Consistent and statistically significant downward trends were found for both exposure to respirable dust and respirable quartz. These downward trends became less or even reversed during the years of the global economic crisis. To our knowledge, this is the first time that analyses of long-term temporal trends point at an effect of a global economic crisis on personal exposure concentrations of workers from sites across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Zilaout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS-UU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Houba
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS-UU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Expertise Centre for Occupational Respiratory Disorders (NECORD), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS-UU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Ni Y, Shi G, Qu J. Indoor PM 2.5, tobacco smoking and chronic lung diseases: A narrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108910. [PMID: 31780052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lung is one of the most important organs exposed to environmental agents. People spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, and risks to health may thus be greater from exposure to poor air quality indoors than outdoors. Multiple indoor pollutants have been linked to chronic respiratory diseases. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is known as an important source of multiple pollutants, especially in indoor environments. Indoor PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) was reported to be the most reliable marker of the presence of tobacco smoke. Recent studies have demonstrated that PM2.5 is closely correlated with chronic lung diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the relationship of tobacco smoking and indoor PM2.5 and the mechanism that underpin the link of tobacco smoke, indoor PM2.5 and chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmeng Ni
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guochao Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Maceira A, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Analytical methods for determining organic compounds present in the particulate matter from outdoor air. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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The correction of TEOM $${\hbox {PM}}_{10}$$ measurements at different monitoring sites and climates. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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23
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Tong R, Liu J, Ma X, Yang Y, Shao G, Li J, Shi M. Occupational exposure to respirable dust from the coal-fired power generation process: sources, concentration, and health risk assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 75:260-273. [PMID: 31210102 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1626330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the contamination levels of respirable dust released in the work environment and the induced workers' health risk at a coal-fired power plant, we collected 405 dust samples from different dusty workstations by personal sampling during the coal-fired power generation process. Then, an inhalation risk assessment model from the USEPA was combined with the Monte Carlo simulation method to quantitatively evaluate the health risk caused by dust inhalation. Of 10 workstations researched, the dust concentration in the most workstations exceeded the prescribed occupational exposure limit. Workers engaged in ash removal suffered the highest health risk at 4.08 × 10-6 ± 2.85 × 10-6 (95% CI), closely followed by those involved in other job categories. The results can contribute to the formulation of targeted dust prevention measures and implementation of risk management for the coal-fired power sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Tong
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiefeng Liu
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Shao
- School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Wang K, Chen FE, Au W, Zhao Z, Xia ZL. Evaluating the feasibility of a personal particle exposure monitor in outdoor and indoor microenvironments in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:209-220. [PMID: 30311769 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1533531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Existing particulate matter (PM) monitors have too low spatiotemporal resolution to properly characterize individual exposure doses. In order to support health impact assessment, it is essential to develop a better method to assess individual exposure by taking account of varied environments in which people spend their time. Compact light-scattering PM monitors can potentially fill this need. This study was conducted to evaluate feasibility of a low-cost PM monitor (Plantower PMS 7003) in indoor and roadside outdoor microenvironments compared to research-grade instruments in Shanghai, China. The monitors exhibited excellent performance with a high linear response and low bias values both in outdoor and indoor tests. The monitors also showed little confounding bias in low relative humidity environments. Taking into account the accessibility and portability of this monitor, the monitors were able to detect the dynamic nature of individual exposures and provide data and knowledge about human exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Wang
- School of Public Health, & Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Er Chen
- School of Public Health, & Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - William Au
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Preventive Medicine and MPH Education Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, & Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Xia
