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Adeola HA, Soyele OO, Adefuye AO, Jimoh SA, Butali A. Omics-based molecular techniques in oral pathology centred cancer: prospect and challenges in Africa. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:61. [PMID: 28592923 PMCID: PMC5460491 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The completion of the human genome project and the accomplished milestones in the human proteome project; as well as the progress made so far in computational bioinformatics and "big data" processing have contributed immensely to individualized/personalized medicine in the developed world. MAIN BODY At the dawn of precision medicine, various omics-based therapies and bioengineering can now be applied accurately for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and risk stratification of cancer in a manner that was hitherto not thought possible. The widespread introduction of genomics and other omics-based approaches into the postgraduate training curriculum of diverse medical and dental specialties, including pathology has improved the proficiency of practitioners in the use of novel molecular signatures in patient management. In addition, intricate details about disease disparity among different human populations are beginning to emerge. This would facilitate the use of tailor-made novel theranostic methods based on emerging molecular evidences. CONCLUSION In this review, we examined the challenges and prospects of using currently available omics-based technologies vis-à-vis oral pathology as well as prompt cancer diagnosis and treatment in a resource limited setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A. Adeola
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Olujide O. Soyele
- Department of Oral Maxillo-facial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Anthonio O. Adefuye
- Division of Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sikiru A. Jimoh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
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Takai A, Dang HT, Wang XW. Identification of drivers from cancer genome diversity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11142-60. [PMID: 24955791 PMCID: PMC4100204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150611142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with a dismal outcome. The complicated molecular pathogenesis of HCC caused by tumor heterogeneity makes it difficult to identify druggable targets useful for treating HCC patients. One approach that has a potential for the improvement of patient prognosis is the identification of cancer driver genes that play a critical role in the development of HCC. Recent technological advances of high-throughput methods, such as gene expression profiles, DNA copy number alterations and somatic mutations, have expanded our understanding of the comprehensive genetic profiles of HCC. Integrative analysis of these omics profiles enables us to classify the molecular subgroups of HCC patients. As each subgroup classified according to genetic profiles has different clinical features, such as recurrence rate and prognosis, the tumor subclassification tools are useful in clinical practice. Furthermore, a global genetic analysis, including genome-wide RNAi functional screening, makes it possible to identify cancer vulnerable genes. Identification of common cancer driver genes in HCC leads to the development of an effective molecular target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takai
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hien T Dang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xin W Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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A meta-analysis of array-CGH studies implicates antiviral immunity pathways in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28404. [PMID: 22174799 PMCID: PMC3236189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is significantly correlated to the accumulation of genomic alterations. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has been applied to a wide range of tumors including HCCs for the genome-wide high resolution screening of DNA copy number changes. However, the relevant chromosomal variations that play a central role in the development of HCC still are not fully elucidated. Methods In present study, in order to further characterize the copy number alterations (CNAs) important to HCC development, we conducted a meta-analysis of four published independent array-CGH datasets including total 159 samples. Results Eighty five significant gains (frequency ≥25%) were mostly mapped to five broad chromosomal regions including 1q, 6p, 8q, 17q and 20p, as well as two narrow regions 5p15.33 and 9q34.2-34.3. Eighty eight significant losses (frequency ≥25%) were most frequently present in 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 13q, 14q, 16q, and 17p. Significant correlations existed between chromosomal aberrations either located on the same chromosome or the different chromosomes. HCCs with different etiologies largely exhibited surprisingly similar profiles of chromosomal aberrations with only a few exceptions. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the genes affected by these chromosomal aberrations were significantly enriched in 31 canonical pathways with the highest enrichment observed for antiviral immunity pathways. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provide novel and important clues for the implications of antiviral immunity-related gene pathways in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC.
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Abstract
This chapter presents past and present FISH techniques and specific applications of FISH. Although array technology has revolutionized cytogenetics, FISH remains indispensible. While array technology provides a high resolution screen of the entire genome for gains and losses, it does not allow for visualization of the genomic structure of gains. Thus, FISH continues to be useful as an adjunct to arrays. FISH also continues to be widely used in conjunction with banded chromosome analysis, and as a stand-alone technique for the detection of genomic alterations in neoplastic disorders.
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Favara BE, Steele A. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Lymph Nodes: A Morphological Assessment of 43 Biopsies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513819709168600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gao Y, Niu Y, Wang X, Wei L, Lu S. Genetic changes at specific stages of breast cancer progression detected by comparative genomic hybridization. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 87:145-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Costa JL, Meijer G, Ylstra B, Caldas C. Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Copy Number Profiling: A New Tool for Translational Research in Solid Malignancies. Semin Radiat Oncol 2008; 18:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Chromosomal aberrations and genetic relations in benign, borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast: a comparative genomic hybridization study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 112:411-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Fijneman RJA, Carvalho B, Postma C, Mongera S, van Hinsbergh VWM, Meijer GA. Loss of 1p36, gain of 8q24, and loss of 9q34 are associated with stroma percentage of colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2007; 258:223-9. [PMID: 17977645 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between neoplastic cells and neighboring stromal cells affect tumor morphology and behavior. The present study aimed to identify specific chromosomal aberrations that influence tumor-stroma interactions in colorectal cancer (CRC). Chromosome copy number changes of 23 carcinomas were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH). Stroma percentage was determined by quantitative measurements of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections. Loss of 1p36 was associated with a