1
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Feliciello G, Czyz ZT, Polzer BM. Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization for the Detection of Copy Number Alterations in Single Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2752:167-187. [PMID: 38194034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3621-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive genome-wide analyses of single cells represent an important tool for clinical applications, such as pre-implantation diagnostic and prenatal diagnosis, as well as for cancer research purpose. For the latter, studies of tumor heterogeneity, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) require the analysis of single-cell genomes. Here we describe a reliable and robust array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) protocol based on Ampli 1™ whole genome amplification that allows the detection of copy number alterations (CNAs) in single cancer cells as small as 100 kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Feliciello
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Group, Division of Personalized Cancer Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM-R, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Zbigniew Tadeusz Czyz
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard M Polzer
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Group, Division of Personalized Cancer Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM-R, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Tumor shedding and metastatic progression after tumor excision in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models of triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:413-424. [PMID: 32335861 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models have been verified as a useful method for studying human cancers in mice. Previous studies on the extent of metastases in these models have been limited by the necessity of welfare euthanasia (primary tumors reaching threshold size), at which point metastases may only be micrometers in diameter, few in number, and solely identified by step-sectioning of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. These small micro-metastases are less suitable for many downstream molecular analyses than macro-metastases. Resection of the primary tumor by survival surgery has been proven to allow further time for metastases to grow. Although PDOX models of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) shed circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into the bloodstream and metastasize, similar to human TNBC, little data has been collected in these TNBC PDOX models regarding the association between CTC characteristics and distant metastasis following excision of the primary tumor xenograft. This study assembles a timeline of PDOX tumor shedding and metastatic tumor progression before and after tumor excision surgery. We report the ability to use tumorectomies to increase the lifespan of TNBC PDOX models with the potential to obtain larger metastases. CTC clusters and CTCs expressing a mesenchymal marker (vimentin) were associated with metastatic burden in lung and liver. The data collected through these experiments will guide the further use of PDOX models in studying metastatic TNBC.
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3
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Valcz G, Buzás EI, Szállási Z, Kalmár A, Krenács T, Tulassay Z, Igaz P, Molnár B. Perspective: bidirectional exosomal transport between cancer stem cells and their fibroblast-rich microenvironment during metastasis formation. NPJ Breast Cancer 2018; 4:18. [PMID: 30038960 PMCID: PMC6048124 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-018-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas are complex structures composed of hierarchically organized distinct cell populations such as cancer stem cells and non-stem (bulk) cancer cells. Their genetic/epigenetic makeup and the dynamic interplay between the malignant cell populations and their stromal fibroblasts are important determinants of metastatic tumor invasion. Important mediators of these interactions are the small, membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes. Both cancer cell and fibroblast-derived exosomes carry a set of regulatory molecules, including proteins and different species of RNA, which cooperatively support metastatic tumor spread. Here, we briefly overview potential links between cancer stem cells and the exosome-mediated fibroblast-enriched metastatic niche formation to discuss their role in the promotion of tumor growth and metastatic expansion in breast carcinoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Valcz
- 1Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,22nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- 3MTA-SE Immuno-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,4Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szállási
- 5Computational Health Informatics Program (CHIP), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Alexandra Kalmár
- 1Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,22nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- 61st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- 1Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,22nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Igaz
- 1Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,22nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Molnár
- 1Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,22nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Park GT, Choi KC. Advanced new strategies for metastatic cancer treatment by therapeutic stem cells and oncolytic virotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58684-58695. [PMID: 27494901 PMCID: PMC5295462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of therapeutic stem cell and oncolytic virotherapy for cancer treatment has rapidly expanded over the past decade. Oncolytic viruses constitute a promising new class of anticancer agent because of their ability to selectively infect and destroy tumor cells. Engineering of viruses to express anticancer genes and specific cancer targeting molecules has led to the use of these systems as a novel platform of metastatic cancer therapy. In addition, stem cells have a cancer specific migratory capacity, which is available for metastatic cancer targeting. Prodrug activating enzyme or anticancer cytokine expressing stem cells successfully inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells. Preclinical models have clearly demonstrated anticancer activity of these two platforms against a number of different cancer types and metastatic cancer. Several systems using therapeutic stem cells or oncolytic virus have entered clinical trials, and promising results have led to late stage clinical development. Consequently, metastatic cancer therapies using stem cells and oncolytic viruses are extremely promising. The following review will focus on the metastatic cancer targeting mechanism of therapeutic stem cells and oncolytic viruses, and potential challenges ahead for advancing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Tae Park
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.,TheraCell Bio & Science, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wang H, Stoecklein NH, Lin PP, Gires O. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells: diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in motion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1884-1912. [PMID: 27683128 PMCID: PMC5352105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood with the gold standard CellSearchTM has proven prognostic value for tumor recurrence and progression of metastatic disease. Therefore, the further molecular characterization of isolated CTCs might have clinical relevance as liquid biopsy for therapeutic decision-making and to monitor disease progression. The direct analysis of systemic cancer appears particularly important in view of the known disparity in expression of therapeutic targets as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based heterogeneity between primary and systemic tumor cells, which all substantially complicate monitoring and therapeutic targeting at present. Since CTCs are the potential precursor cells of metastasis, their in-depth molecular profiling should also provide a useful resource for target discovery. The present review will discuss the use of systemically spread cancer cells as liquid biopsy and focus on potential target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz, Germany
