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Poljšak B, Milisav I. Decreasing Intracellular Entropy by Increasing Mitochondrial Efficiency and Reducing ROS Formation-The Effect on the Ageing Process and Age-Related Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6321. [PMID: 38928027 PMCID: PMC11203720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A hypothesis is presented to explain how the ageing process might be influenced by optimizing mitochondrial efficiency to reduce intracellular entropy. Research-based quantifications of entropy are scarce. Non-equilibrium metabolic reactions and compartmentalization were found to contribute most to lowering entropy in the cells. Like the cells, mitochondria are thermodynamically open systems exchanging matter and energy with their surroundings-the rest of the cell. Based on the calculations from cancer cells, glycolysis was reported to produce less entropy than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. However, these estimations depended on the CO2 concentration so that at slightly increased CO2, it was oxidative phosphorylation that produced less entropy. Also, the thermodynamic efficiency of mitochondrial respiratory complexes varies depending on the respiratory state and oxidant/antioxidant balance. Therefore, in spite of long-standing theoretical and practical efforts, more measurements, also in isolated mitochondria, with intact and suboptimal respiration, are needed to resolve the issue. Entropy increases in ageing while mitochondrial efficiency of energy conversion, quality control, and turnover mechanisms deteriorate. Optimally functioning mitochondria are necessary to meet energy demands for cellular defence and repair processes to attenuate ageing. The intuitive approach of simply supplying more metabolic fuels (more nutrients) often has the opposite effect, namely a decrease in energy production in the case of nutrient overload. Excessive nutrient intake and obesity accelerate ageing, while calorie restriction without malnutrition can prolong life. Balanced nutrient intake adapted to needs/activity-based high ATP requirement increases mitochondrial respiratory efficiency and leads to multiple alterations in gene expression and metabolic adaptations. Therefore, rather than overfeeding, it is necessary to fine-tune energy production by optimizing mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress; the evidence is discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljšak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Irina Milisav
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Russo E, Zanetti V, Macciò L, Benizzelli G, Carbone F, La Porta E, Esposito P, Verzola D, Garibotto G, Viazzi F. SGLT2 inhibition to target kidney aging. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfae133. [PMID: 38803397 PMCID: PMC11129592 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfae133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-aging therapy is the latest frontier in the world of medical science, especially for widespread diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both renal aging and CKD are characterized by increased cellular senescence, inflammation and oxidative stress. A variety of cellular signalling mechanisms are involved in these processes, which provide new potential targets for therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting the onset and progression of CKD. At the same time, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) continuously demonstrate large beneficial effects at all stages of the cardiorenal metabolic continuum. The broad-spectrum benefits of SGLT2is have led to changes in several treatment guidelines and to growing scientific interest in the underlying working principles. Multiple mechanisms have been studied to explain these great renal benefits, but many things remain to be solved. With this in mind, we provide an overview of the experimental evidence for the effects of SGLT2is on the molecular pathway's ability to modulate senescence, aging and parenchymal damage, especially at the kidney level. We propose to shed some light on the role of SGLT2is in kidney care by focusing on their potential to reduce the progression of kidney disease across the spectrum of aging and dysregulation of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Russo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Macciò
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Edoardo La Porta
- UO Nephrology Dialysis and Transplant, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- UOSD Dialysis IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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3
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Hahm JH, Nirmala FS, Ha TY, Ahn J. Nutritional approaches targeting mitochondria for the prevention of sarcopenia. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:676-694. [PMID: 37475189 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in function and loss of mass, a condition known as sarcopenia, is observed in the skeletal muscles with aging. Sarcopenia has a negative effect on the quality of life of elderly. Individuals with sarcopenia are at particular risk for adverse outcomes, such as reduced mobility, fall-related injuries, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is multifaceted, mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a major contributor for muscle aging. Hence, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function during aging is imperative for sarcopenia treatment. However, effective and specific drugs that can be used for the treatment are not yet approved. Instead studies on the relationship between food intake and muscle aging have suggested that nutritional intake or dietary control could be an alternative approach for the amelioration of muscle aging. This narrative review approaches various nutritional components and diets as a treatment for sarcopenia by modulating mitochondrial homeostasis and improving mitochondria. Age-related changes in mitochondrial function and the molecular mechanisms that help improve mitochondrial homeostasis are discussed, and the nutritional components and diet that modulate these molecular mechanisms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
