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Dong Y, Yao X, Zhang W, Wu X. Development of Simultaneous Determination Method of Pesticide High Toxic Metabolite 3,4-Dichloroaniline and 3,5 Dichloroaniline in Chives Using HPLC-MS/MS. Foods 2023; 12:2875. [PMID: 37569143 PMCID: PMC10417142 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) are, respectively, the primary metabolites deriving from the breakdown of phenylurea herbicides and dicarboximide fungicides in both soils and plants, whose residues in vegetable products have a heightened concern considering their higher health risks to humans and greater toxicity than the parent compounds in the environment. In this study, a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA residues in chive products based on the optimization of HPLC-MS/MS chromatographic and mass-spectrometric conditions using the standard substances and the modified QuEChERS preparation technique. The preparation efficiency of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA from chive samples showed that acetonitrile was the best extractant. The combination of the purification agent graphite carbon black + primary secondary amine and the eluting agent acetonitrile + toluene (4:1, v/v) had a satisfactory purification effect. The linear correlation coefficients (R2) were more than 0.996 with the six concentration range of 0.001-1.000 mg/L for 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of this method was 0.6 and 2.0 µg/kg for 3,4-DCA, as well as 1.0 and 3.0 µg/kg for 3,5-DCA, respectively. The matrix effect range of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA in chive tissues was from -9.0% to -2.6% and from -4.4% to 2.3%, respectively. The fortified recovery of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA in chive samples at four spiked levels of 0.001-1.000 mg/kg was 75.3-86.0% and 78.2-98.1%, with the relative standard deviation of 2.1-8.5% and 1.4-11.9%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.6, 2.0, and 1.0, 3.03 for 4-DCA and 3,5-DCA, respectively. This study highlights that the analytical method established here can efficiently and sensitively detect residues of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA residues for monitoring chive products. The method was successfully applied to 60 batches of actual vegetable samples from different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Dong
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Wanping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Vasileiadis S, Puglisi E, Papadopoulou ES, Pertile G, Suciu N, Pappolla RA, Tourna M, Karas PA, Papadimitriou F, Kasiotakis A, Ipsilanti N, Ferrarini A, Sułowicz S, Fornasier F, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Nicol GW, Trevisan M, Karpouzas DG. Blame It on the Metabolite: 3,5-Dichloroaniline Rather than the Parent Compound Is Responsible for the Decreasing Diversity and Function of Soil Microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01536-18. [PMID: 30194100 PMCID: PMC6210116 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01536-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are key stressors of soil microorganisms with reciprocal effects on ecosystem functioning. These effects have been mainly attributed to the parent compounds, while the impact of their transformation products (TPs) has been largely overlooked. We assessed in a meadow soil (soil A) the transformation of iprodione and its toxicity in relation to (i) the abundance of functional microbial groups, (ii) the activity of key microbial enzymes, and (iii) the diversity of bacteria, fungi, and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM) using amplicon sequencing. 3,5-Dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA), the main iprodione TP, was identified as a key explanatory factor for the persistent reduction in enzymatic activities and potential nitrification (PN) and for the observed structural changes in the bacterial and fungal communities. The abundances of certain bacterial (Actinobacteria, Hyphomicrobiaceae, Ilumatobacter, and Solirubrobacter) and fungal (Pichiaceae) groups were negatively correlated with 3,5-DCA. A subsequent study in a fallow agricultural soil (soil B) showed limited formation of 3,5-DCA, which concurred with the lack of effects on nitrification. Direct 3,5-DCA application in soil B induced a dose-dependent reduction of PN and NO3--N, which recovered with time. In vitro assays with terrestrial AOM verified the greater toxicity of 3,5-DCA over iprodione. "Candidatus Nitrosotalea sinensis" Nd2 was the most sensitive AOM to both compounds. Our findings build on previous evidence on the sensitivity of AOM to pesticides, reinforcing their potential utilization as indicators of the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides in pesticide environmental risk analysis and stressing the need to consider the contribution of TPs in the toxicity of pesticides on the soil microbial community.IMPORTANCE Pesticide toxicity on soil microorganisms is an emerging issue in pesticide risk assessment, dictated by the pivotal role of soil microorganisms in ecosystem services. However, the focus has traditionally been on