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6
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Giannou AD, Marazioti A, Kanellakis NI, Giopanou I, Lilis I, Zazara DE, Ntaliarda G, Kati D, Armenis V, Giotopoulou GA, Krontira AC, Lianou M, Agalioti T, Vreka M, Papageorgopoulou M, Fouzas S, Kardamakis D, Psallidas I, Spella M, Stathopoulos GT. NRAS destines tumor cells to the lungs. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:672-686. [PMID: 28341702 PMCID: PMC5697015 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are frequently affected by cancer metastasis. Although NRAS mutations have been associated with metastatic potential, their exact role in lung homing is incompletely understood. We cross-examined the genotype of various tumor cells with their ability for automatic pulmonary dissemination, modulated NRAS expression using RNA interference and NRAS overexpression, identified NRAS signaling partners by microarray, and validated them using Cxcr1- and Cxcr2-deficient mice. Mouse models of spontaneous lung metastasis revealed that mutant or overexpressed NRAS promotes lung colonization by regulating interleukin-8-related chemokine expression, thereby initiating interactions between tumor cells, the pulmonary vasculature, and myeloid cells. Our results support a model where NRAS-mutant, chemokine-expressing circulating tumor cells target the CXCR1-expressing lung vasculature and recruit CXCR2-expressing myeloid cells to initiate metastasis. We further describe a clinically relevant approach to prevent NRAS-driven pulmonary metastasis by inhibiting chemokine signaling. In conclusion, NRAS promotes the colonization of the lungs by various tumor types in mouse models. IL-8-related chemokines, NRAS signaling partners in this process, may constitute an important therapeutic target against pulmonary involvement by cancers of other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios D Giannou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I Kanellakis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giopanou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lilis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Dimitra E Zazara
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Giannoula Ntaliarda
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Danai Kati
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Vasileios Armenis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Georgia A Giotopoulou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Anthi C Krontira
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Marina Lianou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Theodora Agalioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Malamati Vreka
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Papageorgopoulou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Sotirios Fouzas
- Pneumology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kardamakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Stereotactic Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioannis Psallidas
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.,Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Magda Spella
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece .,Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Jiang C, Cui C, Zhong W, Li G, Li L, Shao Y. Tumor proliferation and diffusion on percolation clusters. J Biol Phys 2016; 42:637-658. [PMID: 27678112 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-016-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We study in silico the influence of host tissue inhomogeneity on tumor cell proliferation and diffusion by simulating the mobility of a tumor on percolation clusters with different homogeneities of surrounding tissues. The proliferation and diffusion of a tumor in an inhomogeneous tissue could be characterized in the framework of the percolation theory, which displays similar thresholds (0.54, 0.44, and 0.37, respectively) for tumor proliferation and diffusion in three kinds of lattices with 4, 6, and 8 connecting near neighbors. Our study reveals the existence of a critical transition concerning the survival and diffusion of tumor cells with leaping metastatic diffusion movement in the host tissues. Tumor cells usually flow in the direction of greater pressure variation during their diffusing and infiltrating to a further location in the host tissue. Some specific sites suitable for tumor invasion were observed on the percolation cluster and around these specific sites a tumor can develop into scattered tumors linked by some advantage tunnels that facilitate tumor invasion. We also investigate the manner that tissue inhomogeneity surrounding a tumor may influence the velocity of tumor diffusion and invasion. Our simulation suggested that invasion of a tumor is controlled by the homogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, which is basically consistent with the experimental report by Riching et al. as well as our clinical observation of medical imaging. Both simulation and clinical observation proved that tumor diffusion and invasion into the surrounding host tissue is positively correlated with the homogeneity of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Jiang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,BGI-Research in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Chunyan Cui
- Department of Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Weirong Zhong
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shao
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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8
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Circulating and disseminated tumour cells in head and neck cancer. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2015; 129:826-30. [PMID: 26174011 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215115001784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multimodal treatment options in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have allowed for greater control of locoregional disease, but this has not translated into a significant overall survival advantage for patients. This is partially because these treatment modalities have no influence over the rate of development of distant metastases. OBJECTIVE This article summarises the current methods of detecting circulating and disseminated tumour cells. It also discusses how these cells can offer prognostic value in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and considers questions posed by the identification of these cells. METHODS A literature search of relevant journal articles was performed using ScienceDirect and PubMed databases, and a general article search was conducted using the online search engine Google. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The evidence presented in this article indicates that circulating tumour cells and disseminated tumour cells may be clinically useful as prognostic markers or in the assessment of response to treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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9