- School of Public Health, & Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chuang HC, Sun J, Ni H, Tian J, Lui KH, Han Y, Cao J, Huang RJ, Shen Z, Ho KF. Characterization of the chemical components and bioreactivity of fine particulate matter produced during crop-residue burning in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:226-234. [PMID: 30423537 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five types of crop residue (rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, and sugarcane) collected from different provinces in China were used to characterize the chemical components and bioreactivity properties of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions during open-burning scenarios. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were the most abundant components, contributing 41.7%-54.9% of PM2.5 emissions. The OC/EC ratio ranged from 8.8 to 31.2, indicating that organic matter was the dominant component of emissions. Potassium and chloride were the most abundant components in the portion of PM2.5 composed of water-soluble ions. The coefficient of divergence ranged from 0.27 to 0.51 among various emissions profiles. All samples exposed to a high PM2.5 concentration (150 μg/mL) exhibited a significant reduction in cell viability (A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells) and increase in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin 6 levels compared with those exposed to 20 or 0 μg/mL. Higher bioreactivity (determined according to LDH and interleukin 6 level) was observed for the rice, wheat, and corn samples than for the sorghum straw samples. Pearson's correlation analysis suggested that OC, heavy metals (chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, and barium), and water-soluble ions (fluoride, calcium, and sulfate) are the components potentially associated with LDH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ka Hei Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Quintana-Belmares R, Hernández-Pérez G, Montiel-Dávalos A, Gustafsson Å, Miranda J, Rosas-Pérez I, López-Marure R, Alfaro-Moreno E. Urban particulate matter induces the expression of receptors for early and late adhesion molecules on human monocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:283-291. [PMID: 30077136 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to urban particulate matter (PM) is correlated with increases in the emergence of health services due to adverse events and deaths and is mainly related to cardiorespiratory complications. The translocation of particles from the lung into circulation has been proposed as a factor that may trigger systemic effects. Monocytes may be exposed to PM, and if the monocytes are activated, then they are likely to adhere to endothelial cells in a distant organ due to the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules (sLex, PSGL-1, LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3) in monocytes (U937 cells) exposed for 3 or 18 h to PM10 (0.001, 0.003, 0.010, 0.030, 0.300, 3 or 30 µg/mL). Exposed cells were co-cultured with human endothelial cells that were naive or previously exposed to the same particles. When U937 cells were exposed to PM10, similar levels of expression for early and late receptors for adhesion molecules were observed from 30 ng/mL as those induced by TNF-α. Cells exposed to particles at concentrations above 30 ng/mL were more adhesive to naive or exposed human endothelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest that it is plausible that activated monocytes may play a role in systemic effects induced by PM10 due to the size distribution of the particles and the concentrations required to trigger the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Hernández-Pérez
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Angélica Montiel-Dávalos
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Javier Miranda
- Experimental Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irma Rosas-Pérez
- Aerobiology Laboratory, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
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Dart A, Krug JD, Witherspoon CL, Gilberry J, Malloy Q, Kaushik S, Vanderpool RW. Development of Polydisperse Aerosol Generation and Measurement Procedures for Wind Tunnel Evaluation of Size-Selective Aerosol Samplers. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2018; 52:957-970. [PMID: 35169350 PMCID: PMC8842855 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1469728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurate development and evaluation of inlets for representatively collecting ambient particulate matter typically involves use of monodisperse particles in aerosol wind tunnels. However, the resource requirements of using monodisperse aerosols for inlet evaluation creates the need for more rapid and less-expensive techniques to enable determination of size-selective performance in aerosol wind tunnels. The goal of recent wind tunnel research at the U.S. EPA was to develop and validate the use of polydisperse aerosols which provide more rapid, less resource-intensive test results which still meet data quality requirements necessary for developing and evaluating ambient aerosol inlets. This goal was successfully achieved through comprehensive efforts regarding polydisperse aerosol generation, dispersion, collection, extraction, and analysis over a wide range of aerodynamic particle sizes. Using proper experimental techniques, a sampler's complete size-selective efficiency curve can be estimated with polydisperse aerosols in a single test, as opposed to the use of monodisperse aerosols which require conducting multiple tests using several different particle sizes. While this polydisperse aerosol technique is not proposed as a regulatory substitute for use of monodisperse aerosols, the use of polydisperse aerosols is advantageous during an inlet's development where variables of sampling flow rate and inlet geometry are often iteratively evaluated before a final inlet design can be successfully achieved. Complete Standard Operating Procedures for the generation, collection, and analysis of polydisperse calibration aerosols are available from EPA as downloadable files. The described experimental methods will be of value to other researchers during development of ambient sampling inlets and size-selective evaluation of the inlets in aerosol wind tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dart
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd, RTP, NC 27709
| | | | | | - Jerome Gilberry
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd, RTP, NC 27709
- Jacobs Technology Inc., 109 TW Alexander Drive, MC E205-06, RTP, NC 27711
