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Najar RA, Wani NA, Bhat JA, Dar NJ, Rahat B, Gupta AP, Kaur J, Kaur J, Hamid A. Modulation of dietary folate with age confers selective hepatocellular epigenetic imprints through DNA methylation. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 53:121-132. [PMID: 29220669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to determine the effect of folate modulation (deficiency/supplementation) with aging on the promoter methylation of tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes to understand the underlying mechanism of epigenetic alterations. Folate deficiency was induced for 3 and 5 months in weanling, young and adult groups, and after 3 months of folate deficiency, they were repleted with physiological folate (2 mg/kg diet) and folate oversupplementation (8 mg/kg diet) for another 2 months. The methylation facet in the present study revealed that the combined effect of folate deficiency and aging decreased the methylation index. Folate deficiency with age resulted in the up-regulation of proto-oncogenes (C-MYC and C-JUN) and cell cycle regulator gene Cyclin E as a result of promoter hypomethylation. However, in case of tumor suppressor genes (p53, p15ink4b and p16ink4a), the expression levels were found to be decreased at transcriptional level due to promoter hypermethylation. Upon repletion with physiological folate and folate oversupplementation, we found down-regulation of proto-oncogenes and up-regulation of tumor suppressor genes as a result of promoter hypermethylation and hypomethylation, respectively. Deregulation of these important genes due to folate deficiency may contribute toward the pathogenesis at cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Ahmad Najar
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Nissar Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad Bhat
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Nawab John Dar
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Beenish Rahat
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ajai Prakash Gupta
- Quality Control and Quality Assurance Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160016, India
| | - Jyotdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.
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Simon KW, Ma H, Dombkowski AA, Cabelof DC. Aging alters folate homeostasis and DNA damage response in colon. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sipos F, Leiszter K, Tulassay Z. Effect of ageing on colonic mucosal regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2981-6. [PMID: 21799643 PMCID: PMC3132248 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i25.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiologic and pathologic cellular and molecular changes occurring with age in the human colon affect both the inflammatory process leading to mucosal injury and the regenerative capacity of the epithelium. On the one hand, age-related telomere shortening and inflamm-ageing may lead to the development of colonic inflammation, which results in epithelial damage. On the other hand, the altered migration and function of regenerative stem cells, the age-related methylation of mucosal healing-associated genes, together with the alterations of growth factor signaling with age, may be involved in delayed mucosal regeneration. The connections of these alterations to the process of ageing are not fully known. The understanding and custom-tailored modification of these mechanisms are of great clinical importance with regard to disease prevention and modern therapeutic strategies. Here, we aim to summarize the age-related microscopic and molecular changes of the human colon, as well as their role in altered mucosal healing.
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Osaki LH, Figueiredo PM, Alvares EP, Gama P. EGFR is involved in control of gastric cell proliferation through activation of MAPK and Src signalling pathways in early-weaned rats. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:174-82. [PMID: 21401759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early weaning (EW) increases proliferation of the gastric epithelium in parallel with higher expression of transforming growth factor alpha and its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The primary objective of the present study was to examine involvement of EGFR signalling in regulating mucosal cell proliferation during the early weaning period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen-day-old rats were split into two groups: suckling (control) and EW, in which pups were separated from the dam. Animals were killed daily until the 18th day, 3 days after onset of treatment. To investigate the role of EGFR in proliferation control, EW pups were injected with AG1478, an EGFR inhibitor; signalling molecules, proliferative indices and cell cycle-related proteins were evaluated. RESULTS EW increased ERK1/2 and Src phosphorylation at 17 days, but p-Akt levels were unchanged. Moreover, at 17 days, AG1478 administration impaired ERK phosphorylation, whereas p-Src and p-Akt were not altered. AG1478 treatment reduced mitotic and DNA synthesis indices, which were determined on HE-stained and BrdU-labelled sections. Finally, AG1478 injection decreased p21 levels in the gastric mucosa at 17 days, while no changes were detected in p27, cyclin E, CDK2, cyclin D1 and CDK4 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS EGFR is part of the mechanism that regulates cell proliferation in rat gastric mucosa during early weaning. We suggest that such responses might depend on activation of MAPK and/or Src signalling pathways and regulation of p21 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Osaki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ahmad A, Banerjee S, Wang Z, Kong D, Majumdar APN, Sarkar FH. Aging and inflammation: etiological culprits of cancer. Curr Aging Sci 2010; 2:174-86. [PMID: 