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Rahman M, Mohammed S. Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1233-1239. [PMID: 26622656 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, despite a significant decline in death rates due to early detection. The majority of cancer mortalities are due to the metastasis of tumor cells to other organs. Metastasis or tumor cell dissemination occurs via the hematogenous and lymphatic systems. For many carcinomas, the dissemination of tumor cells via lymphatic drainage of the tumor is the most common metastatic route. Such lymphatic drainage collects at the regional lymph nodes and the dissection and pathological examination of these nodes for lodged cancer cells is the gold standard procedure to detect metastasis. The present report provides an overview of the lymphatic system and its clinical significance as a prognostic factor, in addition to the interactions between the primary tumor and its microenvironment, and the influence of genomic subtypes on the resulting organ-specific pattern of tumor cell dissemination. It also examines the seemingly protracted asymptomatic period, during which the disseminated cells remain dormant, leading to the manifestation of metastasis decades after the successful treatment of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazzah Rahman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sulma Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA ; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA ; Bindley Bioscience, Purdue Discovery Park, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Pangeni RP, Channathodiyil P, Huen DS, Eagles LW, Johal BK, Pasha D, Hadjistephanou N, Nevell O, Davies CL, Adewumi AI, Khanom H, Samra IS, Buzatto VC, Chandrasekaran P, Shinawi T, Dawson TP, Ashton KM, Davis C, Brodbelt AR, Jenkinson MD, Bièche I, Latif F, Darling JL, Warr TJ, Morris MR. The GALNT9, BNC1 and CCDC8 genes are frequently epigenetically dysregulated in breast tumours that metastasise to the brain. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:57. [PMID: 26052355 PMCID: PMC4457099 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour metastasis to the brain is a common and deadly development in certain cancers; 18–30 % of breast tumours metastasise to the brain. The contribution that gene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms plays in these metastatic tumours is not well understood. Results We have carried out a bioinformatic screen of genome-wide breast tumour methylation data available at The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and a broad literature review to identify candidate genes that may contribute to breast to brain metastasis (BBM). This analysis identified 82 candidates. We investigated the methylation status of these genes using Combined Bisulfite and Restriction Analysis (CoBRA) and identified 21 genes frequently methylated in BBM. We have identified three genes, GALNT9, CCDC8 and BNC1, that were frequently methylated (55, 73 and 71 %, respectively) and silenced in BBM and infrequently methylated in primary breast tumours. CCDC8 was commonly methylated in brain metastases and their associated primary tumours whereas GALNT9 and BNC1 were methylated and silenced only in brain metastases, but not in the associated primary breast tumours from individual patients. This suggests differing roles for these genes in the evolution of metastatic tumours; CCDC8 methylation occurs at an early stage of metastatic evolution whereas methylation of GANLT9 and BNC1 occurs at a later stage of tumour evolution. Knockdown of these genes by RNAi resulted in a significant increase in the migratory and invasive potential of breast cancer cell lines. Conclusions These findings indicate that GALNT9 (an initiator of O-glycosylation), CCDC8 (a regulator of microtubule dynamics) and BNC1 (a transcription factor with a broad range of targets) may play a role in the progression of primary breast tumours to brain metastases. These genes may be useful as prognostic markers and their products may provide novel therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0089-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Pangeni
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | - David S Huen
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Lawrence W Eagles
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Balraj K Johal
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Dawar Pasha
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Natasa Hadjistephanou
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Oliver Nevell
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Claire L Davies
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ayobami I Adewumi
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Hamida Khanom
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ikroop S Samra
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Vanessa C Buzatto
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Preethi Chandrasekaran
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Thoraia Shinawi
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy P Dawson
- Department of Neurosciences, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston, UK
| | - Katherine M Ashton
- Department of Neurosciences, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston, UK
| | - Charles Davis
- Department of Neurosciences, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Fulwood, Preston, UK
| | | | | | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - Farida Latif
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John L Darling
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Tracy J Warr
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Mark R Morris
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK ; School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK ; Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Gužvić M, Braun B, Ganzer R, Burger M, Nerlich M, Winkler S, Werner-Klein M, Czyż ZT, Polzer B, Klein CA. Combined genome and transcriptome analysis of single disseminated cancer cells from bone marrow of prostate cancer patients reveals unexpected transcriptomes. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7383-94. [PMID: 25320011 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone is the most frequent site of metastasis in prostate cancer and patients with bone metastases are deemed incurable. Targeting prostate cancer cells that disseminated to the bone marrow before surgery and before metastatic outgrowth may therefore prevent lethal metastasis. This prompted us to directly analyze the transcriptome of disseminated cancer cells (DCC) isolated from patients with nonmetastatic (UICC stage M0) prostate cancer. We screened 105 bone marrow samples of patients with M0-stage prostate cancer and 18 bone marrow samples of patients without malignancy for the presence of EpCAM(+) single cells. In total, we isolated 270 cells from both groups by micromanipulation and globally amplified their mRNA. We used targeted transcriptional profiling to unambiguously identify DCCs for subsequent in-depth analysis. Transcriptomes of all cells were examined for the expression of EPCAM, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT14, KRT6a, KRT5, KLK3 (PSA), MAGEA2, MAGEA4, PTPRC (CD45), CD33, CD34, CD19, GYPC, SCL4A1 (band 3), and HBA2. Using these transcripts, we found it impossible to reliably identify true DCCs. We then applied combined genome and transcriptome analysis of single cells and found that EpCAM(+) cells from controls expressed transcripts thought to be epithelial-specific, whereas true DCCs may express hematopoietic transcripts. These results point to an unexpected transcriptome plasticity of epithelial cancer cells in bone marrow and question common transcriptional criteria to identify DCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Gužvić
- Chair of Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Braun
- Chair of Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. Department of Oncology, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roman Ganzer
- Department of Urology, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nerlich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Winkler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | | | - Zbigniew T Czyż
- Project Group Personalized Tumour Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Polzer
- Project Group Personalized Tumour Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph A Klein
- Chair of Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. Project Group Personalized Tumour Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Regensburg, Germany.