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4
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Zhang Y, He Y, Liu S, Deng L, Zuo Y, Huang K, Liao B, Li G, Feng J. SGLT2 Inhibitors in Aging-Related Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Potential Mechanisms. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2023; 23:641-662. [PMID: 37620652 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-023-00602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Population aging combined with higher susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases in older adults is increasing the incidence of conditions such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, arrhythmia, and hypertension. sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) were originally developed as a novel oral drug for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unexpectedly, recent studies have shown that, beyond their effect on hyperglycemia, SGLT2i also have a variety of beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. Experimental models of cardiovascular disease have shown that SGLT2i ameliorate the process of aging-related cardiovascular disease by inhibiting inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and reversing endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the role of SGLT2i in aging-related cardiovascular disease and propose the use of SGLT2i to prevent and treat these conditions in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yumei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Keming Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Liao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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5
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Russo V, Ancora M, Gatta V, Orsini M, Prencipe G, Peserico A, Colosimo A, El Khatib M, Mauro A, Di Berardino C, Scialabba S, Tiboni GM, Marcacci M, Cammà C, Barboni B. Profiling of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in single human oocytes by next-generation sequencing. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:646-654. [PMID: 36444830 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays a crucial role in the development of a competent oocyte. Indeed, mtDNA alterations may predispose to chromosome nondisjunction, resulting in infertility due to a reduced vitality and quality of oocytes and embryos. In this methods paper, the multiple displacement amplification approach was applied in combination with next-generation sequencing (NGS) to amplify and sequence, in single-end, the entire mtDNA of single human oocytes to directly construct genomic NGS libraries, and subsequently, to highlight and quantify the mutations they presented. The bioinformatic workflow was carried out with a specific ad hoc developed in-house software. This approach proved to be sensitive and specific, also highlighting the mutations present in heteroplasmy, showing deletion, insertion or substitution mutations in the genes involved in the respiratory chain, even if the found variants were benign or of uncertain meaning. The analysis of mtDNA mutations in the oocyte could provide a better understanding of specific genetic abnormalities and of their possible effect on oocyte developmental competence. This study shows how this approach, based on a massive parallel sequencing of clonally amplified DNA molecules, allows to sequence the entire mitochondrial genome of single oocytes in a short time and with a single analytical run and to verify mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Russo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Psychological, Health and Territory Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.,Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Prencipe
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessia Peserico
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessia Colosimo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mohammad El Khatib
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Annunziata Mauro
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Berardino
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Silvia Scialabba
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Gian Mario Tiboni
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences (DSMOB), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Cesare Cammà
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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6
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Hintze S, Baber L, Hofmeister F, Jarmusch S, Todorow V, Mehaffey S, Tanganelli F, Ferrari U, Neuerburg C, Teupser D, Bidlingmaier M, Marques JG, Koletzko B, Schoser B, Drey M, Meinke P. Exploration of mitochondrial defects in sarcopenic hip fracture patients. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11143. [PMID: 36303924 PMCID: PMC9593198 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe cases of age-related loss of muscle function and mass are clinically unique to sarcopenia. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with aging and sarcopenia, but the causal connection in this context is not well eluded. Here we investigated different aspects of mitochondrial respiration in sarcopenia. Open muscle biopsies were taken from a total of 31 hip fracture patients, older than 70 years. Patients were assigned a sarcopenia Z-score based on EWGSOP2 criteria. Primary myoblast cultures were generated from the muscle tissue samples and used for real time metabolic measurement. Muscle and serum samples showed correlation of high Z-scores with reduced mitochondrial complex I activity, increased tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites, reduced vitamin D3 levels, and signs of an altered iron metabolism. Primary myoblast cultures gained from the same muscle biopsies did not show significant mitochondrial defects. We hypothesize that a sum of external consequences, including vitamin D3 deficiency and iron deficiency caused by disturbances in the iron metabolism, result in complex I deficiency, which in turn affects the TCA and contributes to muscle weakness and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hintze