decrease, and loss of 9q34 with an increase in CRC stroma percentage. Moreover, gain of 8q24 was associated with increased stroma percentage in CRCs with 20q gain, a major event in colon adenoma-to-carcinoma progression. These data indicate that different cancer genomes have different effects on tumor-stroma interactions, and suggest that determination of specific chromosomal aberrations in CRCs may be used as clinical parameter to predict tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, CCA 2.60, P.O. Box 7057,1007MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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O'Regan EM, Toner ME, Smyth PC, Finn SP, Timon C, Cahill S, Flavin R, O'Leary JJ, Sheils O. Distinct array comparative genomic hybridization profiles in oral squamous cell carcinoma occurring in young patients. Head Neck 2006; 28:330-8. [PMID: 16470878 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer typically affects smokers older than 50 years of age. Recently, however, a marked increase in the number of patients 40 years old and younger, many with no history of tobacco smoking, has been noted. Studies in this age group have so far been restricted to genomic areas well recognized as abnormal in typical patients with oral cancer. The aim of this study was to assess genomic aberrations in oral cancer, using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray technology, and to compare the genomic aberration profile of patients older than 40 years old with those 40 years old and younger. METHODS Tumor samples from 20 patients with oral cancer (age range, 21-78; 10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers) were laser microdissected, and array CGH was used to identify genomic imbalances in these two cohorts. RESULTS The older cohort showed high numbers of gains and losses in contrast to very few copy number changes in the younger nonsmoker cohort. In concurrence with the literature, tumors from the older cohort manifested deletions involving 3p and 9p21 and gains involving 3q, 5q, 7p, 8q, 11q, and 20q. The younger group, particularly the nonsmokers, showed very few changes overall, and the aberrations were not in the sites classically associated with oral cancer. Deletion of CDKN2A (p16) was completely absent in the younger group but was present in 50% of the older cohort. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that there is far less genomic instability in young nonsmokers with oral cancer than found in typical patients with oral cancer. These observations indicate that oral cancer presenting at a younger age, particularly in nonsmokers, has a genomic profile different from the classically described oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M O'Regan
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Simon F, Johnen G, Krismann M, Müller KM. Chromosomal alterations in early stages of malignant mesotheliomas. Virchows Arch 2005; 447:762-7. [PMID: 16012846 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a case of a 67-year-old man with two different early stages of a predominantly epithelioid mesothelioma ("mesothelioma in situ", "early-stage mesothelioma"), chromosomal imbalances were determined by comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), a molecular cytogenetic technique to detect chromosomal gains and losses in tumour cells. In the case of the mesothelioma in situ cells, nine different chromosomal alterations could be detected (losses on 3p, 5q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 15q, 22q, Y; gain on 7q), whereas the early-stage mesothelioma showed the same defects except for the gain on 7q. The simultaneous losses of 6q, 9p and 22q, as well as other chromosomal regions, correlate well with the most common defects previously found in 90 cases of more-advanced-stage mesotheliomas using CGH. These data demonstrate that initial chromosomal defects in early stages of mesotheliomas can be detected by conventional CGH in combination with laser microdissection. The molecular cytogenetic findings support the histological diagnosis of a pleural mesothelioma. The surprisingly high number and extent of genomic alterations found in the examined case probably reflects the genomic instability in the tumour cells and indicates a "genetic chaos" even in earlier stages of malignant mesotheliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Simon
- Institut für Pathologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum an den Berufsgenossenschaftlichen Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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Liu D, Liu C, DeVries S, Waldman F, Cote RJ, Datar RH. LM-PCR permits highly representative whole genome amplification of DNA isolated from small number of cells and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 13:105-15. [PMID: 15167012 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200406000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of genetic changes is often hampered by insufficient starting DNA from limited clinical tissue specimens. We employed ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) for global amplification of the genome to overcome this limitation, generating up to 5 microg of representative amplicons of genomic DNA from as little as one cell. We demonstrate successful global genome amplification in high-quality starting DNA source like laser-captured cultured cells, as well as partially degraded starting DNA from old formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. This process generates adaptor-tailed templates that can be repeatedly amplified almost ad infinitum. We have further modified this technique such that, instead of a single endonuclease digest, we can achieve higher amplicon coverage by combining 3 endonuclease digests prior to LM-PCR. As tested by examining amplification of STS sequences scattered genome-wide, the coverage was improved from the published 70% to 96%. The faithful representation of global losses and gains in the amplified genomic DNA was confirmed by array-comparative genomic hybridization. Further, we exemplify the utility of this technique for finer p53 point mutation analysis by PCR-SSCP. This technique is thus a clinically useful tool for globally amplifying and archiving DNA from finite sources like paraffin tissue sections, providing a potentially unlimited resource for genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, 90033, USA
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Hashimoto K, Mori N, Tamesa T, Okada T, Kawauchi S, Oga A, Furuya T, Tangoku A, Oka M, Sasaki K. Analysis of DNA copy number aberrations in hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinomas by conventional CGH and array CGH. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:617-22. [PMID: 15133472 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the genetic aberrations involved in the development and progression of hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV-HCC), we investigated DNA copy number aberrations (DCNAs) in 19 surgically resected HCCs by conventional CGH and array CGH. Conventional CGH revealed that increases of DNA copy number were frequent at 1q (79% of the cases), 8q (37%), 6p (32%), and 10p (32%) and that decreases were frequent at 17p (79%), 16q (58%), 4q (53%), 13q (42%), 10q (37%), 1p (32%), and 8p (32%). In general, genes that showed DCNAs by array CGH were usually located in chromosomal regions with DCNAs detected by conventional CGH analysis. Increases in copy numbers of the LAMC2, TGFB2, and AKT3 genes (located on 1q) and decreases in copy numbers of FGR/SRC2 and CYLD (located on 1p and 16q, respectively) were observed in more than 30% of tumors, including small, well-differentiated carcinomas. These findings suggest that these genes are associated with the development of HCV-HCC. Increases of MOS, MYC, EXT1, and PTK2 (located on 8q) were detected exclusively in moderately and poorly differentiated tumors, suggesting that these alterations contribute to tumor progression. In conclusion, chromosomal and array CGH technologies allow identification of genes involved in the development and progression of HCV-HCC.