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28
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Rodríguez A, Tajuelo M, Rodríguez D, Seseña S, Ruiz P, Palop ML. Assessment of chemical and microbiological parameters of indoor swimming pool atmosphere using multiple comparisons. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:676-688. [PMID: 29873109 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the air quality of an indoor swimming pool, analyzing diurnal and seasonal variations in microbiological counts and chemical parameters. The results indicated that yeast and bacteria counts, as well as carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrogen oxides (NOx ) and O3 concentrations, showed significant diurnal difference. On the other hand, temperature, relative humidity (R.H.), yeast counts and concentrations of CO2 , particles, O3 , toluene, and benzene showed seasonal differences. In addition, the relationship between indoor and outdoor air and the degree of correlation between the different parameters have been calculated, suggesting that CO2 , fine particles and NOx would have indoor origin due to the human activity and secondary reactions favored by the chemical and environmental conditions of the swimming pool; while O3 , benzene and toluene, would come from outside, mainly. The overall results indicated that indoor air quality (IAQ) in the swimming pool building was deficient by the high levels of CO2 and microorganisms, low temperatures, and high R.H., because frequently the limits established by the legislation were exceeded. This fact could be due to the poor ventilation and the inadequate operation of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - M Tajuelo
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - D Rodríguez
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - S Seseña
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - P Ruiz
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - M Ll Palop
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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29
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Galvão ES, Santos JM, Lima AT, Reis NC, Orlando MTD, Stuetz RM. Trends in analytical techniques applied to particulate matter characterization: A critical review of fundaments and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:546-568. [PMID: 29455125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown the association of airborne particulate matter (PM) size and chemical composition with health problems affecting the cardiorespiratory and central nervous systems. PM also act as cloud condensation nuclei (CNN) or ice nuclei (IN), taking part in the clouds formation process, and therefore can impact the climate. There are several works using different analytical techniques in PM chemical and physical characterization to supply information to source apportionment models that help environmental agencies to assess damages accountability. Despite the numerous analytical techniques described in the literature available for PM characterization, laboratories are normally limited to the in-house available techniques, which raises the question if a given technique is suitable for the purpose of a specific experimental work. The aim of this work consists of summarizing the main available technologies for PM characterization, serving as a guide for readers to find the most appropriate technique(s) for their investigation. Elemental analysis techniques like atomic spectrometry based and X-ray based techniques, organic and carbonaceous techniques and surface analysis techniques are discussed, illustrating their main features as well as their advantages and drawbacks. We also discuss the trends in analytical techniques used over the last two decades. The choice among all techniques is a function of a number of parameters such as: the relevant particles physical properties, sampling and measuring time, access to available facilities and the costs associated to equipment acquisition, among other considerations. An analytical guide map is presented as a guideline for choosing the most appropriated technique for a given analytical information required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Ana Teresa Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Michael Stuetz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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A Novel Particulate Matter 2.5 Sensor Based on Surface Acoustic Wave Technology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vanderpool RW, Krug JD, Kaushik S, Gilberry J, Dart A, Witherspoon CL. Size-Selective Sampling Performance of Six Low-Volume "Total" Suspended Particulate (TSP) Inlets. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2018; 52:98-113. [PMID: 29681677 PMCID: PMC5906806 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2017.1386766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several low-volume inlets (flow rates ≤16.7 liters per minute (Lpm)) are commercially available as components of low-cost, portable ambient particulate matter samplers. Because the inlets themselves do not contain internal fractionators, they are often assumed to representatively sample "total" mass concentrations from the ambient air, independent of aerodynamic particle size and wind speed. To date, none of these so-called "TSP" inlets have been rigorously tested under controlled conditions. To determine their actual size-selective performance under conditions of expected use, wind tunnel tests of six commonly used omnidirectional, low-volume inlets were conducted using solid, polydisperse aerosols at wind speeds of 2, 8, and 24 km/hr. With the exception of axially-oriented, isokinetic sharp-edge nozzles operating at 5 and 10 Lpm, all low-volume inlets showed some degree of non-ideal sampling performance as a function of aerodynamic particle size and wind speed. Depending upon wind speed and assumed ambient particle size distribution, total mass concentration measurements were estimated to be negatively biased by as much as 66%. As expected from particle inertial considerations, inlet efficiency tended to degrade with increasing wind speed and particle size, although some exceptions were noted. The implications of each inlet's non-ideal behavior are discussed with regards to expected total mass concentration measurement during ambient sampling and the ability to obtain representative sampling for size ranges of interest, such as PM2.5 and PM10. Overall test results will aid in low-volume inlet selection and with proper interpretation of results obtained with their ambient field use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerome Gilberry