parent compounds, while transformation products (TPs) are largely overlooked. We tested the hypothesis that TPs can be major contributors to the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides using iprodione and its main TP, 3,5-dichloroaniline, as model compounds. We demonstrated, by measuring functional and structural endpoints, that 3,5-dichloroaniline and not iprodione was associated with adverse effects on soil microorganisms, with nitrification being mostly affected. Pioneering in vitro assays with relevant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea verified the greater toxicity of 3,5-dichloroaniline. Our findings are expected to advance environmental risk assessment, highlighting the potential of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms as indicators of the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides and stressing the need to consider the contribution of TPs to pesticide soil microbial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vasileiadis
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Piacenza, Italy
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
| | - E Puglisi
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Piacenza, Italy
| | - E S Papadopoulou
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Pertile
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Piacenza, Italy
| | - N Suciu
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Piacenza, Italy
| | - R A Pappolla
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Piacenza, Italy
| | - M Tourna
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
| | - P A Karas
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
| | - F Papadimitriou
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
| | - A Kasiotakis
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
| | - N Ipsilanti
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
| | - A Ferrarini
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Piacenza, Italy
| | - S Sułowicz
- University of Silesia, Department of Microbiology, Katowice, Poland
| | - F Fornasier
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianti e Suolo, Gorizia, Italy
| | - U Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G W Nicol
- Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Group of Environmental Microbial Genomics, Lyon, France
| | - M Trevisan
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Piacenza, Italy
| | - D G Karpouzas
- Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable Food Process, Piacenza, Italy
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Larissa, Greece
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Campos M, Perruchon C, Karas PA, Karavasilis D, Diez MC, Karpouzas DG. Bioaugmentation and rhizosphere-assisted biodegradation as strategies for optimization of the dissipation capacity of biobeds. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 187:103-110. [PMID: 27886583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biobeds are on-farm biodepuration systems whose efficiency rely on their high pesticide biodegradation capacity. We evaluated two optimization strategies, bioaugmentation and/or rhizosphere-assisted biodegradation, to maximize the dissipation capacity of biobeds. Iprodione was used as a model pesticide. Its dissipation and metabolism was determined in a biobed packing material inoculated with an iprodione-degrading Arthrobacter strain C1 (bioaugmentation, treatments B+C1) and/or seeded with ryegrass (rhizosphere-assisted biodegradation, treatments B+P). The impact of those strategies on the activity and composition of the microbial community was determined. Bioaugmentation accelerated the dissipation of iprodione which was further enhanced in the bioaugmented, rhizosphere-assisted treatment (treatment B+P+C1, Half-life (DT50) = 3.4 d), compared to the non-bioaugmented, non rhizosphere-assisted control (DT50 = 9.5 d, treatment B). Bioaugmentation resulted in the earlier formation of intermediate formation of metabolites I (3,5-dichlorophenyl-carboxamide), II (3,5-dichlorophenylurea acetate) and 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA). The latter was further dissipated by the indigenous microbial community. Acid phosphatase (AP) and β-glucosidase (GLU) were temporarily stimulated in rhizosphere-assisted treatments, whereas a stimulation of the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity in the bioaugmented treatments coincided with the hydrolysis of iprodione. q-PCR showed that changes in the abundance of alpha-proteobacteria and firmicutes was driven by the presence of rhizosphere while bioaugmentation had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Campos
- Biotechnological Research Center Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - C Perruchon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis 41500, Greece
| | - P A Karas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis 41500, Greece
| | - D Karavasilis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis 41500, Greece
| | - M C Diez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile
| | - D G Karpouzas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Viopolis 41500, Greece.