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12
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Bruun J, Kolberg M, Nesland JM, Svindland A, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. Prognostic Significance of β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, and SOX9 in Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large Population-Representative Series. Front Oncol 2014; 222:1-15. [PMID: 24904831 DOI: 10.1002/path.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust biomarkers that can precisely stratify patients according to treatment needs are in great demand. The literature is inconclusive for most reported prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, adequately reported studies in large representative series are necessary to determine their clinical potential. We investigated the prognostic value of three Wnt signaling-associated proteins, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and SOX9, in a population-representative single-hospital series of 1290 Norwegian CRC patients by performing immunohistochemical analyses of each marker using the tissue microarray technology. Loss of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and loss of cytosolic E-cadherin protein expression were significantly associated with reduced 5-year survival in 903 patients who underwent major resection (722 evaluable tissue cores) independently of standard clinicopathological high-risk parameters. Pre-specified subgroup analyses demonstrated particular effect for stage IV patients for β-catenin membrane staining (P = 0.018; formal interaction test P = 0.025). Among those who underwent complete resection (714 patients, 568 evaluable), 5-year time-to-recurrence analyses were performed, and stage II patients with loss of cytosolic E-cadherin were identified as an independent high-risk subgroup (P = 0.020, formal interaction test was not significant). Nuclear β-catenin and SOX9 protein, regardless of intracellular location, were not associated with prognosis. In conclusion, the protein expression level of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and E-cadherin predicts CRC patient subgroups with inferior prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Bruun
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Matthias Kolberg
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jahn M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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13
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Rose M, Knüchel R. [How do metastases of urological tumors develop?]. Urologe A 2014; 53:802-16. [PMID: 24824464 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-014-3465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This overview mainly focuses on the topic of epithelial tumors (carcinomas) because urological tumors are generally of this type. The importance of the topic is reflected by the fact that patients rarely die of the primary tumor, but the majority die of metastases that cause life-threatening situations. More recent findings show that treatment decisions should be based on the metastasis site and less on the tumor's tissue of origin. Given the progression of clinical oncology toward individualized medicine, a better understanding of the biology of metastases is therefore acute and includes some important challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rose
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
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14
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Shukla A, Alsarraj J, Hunter K. Understanding susceptibility to breast cancer metastasis: the genetic approach. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014; 3:165-172. [PMID: 25214894 DOI: 10.2217/bmt.14.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex phenotype that is not discrete, is polygenic, varies in range over the entire population and follows non-Mendelian inheritance. Recent evidence indicates that inherited susceptibility affects not only the development of the primary tumor, but is also an important factor in progression and metastasis. Since metastasis accounts for the majority of breast cancer deaths, identification and understanding of the genetic modifiers of metastasis underlies success of personalized therapy. Studies from our laboratory and others have now characterized several metastasis susceptibility factors. While an important step forward, these certainly do not describe the entire metastatic phenomenon and efforts continue to expand this knowledge. Here we review the complex metastatic process and current knowledge on the genetics of breast cancer metastasis, including germline polymorphisms that have been associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shukla
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jude Alsarraj
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kent Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Reliable single cell array CGH for clinical samples. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85907. [PMID: 24465780 PMCID: PMC3897541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are extremely rare, but comprise the precursors cells of distant metastases or therapy resistant cells. The detailed molecular analysis of these cells may help to identify key events of cancer cell dissemination, metastatic colony formation and systemic therapy escape. Methodology/Principal Findings Using the Ampli1™ whole genome amplification (WGA) technology and high-resolution oligonucleotide aCGH microarrays we optimized conditions for the analysis of structural copy number changes. The protocol presented here enables reliable detection of numerical genomic alterations as small as 0.1 Mb in a single cell. Analysis of single cells from well-characterized cell lines and single normal cells confirmed the stringent quantitative nature of the amplification and hybridization protocol. Importantly, fixation and staining procedures used to detect DCCs showed no significant impact on the outcome of the analysis, proving the clinical usability of our method. In a proof-of-principle study we tracked the chromosomal changes of single DCCs over a full course of high-dose chemotherapy treatment by isolating and analyzing DCCs of an individual breast cancer patient at four different time points. Conclusions/Significance The protocol enables detailed genome analysis of DCCs and thereby assessment of the clonal evolution during the natural course of the disease and under selection pressures. The results from an exemplary patient provide evidence that DCCs surviving selective therapeutic conditions may be recruited from a pool of genomically less advanced cells, which display a stable subset of specific genomic alterations.
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Abstract
Bone is the most common site for metastasis in human prostate cancer patients. Skeletal metastases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and overall greatly affect the quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Despite advances in our understanding of the biology of primary prostate tumors, our knowledge of how and why secondary tumors derived from prostate cancer cells preferentially localize bone remains limited. The physiochemical properties of bone, and signaling molecules including specific chemokines and their receptors, are distinct in nature and function, yet play intricate and significant roles in prostate cancer bone metastasis. Examining the impact of these facets of bone metastasis in vivo remains a significant challenge, as animal models that mimic the natural history and malignant progression clinical prostate cancer are rare. The goals of this article are to discuss (1) characteristics of bone that most likely render it a favorable environment for prostate tumor cell growth, (2) chemokine signaling that is critical in the recruitment and migration of prostate cancer cells to the bone, and (3) current animal models utilized in studying prostate cancer bone metastasis. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the extravasation of disseminated prostate cancer cells into the bone and to provide a better understanding of the basis of cancer cell survival within the bone microenvironment. The development of animal models that recapitulate more closely the human clinical scenario of prostate cancer will greatly benefit the generation of better therapies.
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17
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Coumans FAW, Siesling S, Terstappen LWMM. Detection of cancer before distant metastasis. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:283. [PMID: 23763955 PMCID: PMC3684526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To establish a distant metastasis (DM) cells must disseminate from the primary tumor and overcome a series of obstacles, the metastatic cascade. In this study we develop a mathematical model for this cascade to estimate the tumor size and the circulating tumor cell (CTC) load before the first metastasis has formed from a primary breast cancer tumor. Methods The metastatic cascade is described in discrete steps: 1. local tumor growth; 2. dissemination into circulation; 3. survival in circulation; 4. extravasation into tissue; and 5. growth into a metastasis. The model was built using data and relationships described in the literature to predict the relationship between tumor size and probability of distant metastasis for 38715 patients with surgically removed TXNXM0 primary breast cancer from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. The model was calibrated using primary tumor size, probability of distant metastasis and time to distant metastasis for 1489 patients with stage T1BNXM0 (25% of total patients with T1BNXM0). Validation of the model was done with data for all patients. Results From the time to distant metastasis of these 38715 breast cancer patients, we determined a tumor doubling time of 1.7 ± 0.9 months. Fitting the data for 25% of T1B patients estimates a metastatic efficiency of 1 metastasis formed per 60 million disseminated tumor cells. Validation of the model to data of patients in all T-stages shows good agreement between model and epidemiological data. To reduce the 5-year risk of distant metastasis for TXNXM0 from 9.2% to 1.0%, the primary tumor needs to be detected and removed before it reaches a diameter of 2.7 ± 1.6 mm. At this size, the model predicts that there will be 9 ± 6 CTC/L blood. Conclusions To reduce the rate of distant metastasis in surgically treated TXNXM0 breast cancer to 1%, imaging technology will need to be able to detect lesions of 2.7 mm in diameter or smaller. Before CTC detection can be applied in the early disease setting, sensitivity will need to be improved by at least 15-fold and combined with technology that minimizes false positives.