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd, RTP, NC 27709
- Alion Science and Technology, 1000 Park Forty Plaza #200, Durham, NC 27713
| | - Andrew Dart
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd, RTP, NC 27709
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López A, Coscollà C, Yusà V, Armenta S, de la Guardia M, Esteve-Turrillas FA. Comprehensive analysis of airborne pesticides using hard cap espresso extraction-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Almeida TS, Sant Ana MO, Cruz JM, Tormen L, Frescura Bascuñan VLA, Azevedo PA, Garcia CAB, Alves JDPH, Araujo RGO. Characterisation and source identification of the total airborne particulate matter collected in an urban area of Aracaju, Northeast, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:444-451. [PMID: 28457733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, studies using samples collected in an urban area of Aracaju city, Sergipe State, Northeast, Brazil revealed that soil dust in suspension was the main source of total airborne particulate matter (TAPM), followed by vehicular pollution. The concentration profiles for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Ti were established for the collected TAPM samples. The concentrations of SO2 and smoke were also measured all along the 42 sampling days. Through multivariate data analysis of the results a correlation between Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti in the mineral composition of the particles was established, indicating soil dust in suspension as the main source of TAPM. The concentrations of Cu and smoke were found to be related to vehicular traffic, and the second largest source of TAPM. Enrichment factors (EF) were calculated for the studied elements, and only Cu was found to be enriched. The concentrations of the elements in TAPM were evaluated using the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Ti were found to derive from natural sources, in TAPM. However, approximately 55% of the samples did not presented Cu contamination (Igeo≤0), and the remaining 45% presented Cu concentrations levels that indicated between low to moderate (0<Igeo≤1) and moderate to heavy contamination (2<Igeo≤3) in the urban area of Aracaju city, Sergipe State, Northeast, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcísio S Almeida
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus São Cristovão, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil; Laboratório de Espectrometria Atômica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Mirna O Sant Ana
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus São Cristovão, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Jersica M Cruz
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus São Cristovão, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tormen
- Laboratório de Espectrometria Atômica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Laranjeira do Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia A Frescura Bascuñan
- Laboratório de Espectrometria Atômica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Pericles A Azevedo
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus São Cristovão, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre B Garcia
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus São Cristovão, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - José do Patrocínio H Alves
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus São Cristovão, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Rennan G O Araujo
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus São Cristovão, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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15 years of monitoring occupational exposure to respirable dust and quartz within the European industrial minerals sector. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:810-819. [PMID: 28416465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2000, a prospective Dust Monitoring Program (DMP) was started in which measurements of worker's exposure to respirable dust and quartz are collected in member companies from the European Industrial Minerals Association (IMA-Europe). After 15 years, the resulting IMA-DMP database allows a detailed overview of exposure levels of respirable dust and quartz over time within this industrial sector. Our aim is to describe the IMA-DMP and the current state of the corresponding database which due to continuation of the IMA-DMP is still growing. The future use of the database will also be highlighted including its utility for the industrial minerals producing sector. METHODS Exposure data are being obtained following a common protocol including a standardized sampling strategy, standardized sampling and analytical methods and a data management system. Following strict quality control procedures, exposure data are consequently added to a central database. The data comprises personal exposure measurements including auxiliary information on work and other conditions during sampling. RESULTS Currently, the IMA-DMP database consists of almost 28,000 personal measurements which have been performed from 2000 until 2015 representing 29 half-yearly sampling campaigns. The exposure data have been collected from 160 different worksites owned by 35 industrial mineral companies and comes from 23 European countries and approximately 5000 workers. CONCLUSION The IMA-DMP database provides the European minerals sector with reliable data regarding worker personal exposures to respirable dust and quartz. The database can be used as a powerful tool to address outstanding scientific issues on long-term exposure trends and exposure variability, and importantly, as a surveillance tool to evaluate exposure control measures. The database will be valuable for future epidemiological studies on respiratory health effects and will allow for estimation of quantitative exposure response relationships.