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Arai H, Ueno T, Tangoku A, Yoshino S, Abe T, Kawauchi S, Oga A, Furuya T, Oka M, Sasaki K. Detection of amplified oncogenes by genome DNA microarrays in human primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: comparison with conventional comparative genomic hybridization analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 146:16-21. [PMID: 14499691 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(03)00106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene amplification in 20 surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) was examined with DNA microarrays that detected 57 oncogenes and two reference DNA. Alterations in DNA copy numbers detected by microarrays were compared to those obtained by conventional comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Amplification of eight oncogenes (CCND1, FGF3/FGF4, EMS1, SAS, ERBB2, PDGFRA, MYC, and BCL2) was detected by DNA microarrays in 9 of 20 tumors. Although ERBB2 was 23.2 times higher than the control level in one case, the average magnitude of gene amplification was approximately two to four times that of the control level. EMS1, CCND1, and FGF3/FGF4, which are all located on 11q13, were amplified in 7, 5, and 4 of 20 ESCC, respectively, and they were coamplified in 3 tumors. A comparison of genome DNA microarrays and CGH data revealed that although most amplified oncogenes were included in chromosomal regions for which DNA copy number gains were detected by conventional CGH, not all amplified genes on microarrays showed concomitant DNA copy number gains on CGH. In conclusion, microarrays of oncogenes are useful for the comprehensive identification of amplified oncogenes and for analysis of areas of specific amplification within chromosomal regions with DNA copy number increases detected by CGH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arai
- Departments of Pathology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, 755-8505 Ube, Japan
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Ruivenkamp C, Hermsen M, Postma C, Klous A, Baak J, Meijer G, Demant P. LOH of PTPRJ occurs early in colorectal cancer and is associated with chromosomal loss of 18q12-21. Oncogene 2003; 22:3472-4. [PMID: 12776199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the gene PTPRJ (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J) was identified as the candidate gene for the mouse colon cancer susceptibility locus Scc1. Its human homologue PTPRJ is frequently deleted in several cancer types, including colorectal cancer. To elucidate the role of PTPRJ loss in different stages of colorectal cancer and in its pathways of progression, we expanded the previously published comparative genomic hybridization results with novel data on loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the PTPRJ locus. We identified a strong association between the LOH of PTPRJ and the loss of chromosomal region 18q12-21 (P=0.009). This observation is specific for progressed colorectal adenomas, suggesting that an interaction between LOH of PTPRJ and loss of 18q12-21 may be involved in the development of a more progressed form of adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ruivenkamp
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Wal JE, Hermsen MAJA, Gille HJP, Schouten-Van Meeteren NYN, Moll AC, Imhof SM, Meijer GA, Baak JPA, van der Valk P. Comparative genomic hybridisation divides retinoblastomas into a high and a low level chromosomal instability group. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:26-30. [PMID: 12499428 PMCID: PMC1769844 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood and is responsible for approximately 1% of all deaths caused by childhood cancer. AIMS/METHODS Comparative genomic hybridisation was performed on 13 consecutive, histologically confirmed retinoblastomas to analyse patterns of chromosomal changes and correlate these to clinicopathological variables. Six cases were hereditary and seven cases were sporadic. RESULTS In 11 of the 13 tumours chromosomal abnormalities were detected, most frequently gains. Frequent chromosomal gains concerned 6p (46%), 1q (38%), 2p, 9q (30%), 5p, 7q, 10q, 17q, and 20q (23%). Frequent losses occurred at Xq (46%), 13q14, 16q, and 4q (23%). High level copy number gains were found at 5p15 and 6p11-12. A loss at 13q14 occurred in three cases only. Relatively few events occurred in the hereditary cases (27) compared with the non-hereditary cases (70 events). The number of chromosomal aberrations in these 13 retinoblastomas showed a bimodal distribution. Seven tumours showed less than four chromosomal aberrations, falling into a low level chromosomal instability (CIN) group, and six tumours showed at least eight aberrations, falling into a high level CIN group. In the low level CIN group the mean age was half that seen in the high level CIN group, there were less male patients, and there were more hereditary and bilateral cases. Microsatellite instability was not detected in either of the two groups. CONCLUSION Despite the complex pattern of genetic changes in retinoblastomas, certain chromosomal regions appear to be affected preferentially. On the basis of the number of genetic events, retinoblastomas can be divided in low and a high level chromosomal instability groups, which have striking differences in clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jeuken JWM, Sprenger SHE, Wesseling P. Comparative genomic hybridization: practical guidelines. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2002; 11:193-203. [PMID: 12459635 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200212000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a technique used to identify copy number changes throughout a genome. Until now, hundreds of CGH studies have been published reporting chromosomal imbalances in a large variety of human neoplasms. Additionally, technical improvements of specific steps in a CGH experiment and reviews on the technique have appeared. However, full CGH protocols are only occasionally published. In this paper a review of CGH is presented, including technique, pitfalls, and difficulties. Our own protocol is completely described and discussed, including the different optimization experiments used to establish this protocol and points requiring special attention. Although this protocol results in reliable and sensitive CGH experiments in our hands, readers should keep in mind that other laboratories may prefer other protocols. Testing different options, among others, as discussed in the current paper generates the most appropriate protocol. This paper shows the complexity of the CGH technique and may serve as a guideline for starting CGH or as a troubleshooting guide for those who perform CGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith W M Jeuken
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Benavides F, Zamisch M, Flores M, Campbell MR, Andrew SE, Angel JM, Licchesi J, Sternik G, Richie ER, Conti CJ. Application of inter-simple sequence repeat PCR to mouse models: assessment of genetic alterations in carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:299-310. [PMID: 12378524 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is believed to play a significant role in cancer development by facilitating tumor progression and tumor heterogeneity. Inter-simple sequence repeat (inter-SSR) PCR has been proved to be a fast and reproducible technique for quantitation of genomic instability (amplifications, deletions, translocations, and insertions) in human sporadic tumors. However, the use of inter-SSR PCR in animal models of cancer has never been described. This new technique has been adapted in our laboratory for the analysis of spontaneous and induced mouse tumors. We established the best PCR conditions for each microsatellite-anchored primer and critically evaluated the reproducibility of the band patterns. We also studied the variation of the fingerprints between and within various inbred mouse strains, including wild-derived lines. Tumor-specific alterations were detected as gains, losses, or intensity changes in bands when compared with matched normal DNA. We quantitated the extent of alterations by dividing the number of altered bands in the tumor by the total number of bands in normal DNA (instability index). By means of inter-SSR PCR, we successfully analyzed genomic alterations in various mouse tumors, including spontaneous thymic lymphomas developed in Msh2 knockout mice as well as chemically induced squamous cell carcinomas and thymic lymphomas. Instability index values ranged between 0 and 9%, the highest levels observed in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced thymic lymphomas generated in Trp53 (p53) nullizygote (-/-) mice. We report here, for the first time, the use of inter-SSR PCR to detect somatic mutations in mouse tumoral DNA, including laser-capture microdissected, methanol-fixed tissues. These PCR-based fingerprints provide a novel approach to assessing the number and onset of mutational events in mouse tumors and will help to understand better the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in mouse models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA Fingerprinting/methods
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Inbred SENCAR
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation/methods
- Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavides
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA.