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18
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Daphu I, Sundstrøm T, Horn S, Huszthy PC, Niclou SP, Sakariassen PØ, Immervoll H, Miletic H, Bjerkvig R, Thorsen F. In vivo animal models for studying brain metastasis: value and limitations. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:695-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Taylor TB, Johnson LJ, Jackson RW, Brockhurst MA, Dash PR. First steps in experimental cancer evolution. Evol Appl 2013; 6:535-48. [PMID: 23745144 PMCID: PMC3673480 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary processes play a central role in the development, progression and response to treatment of cancers. The current challenge facing researchers is to harness evolutionary theory to further our understanding of the clinical progression of cancers. Central to this endeavour will be the development of experimental systems and approaches by which theories of cancer evolution can be effectively tested. We argue here that the experimental evolution approach - whereby evolution is observed in real time and which has typically employed microorganisms - can be usefully applied to cancer. This approach allows us to disentangle the ecological causes of natural selection, identify the genetic basis of evolutionary changes and determine their repeatability. Cell cultures used in cancer research share many of the desirable traits that make microorganisms ideal for studying evolution. As such, experimental cancer evolution is feasible and likely to give great insight into the selective pressures driving the evolution of clinically destructive cancer traits. We highlight three areas of evolutionary theory with importance to cancer biology that are amenable to experimental evolution: drug resistance, social evolution and resource competition. Understanding the diversity, persistence and evolution of cancers is vital for treatment and drug development, and an experimental evolution approach could provide strategic directions and focus for future research.
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20
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Vignot S, Besse B, André F, Spano JP, Soria JC. Discrepancies between primary tumor and metastasis: a literature review on clinically established biomarkers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 84:301-13. [PMID: 22710198 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of predictive factors of response is critical for the development and appropriate use of anti-cancer agents. The evaluation of biomarkers is usually performed by analyzing the primary tumor tissues but this approach does not take into account potential discrepancies between primary tumor and secondary lesions. This review proposes to describe currently available data regarding differential expression of established biomarkers between primary tumor and matched metastasis. In light of recent data, the need of iterative biopsies in metastatic setting has been suggested but technical and methodological limits in such analyses should not be ignored and this strategy cannot be definitively validated. Complementary studies are still needed since the question of spatial and temporal variability of biomarkers in solid tumors is clearly a key issue in an era where personalized therapy is strongly advocated by clinicians, researchers and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vignot
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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21
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The pre-metastatic niche: is metastasis random? BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:80. [PMID: 27127624 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of solid tumours is a vastly complex, dynamic and systemic process involving both primary tumour cells as well as a wide array of stromal and vascular cells. The recruitment and activation of host cells by tumours at both the primary and metastatic sites is crucial for successful metastatic dissemination highlighting the systemic nature of disease progression. The appropriation of distant metastatic sites by primary tumours and the generation of so-called pre-metastatic niches have gained much interest in the last decade complementing the century old 'seed and soil' hypothesis. The idea that tumours are capable of pre-defining future sites of metastasis is both exciting and terrifying as we try to understand the dynamic networks associated with solid tumour metastasis. Exactly how a tumour cell can alter the distant metastatic microenvironment is of great importance and will unlock novel strategies for successfully targeting these processes.
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22
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Raviraj V, Zhang H, Chien HY, Cole L, Thompson EW, Soon L. Dormant but migratory tumour cells in desmoplastic stroma of invasive ductal carcinomas. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:273-92. [PMID: 22271313 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mortality in breast cancer is linked to metastasis and recurrence yet there is no acceptable biological model for cancer relapse. We hypothesise that there might exist primary tumour cells capable of escaping surgery by migration and resisting radiotherapy and chemotherapy to cause cancer recurrence. We investigated this possibility in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissue and observed the presence of solitary primary tumour cells (SPCs) in the dense collagen stroma that encapsulates intratumoural cells (ICs). In IDC tissue sections, collagen was detected with either Masson's Trichrome or by second harmonics imaging. Cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) and vimentin (VIM) antibodies were, respectively, used to identify epithelial-derived tumour cells and to indicate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Confocal/multiphoton microscopy showed that ICs from acini were mainly CK-19(+ve) and were encapsulated by dense stromal collagen. Within the stroma, SPCs were detected by their staining for both CK-19 and VIM (confirming EMT). ICs and SPCs were subsequently isolated by laser capture microdissection followed by multiplex tandem-PCR studies. SPCs were found to be enriched for pro-migratory and anti-proliferative genes relative to ICs. In vitro experiments using collagen matrices at 20 mg/cm(3), similar in density to tumour matrices, demonstrated that SPC-like cells were highly migratory but dormant, phenotypes that recapitulated the genotypes of SPCs in clinical tissue. These data suggest that SPCs located at the breast cancer perimeter are invasive and dormant such that they may exceed surgical margins and resist local and adjuvant therapies. This study has important connotations for a role of SPCs in local recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanisri Raviraj
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (ACMM), AMMRF, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Marzi I, Cipolleschi MG, D'Amico M, Stivarou T, Rovida E, Vinci MC, Pandolfi S, Dello Sbarba P, Stecca B, Olivotto M. The involvement of a Nanog, Klf4 and c-Myc transcriptional circuitry in the intertwining between neoplastic progression and reprogramming. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:353-64. [PMID: 23287475 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One undisputed milestone of traditional oncology is neoplastic progression, which consists of a progressive selection of dedifferentiated cells driven by a chance sequence of genetic mutations. Recently it has been demonstrated that the overexpression of well-defined transcription factors reprograms somatic cells to the pluripotent stem status. The demonstration raises crucial questions as to whether and to what extent this reprogramming contributes to tumorigenesis, and whether the epigenetic changes involved in it are reversible. Here, we show for the first time that a tumor produced in vivo by a chemical carcinogen is the product of the interaction between neoplastic progression and reprogramming. The experimental model employed the prototype of ascites tumors, the Yoshida AH130 hepatoma and other neoplasias, including human melanoma. AH130 hepatoma was started in the liver by the carcinogen o-aminoazotoluene. This compound binds to and abolishes the p53 protein, producing a genomic instability that promotes both the neoplastic progression and the hepatoma reprogramming. Eventually this tumor contained 100% CD133(+) elements and pO(2)-dependent percentages of the three embryonic transcription factors Nanog, Klf4 and c-Myc. Once transferred into aerobic cultures, the minor cellular fraction expressing this triad generates various types of adherent cells, which are progressively substituted by non-tumorigenic elements committed to fibromuscular, neuronal and glial differentiation. This reprogramming appears to be accomplished stepwise, with the assembly of the triad into a sophisticated transcriptional, oxygen-dependent circuitry, in which Nanog and Klf4 antagonistically regulate c-Myc, and hence, cell hypoxia survival and cell cycle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marzi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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24