19997527 DOI: 10.2174/1874609810902030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical phenomenon of aging, as universal as it is, still remains poorly understood. A number of diseases are associated with aging either as a cause or consequence of the aging process. The incidence of human cancers increases exponentially with age and therefore cancer stands out as a disease that is intricately connected to the process of aging. Emerging evidence clearly suggests that there is a symbiotic relationship between aging, inflammation and chronic diseases such as cancer; however, it is not clear whether aging leads to the induction of inflammatory processes thereby resulting in the development and maintenance of chronic diseases or whether inflammation is the causative factor for inducing both aging and chronic diseases such as cancer. Moreover, the development of chronic diseases especially cancer could also lead to the induction of inflammatory processes and may cause premature aging, suggesting that longitudinal research strategies must be employed for dissecting the interrelationships between aging, inflammation and cancer. Here, we have described our current understanding on the importance of inflammation, activation of NF-kappaB and various cytokines and chemokines in the processes of aging and in the development of chronic diseases especially cancer. We have also reviewed the prevailing theories of aging and provided succinct evidence in support of novel theories such as those involving cancer stem cells, the molecular understanding of which would likely hold a great promise towards unraveling the complex relationships between aging, inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Patel BB, Yu Y, Du J, Rishi AK, Sarkar FH, Tarca AL, Wali A, Majumdar APN. Schlafen 3, a novel gene, regulates colonic mucosal growth during aging. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G955-62. [PMID: 19228883 PMCID: PMC2670681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90726.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although aging is associated with increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the colonic mucosa of Fischer 344 rats, the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Gene expression profiling (Illumina platform) was carried out in freshly isolated colonic mucosal cells from young (4-6 mo old) and aged (22-24 mo old) Fischer 344 rats. Sixty-six genes were differentially expressed in the colonic mucosa between young and old animals (P<0.05). In particular, the expression of schlafen 3, a negative regulator of proliferation, was decreased by 8- to 10-fold in the colonic mucosa of aged rats. Administration of wortmannin, which inhibited colonic mucosal proliferation in the colonic mucosa of aged rats, stimulated the expression of schlafen 3, indicating a growth regulatory role of this gene. To further determine the growth regulatory properties of schlafen 3 gene, schlafen 3 cDNA was transfected in colon cancer HCT-116 cells. This resulted in a 30-40% inhibition of cellular growth, accompanied by decreased expression of PCNA and cyclin D1 and reduced phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. In conclusion, our present study demonstrates that several genes involved in proliferation and apoptosis are differentially expressed in the colonic mucosa of young and aged rats. Schlafen 3, a novel negative regulator of growth, which is markedly downregulated in the colonic mucosa of the aged, may play a role in regulating colonic mucosal growth during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaumik B. Patel
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jianhua Du
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Arun K. Rishi
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Anil Wali
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Adhip P. N. Majumdar
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Jeon JY, Bradley RL, Kokkotou EG, Marino FE, Wang X, Pissios P, Maratos-Flier E. MCH-/- mice are resistant to aging-associated increases in body weight and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2006; 55:428-34. [PMID: 16443777 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ablation of the hypothalamic peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), leads to a lean phenotype and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Observation of MCH(-/-) mice at older ages suggested that these effects persist in mice >1 year old. Leanness secondary to caloric restriction is known to be associated with improved glucose tolerance as well as an overall increase in life span. Because the MCH(-/-) model represents leanness secondary to increased energy expenditure rather than caloric restriction, we were interested in determining whether this model of leanness would be associated with beneficial metabolic effects at older ages. To assess the effects of MCH ablation over a more prolonged period, we monitored male and female MCH(-/-) mice up to 19 months. The lean phenotype of MCH(-/-) mice persisted over the duration of the study. At 19 months, MCH(-/-) male and female mice weighed 23.4 and 30.8% less than their wild-type counterparts, a result of reduced fat mass in MCH(-/-) mice. Aged MCH(-/-) mice exhibited better glucose tolerance and were more insulin sensitive compared with wild-type controls. Aging-associated decreases in locomotor activity were also attenuated in MCH(-/-) mice. We also evaluated two molecules implicated in the pathophysiology of aging, p53 and silent inflammatory regulator 2 (Sir2). We found that expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 was higher in MCH(-/-) mice at 9 and 19 months of age. In contrast, expression of Sir2 was unchanged. In aggregate, these findings suggest that MCH ablation improves the long-term outcome for several indicators of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Y Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Hall KE, Proctor DD, Fisher L, Rose S. American gastroenterological association future trends committee report: effects of aging of the population on gastroenterology practice, education, and research. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:1305-38. [PMID: 16230084 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Hall
- Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Schmelz EM, Levi E, Du J, Xu H, Majumdar APN. Age-related loss of EGF-receptor related protein (ERRP) in the aging colon is a potential risk factor for colon cancer. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 125:917-22. [PMID: 15563939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although in Fischer-344 rats, aging is associated with increased activation of EGF-receptor (EGFR) in mucosa of much of the gastrointestinal tract, including the colon, regulation of this process is poorly understood. We hypothesize that loss of suppressor of EGFR may partly be responsible for this process. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression of EGFR related protein (ERRP), a recently identified negative regulator of EGFR, in the colonic mucosa during aging and following administration of the colonic carcinogen dimethylhydrazine (DMH) that resulted in the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), which are considered to be precursor of adenoma and carcinoma. In Fischer-344 rats, aging is associated with increased activation of EGFR in the colonic mucosa, as evidenced by 30-35% increase in the levels of tyrosine phosphorylated EGFR in the proximal and distal colon of aged (20-22 months old) than in young (4-6 months old) rats. In contrast, the levels of ERRP in both regions of the colon of aged rats were decreased by 50-60%, compared to their younger counterparts. Administration of DMH, which induced a greater number of ACF in the colon of aged rats than in young animals, resulted in a corresponding reduction in ERRP in the colon. These results suggest that loss of ERRP expression is a common event during aging and early stages of chemically induced colon cancer. We also suggest that loss of ERRP could be a risk factor for developing colorectal cancer in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Schmelz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, VA Medical Center-151, 4646 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Moragoda L, Jaszewski R, Kulkarni P, Majumdar APN. Age-associated loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes in the gastric mucosa of humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282:G932-6. [PMID: 12016117 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study is based on the hypothesis that aging predisposes gastric mucosa to carcinogenesis through altered expression and/or mutations of genes involved in cell growth. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the age-associated changes in mutation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), p53, and K-ras genes in the gastric mucosa of 19 healthy subjects of varying ages (25-91 yr). Specifically, we studied the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of these genes in cardia, body, and antrum of the stomach. We observed that 3 of 19 subjects (16%) over 60 yr of age show LOH of at least one of the tumor suppressor genes. Among the subjects over 60 yr of age, the incidence of LOH is 38% (3/8). Two of three subjects had mutations in more than one tumor suppressor gene. In all three affected subjects, mutation in APC, DCC, or p53 was located mainly in the body of the stomach, suggesting increased susceptibility of this region to neoplastic changes. However, no LOH of K-ras was observed in these subjects. Our observation that subjects over 60 yr of age show mutation in one or more of the tumor suppressor genes suggests an age-related increase in predisposition of the stomach to neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathika Moragoda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Xiao ZQ, Majumdar AP. Increased in vitro activation of EGFR by membrane-bound TGF-alpha from gastric and colonic mucosa of aged rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G111-6. [PMID: 11408261 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.g111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although aging is associated with increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity in Fischer 344 rat gastric and colonic mucosa, the regulatory mechanisms for the age-related rise in EGFR tyrosine kinase are poorly understood. Transmembrane transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) may modulate EGFR function through an autocrine/juxtacrine mechanism. The present study aimed to determine the contribution of membrane-bound precursors of TGF-alpha in enhancing EGFR activation in the gastric and colonic mucosa during aging. The extent of EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, a measure of EGFR activation, was substantially higher (300--350%) in the gastric and colonic mucosa of 23- (aged) vs. 4-mo-old (young) Fischer 344 rats. This was accompanied by an increase (200--1,000%) in the relative concentration of 18- to 20-kDa membrane-bound precursor forms of TGF-alpha. The amount of TGF-alpha bound to EGFR was also higher (150-250%) in the gastric and colonic mucosa of aged vs. young rats. In vitro studies revealed that exposure of HCT 116 cells (a colon cancer cell line) to TGF-alpha from gastric and colonic mucosal membranes of aged rats caused a 200--250% higher activation of EGFR and extracellular signal-related kinases (p42/44) compared with young rats. Our data suggest that the membrane-bound precursor form(s) of TGF-alpha may partly be responsible for enhancing EGFR activation in the gastric and colonic mucosa of aged rats, probably though an autocrine/juxtacrine mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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