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Hermsen M, Postma C, Baak J, Weiss M, Rapallo A, Sciutto A, Roemen G, Arends JW, Williams R, Giaretti W, De Goeij A, Meijer G. Colorectal adenoma to carcinoma progression follows multiple pathways of chromosomal instability. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:1109-19. [PMID: 12360473 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.36051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current models of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma progression do not fully reflect the genetic heterogeneity and complexity of the disease. The aim of the present study was to identify genetic changes discriminating adenomas that have progressed to carcinoma from adenomas that have not progressed, and to refine the current genetic models of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma progression, based on a genome-wide analysis of chromosomal aberrations. METHODS Sixty-six nonprogressed colorectal adenomas, 46 progressed adenomas (malignant polyps), and 36 colorectal carcinomas were screened for chromosomal aberrations by comparative genomic hybridization, and for mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and K-ras gene. Data analysis focused on cancer-associated genetic changes in adenomas. RESULTS Accumulation of losses in 8p21-pter, 15q11-q21, 17p12-13, and 18q12-21, and gains in 8q23-qter, 13q14-31, and 20q13 were strongly associated with adenoma-to-carcinoma progression, independent of the degree of dysplasia. Hierarchic cluster analysis demonstrated the presence of 3 distinct subgroups of adenomas, characterized by unique combinations of genetic aberrations in the adenomas (17p loss and K-ras mutation, 8q and 13q gain, and 18q loss and 20q gain, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The presence of 2 or more of the aforementioned 7 chromosomal changes was associated with progressed colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancer. In addition, evidence was found that these chromosomal abnormalities occurred in specific combinations of a few abnormalities rather than as a mere accumulation of events, indicating the existence of multiple independent chromosomal instability pathways of colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hermsen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Sandberg AA, Bridge JA. Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors. gastrointestinal stromal tumors. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 135:1-22. [PMID: 12072198 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery A Sandberg
- Department of DNA Diagnostics, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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21
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Takeo S, Arai H, Kusano N, Harada T, Furuya T, Kawauchi S, Oga A, Hirano T, Yoshida T, Okita K, Sasaki K. Examination of oncogene amplification by genomic DNA microarray in hepatocellular carcinomas: comparison with comparative genomic hybridization analysis. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 130:127-32. [PMID: 11675133 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify amplified oncogenes involved in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), we applied a genomic DNA microarray spotted with 57 oncogenes to 20 HCCs. Aberrations in DNA copy number also were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) using an aliquot of DNA samples. In 5 of 20 HCCs, only 6 oncogenes (CCND1, FGF3/FGF4, SAS/CDK4, TERC, MET, and MYC) were amplified, whereas in the remaining 15 tumors no oncogenes were amplified. A comparison of DNA microarray and conventional CGH analyses showed that, although 5 of 6 amplified oncogenes shown by microarray were located in chromosomal regions shown by CGH to have increased DNA copy numbers, not all genes located in such chromosomal regions were affected. One of the amplified oncogenes (SAS/CDK4) was found in a chromosomal region that was undetected by CGH. We, therefore, conclude that amplification of the oncogenes examined in this series is not directly implicated in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takeo
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
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22
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Noguchi T, Wirtz HC, Michaelis S, Gabbert HE, Mueller W. Chromosomal imbalances in gastric cancer. Correlation with histologic subtypes and tumor progression. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115:828-34. [PMID: 11392878 DOI: 10.1309/2q9e-3ep5-kypk-vfgq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA copy number changes were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in 38 gastric carcinomas and correlated with tumor histologic type and progression. Gains of copy numbers were observed in all tumors, affecting all chromosomes except chromosome 16. The average number of copy number gains was 7 (range, 1-13), most frequently located on chromosomes 11, 12, 15, 17, and 20 in 45% to 97% of tumors. High-level amplifications were found on chromosomes 12, 15, 17, and 20; the latter was affected most frequently (66%). Loss of DNA copy numbers was detected in 14 tumors affecting 7 chromosomes. No statistically significant differences in the frequency and pattern of chromosomal imbalances were observed in tumor histologic type (Lauren classification) and grade of differentiation, as well as the prognostic parameters depth of invasion (pT) and lymph node involvement (pN). Our results indicate that in gastric cancer there is no specific recurrent pattern of DNA aberrations to be correlated with tumor histologic type or stage. However, CGH analysis could reveal new, recurrent genetic changes in gastric cancer affecting chromosomes sites that harbor genes known to participate in tumorigenesis and progression of several human malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noguchi
- Department of Surgery II, Oita Medical University, Oita, Japan
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23
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Hermsen M, Guervós MA, Meijer G, Baak J, van Diest P, Marcos CA, Sampedro A. New chromosomal regions with high-level amplifications in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and pharynx, identified by comparative genomic hybridization. J Pathol 2001; 194:177-82. [PMID: 11400146 DOI: 10.1002/path.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck generally exhibit complex karyotypes. To gain better knowledge of the changes in the subgroup of laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, chromosomal gains and losses were investigated in 42 predominantly late-stage tumours, using comparative genomic hybridization. On average, 11.2 gains and 6.8 losses were found. Gains were detected in high frequencies at 1q, 3q, 5p, 7q, 8q, 11q13, 17q, and 18p, and losses at 3p, 4p, 5q, 11qter, and 18q. Neither the number nor the type of abnormalities, nor the occurrence of specific chromosome changes, was found to be related to DNA ploidy, tumour stage, or degree of differentiation. Apart from low-level gains, many high-level amplifications were identified, in particular 3q24-qter (15 cases). Other regions recurrently involved were 11q13 (7 cases), 18p (5 cases), 18q11.2 (4 cases), and 8q23-24 and 11q14-22 (3 cases). Many of these amplified regions have not been reported before. Over half of all loci harbour genes coding for growth factors and growth factor receptors, suggesting an important role for such genes in squamous cell tumourigenesis and in the progression of late-stage tumours.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Disease Progression
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Pharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hermsen