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Association of Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter with Skin Symptoms in Schoolchildren: A Panel Study in a Rural Area of Western Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030299. [PMID: 28335405 PMCID: PMC5369135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have unmasked the deleterious effects of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on health. However, epidemiologic evidence focusing on the effects of PM2.5 on skin health remains limited. An important aspect of Asian dust (AD) in relationship to health is the amount of PM2.5 contained therein. Several studies have demonstrated that AD can aggravate skin symptoms. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and AD particles on skin symptoms in schoolchildren. A total of 339 children recorded daily skin symptom scores during February 2015. Light detection and ranging were used to calculate AD particle size. Generalized estimating equation logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations among skin symptoms and the daily levels of PM2.5 and AD particles. Increases in the levels of PM2.5 and AD particles were not related to an increased risk of skin symptom events, with increases of 10.1 μg/m³ in PM2.5 and 0.01 km-1 in AD particles changing odds ratios by 1.03 and 0.99, respectively. These results suggest that short-term exposure to PM2.5 and AD does not impact skin symptoms in schoolchildren.
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George KV, Patil DD, Anil MNV, Kamal N, Alappat BJ, Kumar P. Evaluation of coarse and fine particles in diverse Indian environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3363-3374. [PMID: 27866359 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The estimates of airborne fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations are possible through rigorous empirical correlations based on the monitored PM10 data. However, such correlations change depending on the nature of sources in diverse ambient environments and, therefore, have to be environment specific. Studies presenting such correlations are limited but needed, especially for those areas, where PM2.5 is not routinely monitored. Moreover, there are a number of studies focusing on urban environments but very limited for coal mines and coastal areas. The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze the concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 and develop empirical correlations between them. Data from 26 different sites spread over three distinct environments, which are a relatively clean coastal area, two coal mining areas, and a highly urbanized area in Delhi were used for the study. Distributions of PM in the 0.43-10-μm size range were measured using eight-stage cascade impactors. Regression analysis was used to estimate the percentage of PM2.5 in PM10 across distinct environments for source identification. Relatively low percentage of PM2.5 concentrations (21, 28, and 32%) in PM10 were found in clean coastal and two mining areas, respectively. Percentage of PM2.5 concentrations in PM10 in the highly urbanized area of Delhi was 51%, indicating a presence of a much higher percentage of fine particles due to vehicular combustion in Delhi. The findings of this work are important in estimating concentrations of much harmful fine particles from coarse particles across distinct environments. The results are also useful in source identification of particulates as differences in the percentage of PM2.5 concentrations in PM10 can be attributed to characteristics of sources in the diverse ambient environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V George
- Air Pollution Control Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
| | - Dinakar D Patil
- Environmental Manager, Aditya Birla Group, Jafarabad, Gujarat, 365540, India
| | - Mulukutla N V Anil
- Air Pollution Control Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Neel Kamal
- Air Pollution Control Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Babu J Alappat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, U.K
- Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, U.K
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Watanabe M, Noma H, Kurai J, Sano H, Hantan D, Ueki M, Kitano H, Shimizu E. A panel study of airborne particulate matter composition versus concentration: Potential for inflammatory response and impaired pulmonary function in children. Allergol Int 2017; 66:52-58. [PMID: 27262618 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between airborne particulate matter (PM) and pulmonary function in children has not been consistent among studies, potentially owing to differences in the inflammatory response to PM, based on PM types and sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of airborne PM on pulmonary function in schoolchildren and its potential for an inflammatory response. METHODS Daily morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured in 339 schoolchildren in February 2015. Interleukin (IL)-8 production was assessed in THP1 cells stimulated by airborne PM collected every day during the study period, and these IL-8 concentrations are described as the daily IL-8 levels. A linear mixed model was used to estimate the association between PEF values and the daily levels of suspended PM (SPM), PM diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and IL-8. RESULTS The daily IL-8 levels were significantly associated with those of SPM and PM2.5. A 0.83 μg/mL increase in IL-8 levels was significantly associated with a -1.07 L/min (95% confidence interval, -2.05 to -0.08) decrease in PEF. A 12.0 μg/m3 increase in SPM and a 10.0 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 were associated with a -1.36 L/min (-2.93 to 0.22) and -1.72 L/min (-3.82 to 0.36) decreases in PEF, respectively. There were no significant relationships between PEF, SPM, and PM2.5. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the effects of airborne PM on pulmonary function in schoolchildren might depend more on the pro-inflammatory response than the mass concentration of the PM.