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Grunewald TGP, Herbst SM, Heinze J, Burdach S. Understanding tumor heterogeneity as functional compartments--superorganisms revisited. J Transl Med 2011; 9:79. [PMID: 21619636 PMCID: PMC3118334 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence broadens our understanding of tumors as highly heterogeneous populations derived from one common progenitor. In this review we portray various stages of tumorigenesis, tumor progression, self-seeding and metastasis in analogy to the superorganisms of insect societies to exemplify the highly complex architecture of a neoplasm as a system of functional "castes." Accordingly, we propose a model in which clonal expansion and cumulative acquisition of genetic alterations produce tumor compartments each equipped with distinct traits and thus distinct functions that cooperate to establish clinically apparent tumors. This functional compartment model also suggests mechanisms for the self-construction of tumor stem cell niches. Thus, thinking of a tumor as a superorganism will provide systemic insight into its functional compartmentalization and may even have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grunewald
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Kölner Platz 1, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Mandal CC, Ghosh-Choudhury T, Yoneda T, Choudhury GG, Ghosh-Choudhury N. Fish oil prevents breast cancer cell metastasis to bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:602-7. [PMID: 20971068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The data derived from epidemiological and animal models confirm a beneficial effect of fish oil (rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) in the amelioration of tumor growth and progression, including breast cancer. The breast cancer patients often develop bone metastasis evidenced by osteolytic lesions, leading to severe pain and bone fracture. Using a mouse model of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell metastasis to bone, here we show that fish oil diet enriched in DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) prevents the formation of osteolytic lesions in bone, indicating suppression of cancer cell metastasis to bone. These results are supported by our data showing both DHA and EPA significantly attenuate the migration/invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in culture. The mechanism that limits breast cancer cells to selective metastasis to bone remains hitherto unexplored. Aberrant increased expression of CD44 is associated with generation of cancer stem cells, which contribute to metastasis of breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that DHA and EPA significantly inhibit the expression of CD44 protein and mRNA by a transcriptional mechanism. Furthermore, we show markedly reduced levels of CD44 mRNA and protein in the tumors of mice, which were fed fish oil diet than those in control diet. Our data provide the first evidence for a salutary effect of fish oil on breast cancer metastasis to bone. Our results identify a novel function of the fish oil active components, DHA and EPA, which target the cell-intrinsic pro-metastatic molecule CD44 to inhibit migration/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandi Charan Mandal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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26
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Gallagher DJ, Kemeny N. Improving Response and Outcomes for Patients With Liver-Limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2010; 9 Suppl 1:S36-43. [DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2010.s.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Rehders A, Stoecklein NH, Aydin F, Alexander A, Baldus SE, Knoefel WT. Immunohistochemical Detection of Hepatic CEA+ Cells: Hepatic Tumor Cell Dissemination in Colorectal Cancer Patients—Limits of Surgery? Cancer Invest 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900903287014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Systemic cancer progression is accounted for in two basic models. The prevailing archetype places the engine of cancer progression within the primary tumour before metastatic dissemination of fully malignant cells. The second posits parallel, independent progression of metastases arising from early disseminated tumour cells. This Perspective draws together data from disease courses, tumour growth rates, autopsy studies, clinical trials and molecular genetic analyses of primary and disseminated tumour cells in support of the parallel progression model. Consideration of this model urges review of current diagnostic and therapeutic routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Klein
- Division of Oncogenomics, Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Metastasis to distant organs is an ominous feature of most malignant tumours but the natural history of this process varies in different cancers. The cellular origin, intrinsic properties of the tumour, tissue affinities and circulation patterns determine not only the sites of tumour spread, but also the temporal course and severity of metastasis to vital organs. Striking disparities in the natural progression of different cancers raise important questions about the evolution of metastatic traits, the genetic determinants of these properties and the mechanisms that lead to the selection of metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don X Nguyen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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30
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Weckermann D, Polzer B, Ragg T, Blana A, Schlimok G, Arnholdt H, Bertz S, Harzmann R, Klein CA. Perioperative activation of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:1549-56. [PMID: 19237635 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The outcome of prostate cancer is highly unpredictable. To assess the dynamics of systemic disease and to identify patients at high risk for early relapse we followed the fate of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow for up to 10 years and genetically analyzed such cells isolated at various stages of disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nine hundred bone marrow aspirates from 384 patients were stained using the monoclonal antibody A45-B/B3 directed against cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19. Log-rank statistics and Cox regression analysis were applied to determine the prognostic impact of positive cells detected before surgery (244 patients) and postoperatively (214 patients). Samples from primary tumors (n = 55) and single disseminated tumor cells (n = 100) were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS Detection of cytokeratin-positive cells before surgery was the strongest independent risk factor for metastasis within 48 months (P < .001; relative risk [RR], 5.5; 95% CI, 2.4 to 12.9). In contrast, cytokeratin-positive cells detected 6 months to 10 years after radical prostatectomy were consistently present in bone marrow with a prevalence of approximately 20% but had no influence on disease outcome. Characteristic genotypes of cytokeratin-positive cells were selected at manifestation of metastasis. CONCLUSION Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow of prostate cancer patients are only prognostically relevant when detected before surgery. Because we could not identify significant genetic differences between pre- and postoperatively isolated tumor cells before manifestation of metastasis, we postulate the existence of perioperative stimuli that activate disseminated tumor cells. Patients with cytokeratin-positive cells in bone marrow before surgery may therefore benefit from adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Weckermann
- Department of Urology and Hematology and Oncology, Institute for Pathology, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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31
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Pagani O. Timing of adjuvant therapy. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 151:255-279. [PMID: 19593517 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75115-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Pagani
- Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Italiano, Viganello, Lugano, Switzerland.