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Trautmann K, Thakker RV, Ellison DW, Ibrahim A, Lees PD, Harding B, Fischer C, Popp S, Bartram CR, Jauch A. Chromosomal aberrations in sporadic pituitary tumors. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:809-14. [PMID: 11275984 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1127>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial neoplasms that may be hormone-secreting or nonfunctional. Genetic defects associated with some pituitary tumors have been identified, although our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remains incomplete. We have studied 75 sporadic pituitary tumors, representing the major clinical subtypes, by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) with the aim of assessing for DNA copy number changes. CGH revealed chromosomal imbalances in 34 adenomas (45.3%), whereby gains were 4.9 times more frequently observed than losses. Most of the genetic alterations detected by CGH affected entire chromosomes (108/131, 82.4%). Gain of genetic material was observed predominantly on chromosomes X (24/75, 32%), 19 (12/75, 16%), 12 (6/75, 6.7%), 7 and 9 (5/75, 6.7%), whereas loss of DNA sequences most frequently affected chromosomes 11 (4/75, 5.3%), 13 and 10 (3/75, 4%). There were no significant differences in the CGH results for the individual clinical subtypes of pituitary tumors. These results reveal a nonrandom pattern of chromosomal alterations in pituitary tumors, in particular gains of entire chromosomes, and this may contribute to the development of such neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trautmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Myung K, Datta A, Kolodner RD. Suppression of spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements by S phase checkpoint functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell 2001; 104:397-408. [PMID: 11239397 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells show increased genome rearrangements, although it is unclear what defects cause these rearrangements. Mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae RFC5, DPB11, MEC1, DDC2 MEC3, RAD53, CHK1, PDS1, and DUN1 increased the rate of genome rearrangements up to 200-fold whereas mutations in RAD9, RAD17, RAD24, BUB3, and MAD3 had little effect. The rearrangements were primarily deletion of a portion of a chromosome arm along with TEL1-dependent addition of a new telomere. tel1 mutations increased the proportion of translocations observed, and in some cases showed synergistic interactions when combined with mutations that increased the genome rearrangement rate. These data suggest that one role of S phase checkpoint functions in normal cells is to suppress spontaneous genome rearrangements resulting from DNA replication errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Myung
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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26
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Mühlmann-Díaz M. Molecular Cytogenetics in metaphase and interphase cells for diagnosis and prognosis in cancer and genetic research. Genet Mol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572000000400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Krismann M, Müller KM, Jaworska M, Johnen G. Severe chromosomal aberrations in pleural mesotheliomas with unusual mesodermal features. Comparative genomic hybridization evidence for a mesothelioma subgroup. J Mol Diagn 2000; 2:209-16. [PMID: 11232111 PMCID: PMC1906914 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas are tumors known for their extensive heterogeneity. Apart from the three classical patterns, predominantly epithelioid, sarcomatoid, and biphasic, some rare variants do exist. In some cases, one can find uncommon additional mesodermal tumor components. These tumors have previously been called "mesodermomas" and, like regular mesotheliomas, are usually associated with a previous asbestos exposure. We examined eight cases of mesodermomas by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Besides biphasic and epithelioid areas, unusual epithelial, chondroid, osseous, or even angioblastic elements may be found to varying degrees. Immunohistochemical analysis shows similar staining results as with regular mesotheliomas. CGH reveals a high number of chromosomal imbalances (16.5 per case; range, 11-27). In 10 classical biphasic mesotheliomas that served as a control, defects of comparable number and severity could not be detected (8 per case; range, 2-16). The most frequent defects of mesodermomas (losses on 1p, 4pq, 9p, 13q, 14q, and gains on 1q and 15q), however, could also be found in mesotheliomas of the classical type. Thus, our results support the classification of the so-called mesodermomas as a separate tumor subgroup while maintaining the relationship to the classical mesotheliomas. Therefore, we propose to use the term mesodermoma for this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krismann
- Institute of Pathology, Professional Associations' Clinic Bergmannsheil Bochum, University Clinic, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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28
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van Grieken NC, Weiss MM, Meijer GA, Hermsen MA, Scholte GH, Lindeman J, Craanen ME, Bloemena E, Meuwissen SG, Baak JP, Kuipers EJ. Helicobacter pylori-related and -non-related gastric cancers do not differ with respect to chromosomal aberrations. J Pathol 2000; 192:301-6. [PMID: 11054712 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::aid-path697>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastric carcinogenesis is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, but the underlying genetic mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to correlate chromosomal aberrations in gastric cancer to H. pylori status and its different strains, as well as to histological type and other clinico-pathological variables. DNA from 46 gastric cancers (male/female 35/11, age 27-85 years) was extracted from formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded material and tested for chromosomal gains and losses by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Chromosomal aberrations with frequencies of 20% or higher were considered to be non-random changes associated with gastric cancer. The mean number of chromosomal events per tumour was 9.7 (range 0-27), with a mean of 3.2 gains (range 0-16) and 6.5 losses (range 0-15). Gains were most frequently found at chromosomes 8q and 13q (24% and 26%, respectively). Losses were predominantly found on chromosome arms 2q, 9p, 12q, 14q, 15q, 16p, 16q, 17p, 17q, 19p, 19q, and 22q (22%, 30%, 43%, 22%, 33%, 50%, 28%, 50%, 39%, 33%, 39%, and 37%, respectively). Common regions of overlap narrowed down to 2q11-14, 8q23, 9p21, 12q24, 13q21-22, 14q24 and 15q11-15. The mean number of gains was higher in tumours with metastases than in localized tumours (4.1 vs. 1.9, p=0.04). Tumours with a loss at 17p showed a higher number of losses than tumours without a 17p loss (9. 5 vs. 4.7 on average, p<0.001). Neither H. pylori status (+, n=25; -, n=21) nor H. pylori strain was correlated to the total number of events or to any specific chromosomal aberration, nor were there differences between intestinal (n=30) and diffuse (n=15) cancers or any other clinico-pathological variable tested. In conclusion, a complex of chromosomal aberrations is involved in gastric cancer, but their pattern does not depend on H. pylori status or strain, nor on the histological type of the tumour. The exact biological meaning of these aberrations in carcinogenesis needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C van Grieken
- Department of Gastroenterology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Lushnikova T, Knuutila S, Miettinen M. DNA copy number changes in epithelioid sarcoma and its variants: a comparative genomic hybridization study. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:1092-6. [PMID: 11048803 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epithelioid sarcoma is a distinctive, rare soft tissue sarcoma that typically involves the distal extremities in young adults, and shows epithelioid morphology and immunohistochemical markers of epithelial differentiation. The genetic background of epithelioid sarcoma is poorly understood, and knowledge of it could give insights into the pathogenesis of this tumor and its possible relationship with other malignant tumors. In this study, we analyzed DNA copy number changes in 30 epithelioid sarcomas by comparative genomic hybridization. DNA was extracted from microdissected samples of formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumors with a minimum of 60% of tumor cells in each sample. Sixteen tumors (53%) showed DNA copy number changes at one to six different genomic sites. The majority of the changes were gains, seen in 14 tumors, whereas 10 tumors showed losses. The most common recurrent gains were at 11q13 (five cases), 1q21-q23 (four cases), 6p21.3 (three cases), and 9q31-qter (three cases). High-level amplifications were detected once in 6p21.3-p21.1 and once in 9q32-qter. Recurrent losses were seen at 9pter-p23 (three cases), 13q22-q32 (three cases), 1p13-p22 (two cases), 3p12-p14 (two cases), 4q13-q33 (two cases), 9p21 (two cases), and 13q32-qter (two cases). The most common recurrent gain at 11q13 was seen in both classic cases and angiomatoid and rhabdoid variants supporting the relationship of these variants with the classic epithelioid sarcoma. Expression of cyclin D1 gene, located in 11q13, was immunohistochemically detected in nine of 15 cases including three of five cases with gain of 11q13, suggesting its involvement in epithelioid sarcoma. The observed comparative genomic hybridization changes give targets for future genetic studies on epithelioid sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lushnikova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Patael-Karasik Y, Daniely M, Gotlieb WH, Ben-Baruch G, Schiby J, Barakai G, Goldman B, Aviram A, Friedman E. Comparative genomic hybridization in inherited and sporadic ovarian tumors in Israel. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 121:26-32. [PMID: 10958937 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer, we analyzed 16 ovarian tumors from Jewish Israeli patients by comparative genomic hybridization: 12 invasive epithelial tumors (including three BRCA1 and one BRCA2 mutation carriers), 2 primary peritoneal carcinomatosis, 1 pseudomyxoma peritoneii tumor, and 1 sertoli cell tumor. We similarly analyzed 1 normal ovary from a BRCA1 mutation carrier, and 3 metastases. The most common abnormalities in epithelial tumors were amplification of 8q22.1-ter (8/12, 66.6%), 1q22-32.1 (5/12, 41.6%), 3q, 10p (4/12, 33.3% for each), and deletions of 9q (5/12, 41.6%) and 16q21-24 (4/12, 33.3%). All 3 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 2 of 8 sporadic cases displayed 9q deletion, and 2 of 3 BRCA1 mutation carriers, but none of the sporadic cases, had deletion of chromosome 19. The range of genetic changes in primary peritoneal tumors and epithelial ovarian cancers was similar, though the mean number of alterations in the former was less (3.5/tumor versus 8/tumor). Our preliminary results may indicate that inherited predisposition to ovarian cancer possibly entails preferential somatic deletions of chromosomes 9 and 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Patael-Karasik
- Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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31
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Havlik DM, Farnath DA, Bocklage T. Solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit with a t(9;22)(q31;p13). Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:756-8. [PMID: 10782163 DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-0756-sftoto] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumors are well-described neoplasms found predominantly in the subpleural region but also in many other body sites. They generally behave in a benign fashion, although a few cases that exhibit a malignant course have been reported. Genetic information on solitary fibrous tumors is sparse. This case illustrates a previously unreported finding of a tumor-specific t(9;22)(q31;p13) in a solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit of a 58-year-old man.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Havlik
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87106, USA
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32
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Scarpa A, Taruscio D, Scardoni M, Iosi F, Paradisi S, Ennas MG, Rigaud G, Moore PS, Menestrina F. Nonrandom chromosomal imbalances in primary mediastinal b-cell lymphoma detected by arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199911)26:3<203::aid-gcc3>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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33
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Torenbeek R, Hermsen MA, Meijer GA, Baak JP, Meijer CJ. Analysis by comparative genomic hybridization of epithelial and spindle cell components in sarcomatoid carcinoma and carcinosarcoma: histogenetic aspects. J Pathol 1999; 189:338-43. [PMID: 10547594 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199911)189:3<338::aid-path429>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomatoid carcinomas and carcinosarcomas are histologically malignant biphasic neoplasms with an epithelial and a spindle cell component. Both a polyclonal and a monoclonal origin have been postulated for these tumours, but the latter has been favoured. For carcinosarcoma, the stem cell from which the epithelial and mesenchymal components are derived is expected to be more immature than the epithelial stem cell from which different components of sarcomatoid carcinoma originate, since in the latter, immunohistochemical or ultrastructural epithelial characteristics are still detectable. In the present study, comparative genomic hybridization was used to test the hypothesis that both tumour components in sarcomatoid carcinoma have more chromosomal aberrations in common than those in carcinosarcoma. From three sarcomatoid carcinomas originating from the urinary bladder and two carcinosarcomas from the pharynx, the epithelial and spindle cell components were microdissected and analysed for their respective chromosomal aberrations, using comparative genomic hybridization. High-level homology was seen in chromosomal aberrations between the different components in each tumour. This level of homology was even higher in the carcinosarcomas (65 and 91 per cent) than in both sarcomatoid carcinomas (21-51 per cent). The different phenotypic components of both sarcomatoid carcinoma and carcinosarcoma show a large overlap of chromosomal aberrations, strongly suggesting a monoclonal origin for all of these tumours. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the divergence between epithelial and spindle cell components occurs at an earlier stage in carcinosarcomas than in sarcomatoid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Torenbeek
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Siu LL, Wong KF, Chan JK, Kwong YL. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia. Recognition of consistent patterns of genetic alterations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1419-25. [PMID: 10550295 PMCID: PMC1866965 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Putative natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma/leukemia is a rare group of recently characterized hematolymphoid malignancies. They are highly aggressive and frequently present in extranodal sites, including the nasal area and the upper aerodigestive system, and nonnasal areas such as the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. According to clinicopathological features, they can be classified into nasal NK cell lymphoma, nasal-type NK cell lymphoma occurring in nonnasal areas, and NK cell lymphoma/leukemia. Genetic alterations in NK cell lymphoma/leukemia are not well defined. In this study, we have performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on DNA extracted from fresh or frozen tissues of 10 patients with NK cell lymphoma/leukemia. They comprised four nasal NK cell lymphomas, one nasal-type NK cell lymphoma, and five NK cell lymphomas/leukemias. CGH showed frequent deletions at 6q16-q27 (four cases), 13q14-q34 (three cases), 11q22-q25 (two cases), 17p13 (two cases), and loss of the whole chromosome X (two cases). DNA amplification was observed in a majority of the chromosomes. Five cases showed DNA gains at region 1p32-pter. Frequent DNA gains were also found in chromosomes 6p, 11q, 12q, 17q, 19p, 20q, and Xp (three cases each). Interestingly, DNA gains were more frequent in nasal/nasal-type NK cell lymphomas than NK cell lymphoma/leukemia. These genetic alterations correlated well with karyotypic features found in some of the cases. The frequent DNA losses at 6q and 13q suggest that the presence of tumor suppressor genes at these regions is important in NK cell transformation. In addition to establishing novel patterns of genomic imbalances in these rare NK cell malignancies, which may be targets for future molecular analysis, this study also provides important information on genetic alterations in NK cell lymphomas that may be useful in defining their positions in current lymphoma classification schemes, which are increasingly focusing on phenotypic and genotypic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Siu
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
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35