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Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollutants on the Inflammatory Response and Respiratory Symptoms: A Panel Study in Schoolchildren from Rural Areas of Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100983. [PMID: 27706066 PMCID: PMC5086722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between particulate air pollutants and respiratory symptoms in children has not been consistent among studies, potentially owing to differences in the inflammatory response to different particulate air pollutants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of particulate air pollutants on respiratory symptoms and the inflammatory response in schoolchildren. Three hundred-and-sixty children were included in the study. The children recorded daily respiratory symptom scores for October 2015. In addition, the daily amount of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production was assessed in THP1 cells stimulated with suspended particulate matter (SPM), which was collected every day during the study period. Generalized estimating equation logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations among respiratory symptoms and the daily levels of SPM, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Daily SPM levels were not associated with respiratory symptoms or the daily IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels. Conversely, there was a significant association between respiratory symptoms and the daily IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels. These results suggested that the effects of particulate air pollutants on respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren might depend more on the pro-inflammatory response to them than on their mass concentration.
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Godec R, Jakovljević I, Šega K, Čačković M, Bešlić I, Davila S, Pehnec G. Carbon species in PM10 particle fraction at different monitoring sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:700-710. [PMID: 27364465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine and compare the levels of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mass concentrations in PM10 particles (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) between seasons (winter and summer) and at different monitoring sites (urban background and rural industrial). Daily samples of airborne particles were collected on pre-fired quartz fibre filters. PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically. Samples were analysed for OC and EC with the thermal/optical transmittance method (TOT) and for PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Measurements showed seasonal and spatial variations of mass concentrations for carbon species and for all of the measured PAHs (Flu, Pyr, Chry, BaA, BbF, BaP, BkF, BghiP and IP) in PM10 at the urban site and rural monitoring site described here. Diagnostic PAH ratios (Flu/(Flu + Pyr), BaA/(BaA + Cry), IP/(IP + BghiP), BaP/BghiP, IP/BghiP and BaP/(BaP + Chry)) make it possible to assess the sources of pollution, and these showed that diesel vehicles accounted for most pollution at the rural-industrial (RI) site in the summer, whereas coal and wood combustion were the causes of winter pollution. This difference between winter and summer PAH ratios were more expressed at the RI site than at the UB site because at the UB site the predominant heating fuel was gas. The OC/EC ratio yielded the same conclusion. Factor analysis showed that EC and OC originated from traffic at both sites, PAHs with 5 or more benzene rings originated from wood pellets industry or biomass burning, while Pyr and Flu originated from diesel combustion or as a consequence of different atmospheric behaviour - evaporation and participation in oxidation and photo oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Krešimir Šega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Čačković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvije Davila
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Association between Outdoor Fungal Concentrations during Winter and Pulmonary Function in Children with and without Asthma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13050452. [PMID: 27136569 PMCID: PMC4881077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor fungi are important components of airborne particulate matter (PM). However, the associations between pulmonary function and outdoor fungi are less well known compared to other airborne PM constituents. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between outdoor fungi and pulmonary function in children. Morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates were measured daily in 339 schoolchildren (including 36 with asthma), aged 10 to 12, 2 to 27 February 2015. Airborne PM was collected on filters, using a high volume air sampler, each day during the study period. The daily concentration of outdoor fungi-associated PM was calculated using a culture-based method. A linear mixed model was used to estimate the association between PEF values and daily concentrations of outdoor fungi, and the daily levels of suspended PM (SPM) and PM ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). An increase in the interquartile range (46.2 CFU/m3) for outdoor fungal concentration led to PEF changes of −1.18 L/min (95% confidence interval, −2.27 to −0.08) in all children, 1.22 L/min (−2.96 to 5.41) in children without asthma, and −1.44 L/min (−2.57 to −0.32) in children with asthma. Outdoor fungi showed a significant negative correlation with PM2.5 levels (r = −0.4, p = 0.04), but not with SPM (r = ‒0.3, p = 0.10) levels. Outdoor fungi may be associated with pulmonary dysfunction in children. Furthermore, children with asthma may show greater pulmonary dysfunction than those without asthma.