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32
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Scheunemann P, Knoefel WT, Stoecklein NH. Reply to the letter by M. Tez regarding our article “Occult disseminated tumor cells in lymph nodes of patients with gastric carcinoma. A critical appraisal of assessment and relevance”. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Hüsemann Y, Klein CA. The analysis of metastasis in transgenic mouse models. Transgenic Res 2008; 18:1-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Klein
- Division of Oncogenomics, Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Matthias C, Mack B, Berghaus A, Gires O. Keratin 8 expression in head and neck epithelia. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:267. [PMID: 18803884 PMCID: PMC2556347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intermediate filament forming protein keratin 8 (K8) is a tumour-associated antigen, which was shown to be over-expressed in a variety of malignancies. Here, we present a study of K8 expression in squamous epithelia of the head and neck area, including normal mucosa, hyperplastic and dysplastic leukoplakia, carcinomas of different sub-localisations, and lymph node metastases. Methods K8 expression was assessed upon immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies in cryosections of primary tumours of the head and neck area. Results K8 expression was characteristic of transformed tissue and marked early stages of disease, i.e. dysplastic oral leukoplakia, but not normal or hyperplastic epithelium. With the exception of carcinomas of the larynx and the tongue, K8 expression also strictly differentiated carcinomas from normal epithelium of the same origin. Furthermore, K8high was characteristic of cells, which had detached from the sites of primary tumours and had been invading the surrounding tissue at the time point of surgery. Conclusion K8 is an excellent marker for head and neck malignancies, which allows for early detection as well as for visualisation of potentially disseminating tumour cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Matthias
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Goettingen Medical School, Robert-Kochstr. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Stoecklein NH, Hosch SB, Bezler M, Stern F, Hartmann CH, Vay C, Siegmund A, Scheunemann P, Schurr P, Knoefel WT, Verde PE, Reichelt U, Erbersdobler A, Grau R, Ullrich A, Izbicki JR, Klein CA. Direct genetic analysis of single disseminated cancer cells for prediction of outcome and therapy selection in esophageal cancer. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:441-53. [PMID: 18455127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of primary tumors as surrogate markers for prognosis and therapeutic decisions neglects evolutionary aspects of cancer progression. To address this problem, we studied the precursor cells of metastases directly for the identification of prognostic and therapeutic markers and prospectively analyzed single disseminated cancer cells from lymph nodes and bone marrow of 107 consecutive esophageal cancer patients. Whole-genome screening revealed that primary tumors and lymphatically and hematogenously disseminated cancer cells diverged for most genetic aberrations. However, we identified chromosome 17q12-21, the region comprising HER2, as the most frequent gain in disseminated tumor cells that were isolated from both ectopic sites. Survival analysis demonstrated that HER2 gain in a single disseminated tumor cell but not in primary tumors conferred high risk for early death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of Pathology, Division of Oncogenomics, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Hüsemann Y, Geigl JB, Schubert F, Musiani P, Meyer M, Burghart E, Forni G, Eils R, Fehm T, Riethmüller G, Klein CA. Systemic spread is an early step in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:58-68. [PMID: 18167340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that metastasis is a late event in cancer progression. Here, however, we show that tumor cells can disseminate systemically from earliest epithelial alterations in HER-2 and PyMT transgenic mice and from ductal carcinoma in situ in women. Wild-type mice transplanted with single premalignant HER-2 transgenic glands displayed disseminated tumor cells and micrometastasis in bone marrow and lungs. The number of disseminated cancer cells and their karyotypic abnormalities were similar for small and large tumors in patients and mouse models. When activated by bone marrow transplantation into wild-type recipients, 80 early-disseminated cancer cells sufficed to induce lethal carcinosis. Therefore, release from dormancy of early-disseminated cancer cells may frequently account for metachronous metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Hüsemann
- Department of Pathology, Division of Oncogenomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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Axelrod R, Axelrod DE, Pienta KJ. Evolution of cooperation among tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13474-9. [PMID: 16938860 PMCID: PMC1557388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606053103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of cooperation has a well established theoretical framework based on game theory. This approach has made valuable contributions to a wide variety of disciplines, including political science, economics, and evolutionary biology. Existing cancer theory suggests that individual clones of cancer cells evolve independently from one another, acquiring all of the genetic traits or hallmarks necessary to form a malignant tumor. It is also now recognized that tumors are heterotypic, with cancer cells interacting with normal stromal cells within the tissue microenvironment, including endothelial, stromal, and nerve cells. This tumor cell-stromal cell interaction in itself is a form of commensalism, because it has been demonstrated that these nonmalignant cells support and even enable tumor growth. Here, we add to this theory by regarding tumor cells as game players whose interactions help to determine their Darwinian fitness. We marshal evidence that tumor cells overcome certain host defenses by means of diffusible products. Our original contribution is to raise the possibility that two nearby cells can protect each other from a set of host defenses that neither could survive alone. Cooperation can evolve as by-product mutualism among genetically diverse tumor cells. Our hypothesis supplements, but does not supplant, the traditional view of carcinogenesis in which one clonal population of cells develops all of the necessary genetic traits independently to form a tumor. Cooperation through the sharing of diffusible products raises new questions about tumorigenesis and has implications for understanding observed phenomena, designing new experiments, and developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Axelrod