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Miettinen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recent advances in understanding of their biology. Hum Pathol 1999; 30:1213-20. [PMID: 10534170 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(99)90040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the preferred term for mesenchymal tumors specific for the gastrointestinal tract (60% in stomach, 30% small intestine, 10% elsewhere). GISTs include most tumors previously designated as leiomyoma, cellular leiomyoma, leiomyoblastoma, and leiomyosarcoma. However, in the esophagus, leiomyoma is the most common mesenchymal tumor. GISTs are composed of spindle (70%) or epithelioid (30%) cells, and 10%-30% are malignant showing intra-abdominal spread or liver metastases. They are immunohistochemically positive for c-kit (CD117), CD34, and sometimes for actin but are almost always negative for desmin and S100-protein. The malignant GISTs especially show activating mutations in the c-kit gene. GISTs and gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors (GANT) overlap. The cell of origin is not fully understood, but resemblance to the interstitial cells of Cajal, expression of some smooth muscle markers, and occurrence outside of the GI-tract suggest origin from multipotential cells that can differentiate into Cajal and smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miettinen
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA
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Weiss MM, Hermsen MA, Meijer GA, van Grieken NC, Baak JP, Kuipers EJ, van Diest PJ. Comparative genomic hybridisation. Mol Pathol 1999; 52:243-51. [PMID: 10748872 PMCID: PMC395705 DOI: 10.1136/mp.52.5.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) is a technique that permits the detection of chromosomal copy number changes without the need for cell culturing. It provides a global overview of chromosomal gains and losses throughout the whole genome of a tumour. Tumour DNA is labelled with a green fluorochrome, which is subsequently mixed (1:1) with red labelled normal DNA and hybridised to normal human metaphase preparations. The green and red labelled DNA fragments compete for hybridisation to their locus of origin on the chromosomes. The green to red fluorescence ratio measured along the chromosomal axis represents loss or gain of genetic material in the tumour at that specific locus. In addition to a fluorescence microscope, the technique requires a computer with dedicated image analysis software to perform the analysis. This review aims to provide a detailed discussion of the CGH technique, and to provide a protocol with an emphasis on crucial steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Weiss
- Department of Gastroenterology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Lin YW, Sheu JC, Huang GT, Lee HS, Chen CH, Wang JT, Lee PH, Lu FJ. Chromosomal abnormality in hepatocellular carcinoma by comparative genomic hybridisation in Taiwan. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:652-8. [PMID: 10492642 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the genetic changes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is very important for understanding the molecular mechanism of liver carcinogenesis. In order to identify the gains or losses in DNA sequence copy number in HCC, we used comparative genomic hybridisation to study 40 cases (44 tumours) of HCC. Tumour DNA and DNA from non-neoplastic liver tissue were labelled with different fluorochromes and then simultaneously hybridised to normal metaphase spread chromosomes. An image acquisition system was used to quantitate signal intensities contributed by tumour and reference DNA along the entire length of each chromosome. Regions of amplification and deletion were demonstrated as quantitative alterations. Losses were prevalent on chromosome regions 16q (43%), 17p (20%), 13q (20%), 4q (15%) and 8p (15%). Gains frequently occurred on 8q (30%), 1q (20%), 6p (20%) and 17q (18%). Hepatitis B virus carriers had a significantly higher frequency of losses on chromosome 16q. Furthermore, the minimal region of losses was narrowed down to 16q11-q22. This study confirms the presence of previously known chromosomal aberrations in HCC and highlights a new significant correlation between losses on chromosome 16q and hepatitis B virus carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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38
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Moore E, Magee H, Coyne J, Gorey T, Dervan PA. Widespread chromosomal abnormalities in high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Comparative genomic hybridization study of pure high-grade DCIS. J Pathol 1999; 187:403-9. [PMID: 10398098 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199903)187:4<403::aid-path284>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For a variety of technical reasons it is rarely possible to study cytogenetic abnormalities in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) using traditional techniques. However, by combining molecular biology and computerized image analysis it is possible to carry out cytogenetic analyses on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of chromosomal amplifications and deletions in high-grade DCIS and to look specifically for unique or consistent abnormalities in this pre-invasive cancer. Twenty-three cases of asymptomatic, non-palpable, screen-detected, high-grade DCIS were examined using CGH on tumour cells obtained from histology slides. All cases showed chromosomal abnormalities. A wide variety of amplifications and deletions were spread across the genome. The most frequent changes were gains of chromosomes 17 (13 of 23), 16p (13 of 23), and 20q (9 of 23) and amplifications of 11q13 (22 of 23), 12q 24.1-24.2 (12 of 23), 6p21.3 (11 of 23), and 1q31-qter (6 of 23). The most frequent deletions were on 13q 21.3-q33 (7 of 23), 9p21 (4 of 23), and 6q16.1 (4 of 23). These findings indicate that high-grade DCIS is, from a cytogenetic viewpoint, an advanced lesion. There was no absolutely consistent finding in every case, but amplification of 11q13 was found in 22 of the 23 cases. The precise significance of this is unknown at present. This region of chromosome 11q harbours a number of known oncogenes, including cyclin D1 andINT2. It is likely that many of these findings are the result of accumulated chromosomal abnormalities, reflecting an unstable genome in established malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Moore
- Department of Pathology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital and Biotechnology Centre, University College Dublin, Ireland
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39
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Abstract
At least 50 per cent of all first-trimester spontaneous abortions are cytogenetically abnormal, including trisomy, monosomy X, triploidy, tetraploidy and structural chromosome anomalies. Traditionally, the detection of aneuploidy in fetal tissues is performed by tissue sampling, cell culturing, metaphase spread preparation, and conventional banding analyses. This is a tedious, laborious and time-consuming process, prone to errors due to external contamination, culture failure and selective growth of maternal cells. In the present study, we applied the CGH technique in the detection of numerical chromosome abnormalities in 50 placentae of spontaneously aborted fetuses. CGH detected six different types of trisomy (trisomy 8, 15, 16, 18, 22 and 21), one double trisomy (involving chromosomes 14 and 21), and one monosomy X. Overall, nine samples (18 per cent) harboured numerical chromosome aberrations. Aneuploidy was detected in eight samples by CGH and in six samples by conventional cytogenetic analysis. In only one case, CGH failed to detect a mosaic for trisomy revealed by conventional cytogenetic analysis. The successful application of the CGH technique to the detection of aneuploidy in spontaneous abortions, demonstrates the utility of using this technique to screen prenatally for numerical chromosome abnormalities. Our preliminary data support the application of CGH to the clinical genetics setting, at least as a complementary tool to the traditional cytogenetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniely
- Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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40
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Maruno M, Yoshimine T, Muhammad AK, Ninomiya H, Kato A, Hayakawa T. Chromosomal aberrations detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in human astrocytic tumors. Cancer Lett 1999; 135:61-6. [PMID: 10077222 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated chromosomal aberrations in 16 patients with astrocytic tumors of various histologic malignancies by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The degree of chromosomal loss was shown to be negatively correlated with histologic malignancy. Losses of portions of chromosomes 1p, 19q and 22q were the three chromosomal aberrations observed most frequently. Alterations in multiple chromosomes were observed more frequently in glioblastomas than in astrocytomas or anaplastic astrocytomas (P < 0.001). Primary glioblastomas showed a high frequency of genomic DNA gains (5/7), whereas recurrent glioblastomas from anaplastic astrocytomas did not (0/3). We found CGH to be a powerful tool for surveying DNA alterations in tumors and characterizing the biology of tumors of astrocytic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maruno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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41