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Wang Z, Cang T, Qi P, Zhao X, Xu H, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang X. Dissipation of four fungicides on greenhouse strawberries and an assessment of their risks. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sierra-Santoyo A, Castañeda-Hernández G, Harrison RA, Barton HA, Hughes MF. Pharmacokinetics and Dosimetry of the Antiandrogen Vinclozolin after Oral Administration in the Rat. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:55-63. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rankin GO, Hong SK, Anestis DK, Ball JG, Valentovic MA. Mechanistic aspects of 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol-induced in vitro nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 2007; 245:123-9. [PMID: 18243470 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol (ADCP) is a potent acute nephrotoxicant in vivo inducing prominent renal corticomedullary necrosis. In vitro, ADCP exposure increases lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from rat renal cortical slices at 0.05 mM or greater. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of antioxidants, cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide monooxygenase (FMO) activity modulators, indomethacin, glutathione and inhibitors of glutathione conjugate metabolism to attenuate ADCP cytotoxicity in vitro. Renal cortical slices prepared from untreated male Fischer 344 rats (N=4/group) were preincubated at 37 degrees C under a 100% oxygen atmosphere with an inhibitor or vehicle for 5-30 min. ADCP (0.05-0.5mM) or vehicle was added and incubations continued for 120 min. At the end of the incubation period, LDH release was measured as an index of nephrotoxicity. ADCP cytotoxicity was partially attenuated by ascorbate (1.0 or 2.0mM), but not by N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), alpha-tocopherol or deferoxamine. Inhibitors of CYP (metyrapone, piperonyl butoxide and isoniazid) and FMO activity modulators (methimazole, N-octylamine) had no effect on ADCP cytotoxicity. Indomethacin or glutathione 1.0mM completely and partially blocked ADCP 0.1 and 0.5mM cytotoxicity, respectively. N-acetylcysteine, AOAA (an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase) and probenecid (an organic anion transport inhibitor), but not AT-125 (an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transferase), partially attenuated ADCP 0.1mM cytotoxicity. Overall, these results suggest that reactive metabolites may be produced from ADCP primarily via a co-oxidation-mediated mechanism. The difference in the ability of ascorbate and glutathione to attenuate ADCP-induced cytotoxicity in vitro in kidney cells could indicate that alkylation via the reactive benzoquinoneimine metabolite might be responsible for cytotoxicity rather than a free radical-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Peña A, Ruano F, Mingorance MD. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pesticides from olive branches: a multifactorial approach to method development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:918-25. [PMID: 16791572 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method has been developed for the analysis in olive branches of two insecticides currently used in olive pest control, dimethoate and alpha-cypermethrin. The effects of analytical conditions on pesticide recovery and the optimal extraction conditions were evaluated by means of a factorial design. The use of this chemometric tool in analytical method development allows the identification of the principal and interaction effects of the extraction conditions on the recovery of pesticides. It also gives information about the location of pesticide maximum recovery with minimal experimental investment. Extraction was carried out with an ultrasonic bath and the experimental conditions studied included the volume of extractant, the time of extraction, the number of extraction steps and the sample weight. The sample was further cleaned up using a Florisil solid-phase extraction cartridge. For the overall extraction procedure, recoveries of 99 % for alpha-cypermethrin and 90 % for dimethoate from the spiked samples were found for 1 g of sample extracted three times with 35 mL hexane, sonicating for 2 min in each step. The complete process including ultrasonic extraction and filtration will not require more than 15-20 min, in contrast with several hours for conventional liquid-solid extraction techniques. The proposed method allows a high sample throughput, as commonly required in monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peña
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), c/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Radice S, Chiesara E, Frigerio S, Fumagalli R, Parolaro D, Rubino T, Marabini L. Estrogenic effect of procymidone through activation of MAPK in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line. Life Sci 2006; 78:2716-23. [PMID: 16310225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Procymidone modifies sexual differentiation in vitro and induces estrogenic activity in primary cultured rainbow trout hepatocytes, as shown by an increase in the contents of vitellogenin and heat shock proteins. Since this dicarboximide fungicide is found in human tissues, it was considered of interest to investigate its ability to induce endocrine damage in the MCF-7 human cell line. The mechanism of this estrogenic action was also evaluated. Procymidone 100 microM stimulated cell growth from day 3 up to day 12 and raised the level of pS2 on day 3. Although procymidone does not bind the estrogen receptor (ER), the antiestrogen ICI 182780 inhibited its effect on cell growth and pS2 content, suggesting that the ER is involved indirectly in these effects. In exploring the mechanism of ER indirect activation we found that the antibody against c-Neu receptor (9G6) did not modify procymidone's effects on cell growth and pS2 expression. Thus, procymidone does not bind the c-Neu membrane receptor, excluding this indirect ER activation pathway. We also found that procymidone induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at 15 and 30 min, and that PD 98059, a MAPK (Erk1/2) inhibitor, prevented procymidone's effects on cell growth and pS2, indicating that MAPK activation is responsible for procymidone ER activation. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with these times and elimination of the phenomenon by alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T), a ROS scavenger, is proof that oxygen free-radical production is at the basis of the MAPK activation by procymidone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Radice