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Baber
- Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Hofmeister
- Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jarmusch
- Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Todorow
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Mehaffey
- Department of General-, Trauma- and Reconstructive Surgery, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Tanganelli
- Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Ferrari
- Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Carl Neuerburg
- Department of General-, Trauma- and Reconstructive Surgery, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jair Gonzalez Marques
- Department Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Department Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Drey
- Department of Medicine IV, Geriatrics, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Meinke
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute at the Department of Neurology, LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Prestes ADS, Dos Santos MM, Kamdem JP, Mancini G, Schüler da Silva LC, de Bem AF, Barbosa NV. Methylglyoxal disrupts the functionality of rat liver mitochondria. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109677. [PMID: 34634269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive metabolite derived from different physiological pathways. Its production can be harmful to cells via glycation reactions of lipids, DNA, and proteins. But, the effects of MG on mitochondrial functioning and bioenergetic responses are still elusive. Then, the effects of MG on key parameters of mitochondrial functionality were examined here. Isolated rat liver mitochondria were exposed to 0.1-10 mM of MG to determine its toxicity in the mitochondrial viability, membrane potential (Δψm), swelling and the superoxide (O2•-) production. Besides, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation parameters were analyzed by high-resolution respiratory (HRR) assay. In this set of experiments, routine state, PM state (pyruvate/malate), oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), LEAK respiration, electron transport system (ETS) and oxygen residual (ROX) states were evaluated. HRR showed that PM state, OXPHOS CI-Linked, LEAK respiration, ETS CI/CII-Linked and ETS CII-Linked/ROX were significantly inhibited by MG exposure. MG also inhibited the complex II activity, and decreased Δψm and the viability of mitochondria. Taken together, our data indicates that MG is an inductor of mitochondrial dysfunctions and impairs important steps of respiratory chain, effects that can alter bioenergetics responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro de Souza Prestes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Mülling Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Paul Kamdem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Pimenta, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Gianni Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nilda Vargas Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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8
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Cai H, Liu Y, Men H, Zheng Y. Protective Mechanism of Humanin Against Oxidative Stress in Aging-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:683151. [PMID: 34177809 PMCID: PMC8222669 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.683151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators of intercellular signal transduction. Oxidative and antioxidation systems maintain a dynamic balance under physiological conditions. Increases in ROS levels destroy the dynamic balance, leading to oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of aging-related cardiovascular diseases (ACVD), such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, by contributing to apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is the main source of ROS. Increasing evidence demonstrates the relationship between ACVD and humanin (HN), an endogenous peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA. HN protects cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts from oxidative stress, highlighting its protective role in atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure. Herein, we reviewed the signaling pathways associated with the HN effects on redox signals, including Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), c-jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Furthermore, we discussed the relationship among HN, redox signaling pathways, and ACVD. Finally, we propose that HN may be a candidate drug for ACVD.
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Wiedmer P, Jung T, Castro JP, Pomatto LC, Sun PY, Davies KJ, Grune T. Sarcopenia - Molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 65:101200. [PMID: 33130247 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia represents a muscle-wasting syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength occurring during normal aging. Sarcopenia patients are mainly suffering from the loss in muscle strength and are faced with mobility disorders reducing their quality of life and are, therefore, at higher risk for morbidity (falls, bone fracture, metabolic diseases) and mortality. Several molecular mechanisms have been described as causes for sarcopenia that refer to very different levels of muscle physiology. These mechanisms cover e. g. function of hormones (e. g. IGF-1 and Insulin), muscle fiber composition and neuromuscular drive, myo-satellite cell potential to differentiate and proliferate, inflammatory pathways as well as intracellular mechanisms in the processes of proteostasis and mitochondrial function. In this review, we describe sarcopenia as a muscle-wasting syndrome distinct from other atrophic diseases and summarize the current view on molecular causes of sarcopenia development as well as open questions provoking further research efforts for establishing efficient lifestyle and therapeutic interventions.