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Watanabe M, Noma H, Kurai J, Sano H, Kitano H, Saito R, Kimura Y, Aiba S, Oshimura M, Shimizu E. Variation in the Effect of Particulate Matter on Pulmonary Function in Schoolchildren in Western Japan and Its Relation with Interleukin-8. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:14229-43. [PMID: 26569272 PMCID: PMC4661643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121114229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of particulate matter (PM) on pulmonary function in schoolchildren, as well as the relationships of these effects with interleukin-8. Morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured daily in 399 children during April-May 2012, and in 384 of these children during March-May 2013. PEF's association with the daily levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and PM < 2.5 mm (PM2.5) was estimated using a linear mixed model. Interleukin-8 promoter activity was assessed in THP-G8 cells stimulated by fallen PM collected at Tottori University Hospital during four periods (two in 2012 and two in 2013). An increase of 14.0 mg/m³ in SPM led to PEF changes of -2.16 L/min in 2012 and -0.81 L/min in 2013, respectively. An increment of 10.7 mg/m³ in PM2.5 was associated with PEF changes of -2.58 L/min in 2012 and -0.55 L/min in 2013, respectively. These associations were only significant in 2012. Interleukin-8 promoter activity was significantly higher in both periods of 2012 than in 2013. There was a significant association between pulmonary function in schoolchildren and daily levels of SPM and PM2.5, but this association may differ depending on the PM's ability to elicit interleukin-8 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Noma
- Department of Data Science, Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan.
| | - Jun Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Ohnohigashi 377-2, Osakasayama 589-0014, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Kitano
- Board of Directors, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Rumiko Saito
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Kimura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
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Ni L, Chuang CC, Zuo L. Fine particulate matter in acute exacerbation of COPD. Front Physiol 2015; 6:294. [PMID: 26557095 PMCID: PMC4617054 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common airway disorder. In particular, acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) can significantly reduce pulmonary function. The majority of AECOPD episodes are attributed to infections, although environmental stress also plays a role. Increasing urbanization and associated air pollution, especially in developing countries, have been shown to contribute to COPD pathogenesis. Elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) in polluted air are strongly correlated with the onset and development of various respiratory diseases. In this review, we have conducted an extensive literature search of recent studies of the role of PM2.5 (fine PM) in AECOPD. PM2.5 leads to AECOPD via inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), immune dysfunction, and altered airway epithelial structure and microbiome. Reducing PM2.5 levels is a viable approach to lower AECOPD incidence, attenuate COPD progression and decrease the associated healthcare burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ni
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Pudong Meteorological Service Shanghai, China
| | - Chia-Chen Chuang
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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Watanabe M, Kurai J, Minato S, Noma H, Sano H, Saito R, Aiba S, Oshimura M, Hatakeyama K, Yamasaki A, Shimizu E. Difference in interleukin-8 transcriptional activity induced in THP-G8 cells by particulate matter collected in winter and summer in western Japan. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2015; 62:145-8. [PMID: 26399338 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.62.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airborne particulate matter (PM) may stimulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thus exposure to PM affects pulmonary diseases. However, the effects of PM on pulmonary diseases have differed among studies. METHODS PM was collected from February 2 to 28 (winter) and June 1 to 17 (summer) in 2013 in Yurihama, Japan, using filters to separate particles with different aerodynamic diameters (1.1 to <2.2 μm, 2.2 to <3.3 μm, 3.3 to <7.0 μm, and 7.0 to <10 μm). Interleukin (IL)-8 transcriptional activity in THP-G8 cells was examined in response to winter and summer PM with different diameters. RESULTS IL-8 transcriptional activity induced by winter PM was significantly higher than that with summer PM for each diameter. For winter PM, IL-8 activity increased with an increased diameter, whereas this activity did not differ between a solvent control and each summer PM diameter. This indicates that summer PM does not stimulate production of IL-8 in THP-G8 cells. CONCLUSION The effects of PM on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines differ with the season and PM diameter. This suggests that the compositions of PM differ on season, and the evaluation of compositions of PM is important in understanding the association of health with short-term exposure to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine
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Bao L, Zhang G, Lei Q, Li Y, Li X, Hwu Y, Yi J. Microstructure of atmospheric particles revealed by TXM and a new mode of influenza virus transmission. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION B, BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2015; 359:167-172. [PMID: 32287576 PMCID: PMC7103340 DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For control of influenza, firstly it is important to find the real virus transmission media. Atmospheric aerosol particles are presumably one of the media. In this study, three typical atmospheric inhaled particles in Shanghai were studied by the synchrotron based transmission X-ray microscopes (TXM). Three dimensional microstructure of the particles reveals that there are many pores contained in, particularly the coal combustion fly particles which may be possible virus carrier. The particles can transport over long distance and cause long-range infections due to its light weight. We suggest a mode which is droplet combining with aerosol mode. By this mode the transmission of global and pandemic influenzas and infection between inland avian far from population and poultry or human living in cities along coast may be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Bao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - G.L. Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Q.T. Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Y. Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - X.L. Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Y.K. Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - J.M. Yi
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne 60439, USA
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Watanabe M, Kurai J, Sano H, Yamasaki A, Shimizu E. Difference in Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Responses Induced in THP1 Cells by Particulate Matter Collected on Days with and without ASIAN Dust Storms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:7725-37. [PMID: 26184251 PMCID: PMC4515687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The associations between particulate matter from Asian dust storms (ADS) and health disorders differ among studies, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, ADS and non-ADS particles were tested for their potential to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with adverse respiratory effects. Particulate matter was collected in Japan during four periods in 2013 (2 × ADS periods; 2 × non-ADS). THP1 cells were exposed to this particulate matter, and the levels of various interleukins (ILs), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. Levels of IL-2 increased significantly following exposure to all particulate matter samples (compared to levels in a solvent control). Increased levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were also observed following exposure to particles collected during three (one ADS and two non-ADS) and two (one ADS and one non-ADS) collection periods, respectively. Thus, the effects of particulate matter on cytokine responses differed according to collection period, and the effects of ADS particles differed for each ADS event. Additionally, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by ADS particles were not always higher than those induced by non-ADS particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Jun Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-0014, Japan.
| | - Akira Yamasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.
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Goncharuk VV, Samsoni-Todorov AO, Savchenko OA, Yaremenko VA, Lapchenko VA, Kovalenko VF. Monitoring of aerosols and the state of sea water of the water area of the Karadag natural reserve. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x15010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xu H, Bi XH, Zheng WW, Wu JH, Feng YC. Particulate matter mass and chemical component concentrations over four Chinese cities along the western Pacific coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1940-1953. [PMID: 25292296 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
China has witnessed rapid economic growth in the past three decades, especially in coastal areas. Particulate matter (PM) pollution is becoming increasingly serious in China's cities along the western Pacific coast with the rapid development of China's society and economy. This study analyzed PM (PM10 and PM2.5) in terms of their mass and chemical composition in four coastal Chinese cities. The goal was to study the spatial variation and characteristics of PM pollution in sites under different levels of economic development and in diverse natural environments. A distinct trend for concentrations of PM and related chemical species was observed and increased from south to north in Haikou, Ningbo, Qingdao, and Tianjin. Secondary inorganic aerosols, crustal materials, and organic matter dominated the composition of both PM10 and PM2.5. Crustal materials were the most abundant species in the northern coastal areas because these areas have less vegetation cover and lower humidity than southern coastal areas. The presence of high SO4 (2-)/nitrate (NO3 (-)) concentrations indicated that the burning of coals gives significant contributions to PM10 and PM2.5. The differences observed in the characteristics of PM pollution in these coastal cities are probably caused by different levels of industrial and urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Joint Laboratory of Urban and Ambient Air Environment Study, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300 071, China
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