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology E. Trabucchi, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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Vanni A, Anfossi L, Cignetti A, Baglieri A, Gennari M. Degradation of pyrimethanil in soil: influence of light, oxygen, and microbial activity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2006; 41:67-80. [PMID: 16393896 DOI: 10.1080/03601230500234927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The research was carried out in order to verify the influence that light, oxygen, and microbial activity have on the degradability of pyrimethanil (PYR) in soil. The products of degradation were also identified and their evolution in time evaluated. The results indicate that the molecule is more persistent in the absence of light, oxygen, and microbial activity. The order of importance of these three factors is as follows: light < microbial activity < oxygen. The following products of degradation were identified: (1) benzoic acid, (2) cis,cis-muconic acid, (3) hydroxyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-pirimidinamine, (4) N'-ethyl-N-hydroxyformamidine, and (5) 4,6-dimethyl-2-piridinamine, which appeared different from those reported in literature for the degradation of PYR in abiotic conditions. This result suggests that the degradation in soil is mainly biotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vanni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Brändli RC, Bucheli TD, Kupper T, Furrer R, Stadelmann FX, Tarradellas J. Persistent organic pollutants in source-separated compost and its feedstock materials--a review of field studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2005; 34:735-760. [PMID: 15843638 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Composting and the application of compost to the soil follow the principle of recycling and sustainability. Compost can also have a positive effect on physical, chemical, and biological soil parameters. However, little is known about the origin, concentration, and transformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in compost. We therefore compiled literature data on some priority POPs in compost and its main feedstock materials from more than 60 reports. Our data evaluation suggests the following findings. First, median concentrations of Sigma 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Sigma 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Sigma 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) were higher in green waste (1803, 15.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 2.5 ng international toxicity equivalent [I-TEQ]/kg dry wt.) than in organic household waste (635, 14.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 2.2 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt.) and kitchen waste (not available [NA], 14.9 microg/kg dry wt., 0.4 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt.). The POP concentrations in foliage were up to 12 times higher than in other feedstock materials. Second, in contrast, compost from organic household waste and green waste contained similar amounts of Sigma 16 PAHs, Sigma 6 PCBs, and Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs (1915, 39.8 microg/kg dry wt., and 9.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., and 1715, 30.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 8.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., respectively). Third, concentrations of three-ring PAHs were reduced during the composting process, whereas five- to six-ring PAHs and Sigma 6 PCBs increased by roughly a factor of two due to mass reduction during composting. Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs had accumulated by up to a factor of 14. Fourth, urban feedstock and compost had higher POP concentrations than rural material. Fifth, the highest concentrations of POPs were usually observed in summer samples. Finally, median compost concentrations of POPs were greater by up to one order of magnitude than in arable soils, as the primary recipients of compost, but were well within the range of many urban soils. In conclusion, this work provides a basis for the further improvement of composting and for future risk assessments of compost application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel C Brändli
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sierra-Santoyo A, Barton HA, Hughes MF. Liquid chromatography determination of the anti-androgen vinclozolin and its metabolites in rat serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:105-10. [PMID: 15282099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a chromatographic method for the analysis of the anti-androgen vinclozolin (V) and its metabolites 2-[[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy]-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid (M1), 3',5'-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide (M2) and 3,5-dichloroaniline (M3) in rat serum. V, M1-M3 were resolved using an HPLC gradient program with a mobile phase consisting of 60-75% methanol:acetonitrile (70:30) and 0.05 M monobasic sodium phosphate buffer pH 3.3 at 1 ml/min, a C18 column, and monitored at 212 nm. Incubates of 0.01 M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer (PB) pH 7.4 and rat serum were spiked with V and its metabolites and processed by diluting samples (1:4) with 0.1M PB pH 3.3, to limit methodological hydrolysis of analytes, followed by addition of acetonitrile. Recoveries of V, M1 and M2 ranged from 85 to 105%, whereas recovery of M3 was <25%. V was hydrolyzed to M1 and M2 after incubation in PB pH 7.4 and rat serum, with M1 the predominant metabolite. This method was successfully applied in the analysis of V and its metabolites in the serum of a male rat after oral administration of V (100 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo
- Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD B143-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Vanni A, Gamberini R, Calabria A, Nappi P. Determination and identification of metabolites of the fungicides Iprodione and Procymidone in compost. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 41:1431-1439. [PMID: 11057580 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The main metabolites formed from Iprodione and Procymidone during the composting process have been isolated and identified by HPLC-DAD-MSD. After addition of the fungicides to the composting pile, we monitored the reaction of the two analytes and the formation of their degradation products for eight months. We verified the nature of the metabolites by comparison with those hypothesised in the literature and by comparison with the behaviour of an abiotic process in aqueous acetonitrile pH 6 and at 35 degrees C. After taking into account the different kinetic behaviours of the fungicides on degradation in compost and hydro-organic solution, breakdown pathways are proposed for biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vanni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Italy.
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