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Meijer GA, Hermsen MA, Baak JP, van Diest PJ, Meuwissen SG, Beliën JA, Hoovers JM, Joenje H, Snijders PJ, Walboomers JM. Progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma is associated with non-random chromosomal gains as detected by comparative genomic hybridisation. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51:901-9. [PMID: 10070331 PMCID: PMC501025 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.51.12.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Chromosomal gains and losses were surveyed by comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) in a series of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, in search of high risk genomic changes involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS Nine colorectal adenomas and 14 carcinomas were analysed by CGH, and DNA ploidy was assessed with both flow and image cytometry. RESULTS In the nine adenomas analysed, an average of 6.6 (range 1 to 11) chromosomal aberrations were identified. In the 14 carcinomas an average of 11.9 (range 5 to 17) events were found per tumour. In the adenomas the number of gains and losses was in balance (3.6 v 3.0) while in carcinomas gains occurred more often than losses (8.2 v 3.7). Frequent gains involved 13q, 7p, 8q, and 20q, whereas losses most often occurred at 18q, 4q, and 8p. Gains of 13q, 8q, and 20q, and loss of 18q occurred more often in carcinomas than in adenomas (p = 0.005, p = 0.05, p = 0.05, and p = 0.02, respectively). Aneuploid tumours showed more gains than losses (mean 9.3 v 4.9, p = 0.02), in contrast to diploid tumours where gains and losses were nearly balanced (mean 3.1 v 4.1, p = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS The most striking difference between chromosomal aberrations in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, as detected by CGH, is an increased number of chromosomal gains that show a nonrandom distribution. Gains of 13q and also of 20q and 8q seem especially to be involved in the progression of adenomas to carcinomas, possibly owing to low level overexpression of oncogenes at these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Summersgill B, Goker H, Osin P, Huddart R, Horwich A, Fisher C, Shipley J. Establishing germ cell origin of undifferentiated tumors by identifying gain of 12p material using comparative genomic hybridization analysis of paraffin-embedded samples. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 1998; 7:260-6. [PMID: 9990484 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199810000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 10% of adult cancer patients present with undifferentiated carcinoma. The diagnosis of germ cell tumor (GCT) in such patients can be difficult but has important implications for patient management. Male testicular GCT is characterized by an isochromosome 12p, i(12p), or additional 12p material, in some cases restricted to the 12p11.2-p12.1 region. A gain of 12p material can indicate that a tumor, which may not be present in the testis, is of germ cell origin. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples are the most widely available material for diagnostic analysis and retrospective studies. We have compared the identification of 12p gain in snap-frozen samples with corresponding paraffin-embedded material from three clearly defined testicular GCTs using comparative genomic hybridization analysis. In this preliminary study, paraffin-embedded tumor samples of uncertain histogenesis from seven patients were then analyzed. Tumor samples from three of these patients showed a gain of 12p material, and in one patient, gain was restricted to the 12p11.2-p12 region. The clinical picture and response to therapy were generally consistent with the 12p status, though lack of 12p gain may not exclude a diagnosis of GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Summersgill
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, U.K
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43
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Wolff E, Girod S, Liehr T, Vorderwülbecke U, Ries J, Steininger H, Gebhart E. Oral squamous cell carcinomas are characterized by a rather uniform pattern of genomic imbalances detected by comparative genomic hybridisation. Oral Oncol 1998; 34:186-90. [PMID: 9692052 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(97)00079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Total genomic DNA sampled from 20 oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and from four SCC cell lines, was examined for genomic imbalances using comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH). Gains and losses of DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) were found in the primary tumours, but also in the cell lines at a varying number. The patterns of CNAs proved to be rather peculiar in oral SCCs, gains of genetic material clearly dominating compared with losses, and a rather high uniformity of these patterns was an impressive finding. Hypersomies of whole chromosomes, e.g. numbers 17 and 19 or of whole chromosome arms, e.g. 20q, were particularly evident. The segments most frequently gained in oral SCCs were 3q26-q27, 5p15 and 9q34 (16 of 20 tumours each), as well as 1p36.3, 8q24, 10q26, 19 and 20q (15/20 each). Among the 15 tumours with more than 10 CNAs, all showed these imbalances. 11q13 was a band often involved in increases (14/20 tumours), but in several tumours was involved in amplification of DNA copy number. Several other chromosomal segments over represented in more than 60% of the tumours, as, for example, 12q24, 15q22-q24, 16p13.2 and 17q (14/20 tumours each), 6q26-qter, 7p22, 12p12.2-p13, 14q31-q32.2 (13/20) and 1q32-q41, 2q37, 16q23-q24 (12/20 each). In contrast, loss of material affected only a few chromosomal segments, as, for example, 3p12 (12 of the 20 tumours), 5q21 (10/20), 6q13 (8/20). The peculiarities of these findings, in some respect, differ from those found in other epithelial tumours, suggesting a high impact of environmental factors in the generation and progression of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wolff
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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44
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Lucito R, Nakimura M, West JA, Han Y, Chin K, Jensen K, McCombie R, Gray JW, Wigler M. Genetic analysis using genomic representations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:4487-92. [PMID: 9539764 PMCID: PMC22516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the genetic changes in human tumors is often problematical because of the presence of normal stroma and the limited availability of pure tumor DNA. However, large amounts of highly reproducible "representations" of tumor and normal genomes can be made by PCR from nanogram amounts of restriction endonuclease cleaved DNA that has been ligated to oligonucleotide adaptors. We show here that representations are useful for many types of genetic analyses, including measuring relative gene copy number, loss of heterozygosity, and comparative genomic hybridization. Representations may be prepared even from sorted nuclei from fixed and archived tumor biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lucito
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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45
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Ottesen AM, Kirchhoff M, De-Meyts ER, Maahr J, Gerdes T, Rose H, Lundsteen C, Petersen PM, Philip J, Skakkebæk NE. Detection of chromosomal aberrations in seminomatous germ cell tumours using comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199712)20:4<412::aid-gcc14>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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46
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Meijer GA, Beliën JA, van Diest PJ, Baak JP. Origins of ... image analysis in clinical pathology. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50:365-70. [PMID: 9215116 PMCID: PMC499935 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.50.5.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ga.meijer@azvu_nl
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