- *Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - David E. Axelrod
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854; and
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Pfeffer U, Ferrari N, Dell'Eva R, Indraccolo S, Morini M, Noonan DM, Albini A. Molecular mechanisms of action of angiopreventive anti-oxidants on endothelial cells: microarray gene expression analyses. Mutat Res 2005; 591:198-211. [PMID: 16084531 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 04/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The anti-oxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibit tumor vascularization by reducing endothelial cell migration and invasion in a similar, non additive and non synergistic manner but do not alter the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Here we address the effects of the two chemopreventive drugs on endothelial cell signaling by means of expression profiling and real-time PCR validation. We identify a series of angiogenesis related genes that are similarly regulated by the two drugs. Anti-oxidant treated endothelial cells show gene expression profiles compatible with a less activated, less apoptosis prone and less migratory phenotype. The anti-oxidants affect expression of several components of the TNFalpha response pathway including downstream genes that are regulated in the opposite direction in the absence of the inflammatory cytokine. The interference with the TNFalpha pathway is reflected by reduced NFkappaB activation in anti-oxidants treated cells but the compounds are not able to contrast TNFalpha mediated activation of NFkappaB. The chemopreventive action of these compounds thus relies on a reduction of basal levels of endothelial cell activation. Down-regulation of the TNFalpha responsive pro-metastatic, pro-inflammatory genes, urokinase plasminogen activator and selectin E, further implies anti-metastatic effects for these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pfeffer
- Functional Genomics Unit, National Cancer Research Institute, Genova, Italy
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40
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Schardt JA, Meyer M, Hartmann CH, Schubert F, Schmidt-Kittler O, Fuhrmann C, Polzer B, Petronio M, Eils R, Klein CA. Genomic analysis of single cytokeratin-positive cells from bone marrow reveals early mutational events in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:227-39. [PMID: 16169467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability in human breast cancer is known to take place before mammary neoplasias display morphological signs of invasion. We describe here the unexpected finding of a tumor cell population with normal karyotypes isolated from bone marrow of breast cancer patients. By analyzing the same single cells for chromosomal aberrations, subchromosomal allelic losses, and gene amplifications, we confirmed their malignant origin and delineated the sequence of genomic events during breast cancer progression. On this trajectory of genomic progression, we identified a subpopulation of patients with very early HER2 amplification. Because early changes have the highest probability of being shared by genetically unstable tumor cells, the genetic characterization of disseminated tumor cells provides a novel rationale for selecting patients for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Schardt
- Institut für Immunologie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany
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Crespi B, Summers K. Evolutionary biology of cancer. Trends Ecol Evol 2005; 20:545-52. [PMID: 16701433 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is driven by the somatic evolution of cell lineages that have escaped controls on replication and by the population-level evolution of genes that influence cancer risk. We describe here how recent evolutionary ecological studies have elucidated the roles of predation by the immune system and competition among normal and cancerous cells in the somatic evolution of cancer. Recent analyses of the evolution of cancer at the population level show how rapid changes in human environments have augmented cancer risk, how strong selection has frequently led to increased cancer risk as a byproduct, and how anticancer selection has led to tumor-suppression systems, tissue designs that slow somatic evolution, constraints on morphological evolution and even senescence itself. We discuss how applications of the tools of ecology and evolutionary biology are poised to revolutionize our understanding and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6.
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Abstract
Accumulation of somatic mutations takes place in ageing organisms and during malignant cell transformation and is accompanied by changes in cellular phenotype and function. The genomic damage that underlies the ageing phenotype is thought to occur stochastically. In cancer some changes causing cellular deregulation will be selected by clonal expansion but due to increased genetic instability it is still unknown which aberrations initiated sporadic cancer development. Thus, in ageing and cancer research detection of stochastically arising mutational events within a genome of 3x10(9) base pair requires global screening techniques and the analysis on a single cell level in contrast to pooled DNA or pooled RNA. We therefore focus on the development of techniques that enable the genome wide study of single cells. We successfully applied global amplification methods to study DNA and mRNA of single cancer cells that disseminated to the bone marrow of carcinoma patients early in disease progression. Our results emphasize the importance to study age-related diseases such as cancer on the level of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Klein
- Institut für Immunologie der Ludwigs-Maximilian Universität München, München 80336, Germany.
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Gabor Miklos GL. The Human Cancer Genome Project—one more misstep in the war on cancer. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23:535-7. [PMID: 15877064 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0505-535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George L Gabor Miklos
- Secure Genetics Pty Limited, 19 Bungan Head Road, Newport Beach, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2106.
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