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10
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Lewandowski Ł, Kepinska M, Milnerowicz H. Alterations in Concentration/Activity of Superoxide Dismutases in Context of Obesity and Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes: SOD1, SOD2, SOD3. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145069. [PMID: 32709094 PMCID: PMC7404310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of each of the three superoxide dismutase isozymes (SODs) to the total SOD activity in extracellular fluids. This study was aimed to investigate the alterations in concentration/activity of (SODs) in plasma, in context of sex, obesity, exposition to cigarette smoke, and genotypic variability of five selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes SOD1, SOD2, SOD3. Men showed higher SOD1 concentration, lower SOD3 concentration and higher total antioxidative capacity (TAC) values. Intersexual variability was observed in concentration of copper, zinc, and cadmium. The obese showed higher total oxidative capacity regardless of sex. An increase in SOD2 activity was coexistent with obesity in men, and exposition to cigarette smoke in non-obese individuals. Additionally, in state of this exposition, Cu,Zn-SOD contribution to the total SOD was lower. Interestingly, over 90% of the obese were of C/T genotype of rs4880 (SOD2). Non-obese of T/T genotype (rs4880) were of lower total SOD activity due to decrease in both Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities. SNP rs2234694 was associated with differences in concentration of SODs, depending on obesity status. Correlations indicate that both TAC and SODs, together, may adapt to insulin resistance and inflammation-derived oxidative stress found in obesity. This topic should be further investigated.
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11
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Han Y, Zhou S, Coetzee S, Chen A. SIRT4 and Its Roles in Energy and Redox Metabolism in Health, Disease and During Exercise. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1006. [PMID: 31447696 PMCID: PMC6695564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD+-dependent SIRT4 has been reported to be a key regulator of metabolic enzymes and antioxidant defense mechanisms in mitochondria. It also plays an important role in regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in response to exercise. Recent studies have shown that SIRT4 is involved in a wide range of mitochondrial metabolic processes, including depressing insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells, promoting lipid synthesis, regulating mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis, controlling apoptosis and regulating redox. SIRT4 also appears to have enzymatic functions involved in posttranslational modifications such as ADP-ribosylation, lysine deacetylation and lipoamidation. However, the effects on SIRT4 by metabolic diseases and changes in metabolic homeostasis such as during exercise, along with the roles of SIRT4 in the regulation of metabolism during disease, are not well understood. The main goal of this review is to critically analyse and summarise the current research evidence on the significance of the SIRT4 as a metabolic regulator and in mitochondrial function and its putative roles in relation to metabolic diseases and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Han
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shi Zhou
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonja Coetzee
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Anping Chen
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Yi JK, Xu R, Jeong E, Mileva I, Truman JP, Lin CL, Wang K, Snider J, Wen S, Obeid LM, Hannun YA, Mao C. Aging-related elevation of sphingoid bases shortens yeast chronological life span by compromising mitochondrial function. Oncotarget 2018; 7:21124-44. [PMID: 27008706 PMCID: PMC5008273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingoid bases (SBs) as bioactive sphingolipids, have been implicated in aging in yeast. However, we know neither how SBs are regulated during yeast aging nor how they, in turn, regulate it. Herein, we demonstrate that the yeast alkaline ceramidases (YPC1 and YDC1) and SB kinases (LCB4 and LCB5) cooperate in regulating SBs during the aging process and that SBs shortens chronological life span (CLS) by compromising mitochondrial functions. With a lipidomics approach, we found that SBs were increased in a time-dependent manner during yeast aging. We also demonstrated that among the enzymes known for being responsible for the metabolism of SBs, YPC1 was upregulated whereas LCB4/5 were downregulated in the course of aging. This inverse regulation of YPC1 and LCB4/5 led to the aging-related upregulation of SBs in yeast and a reduction in CLS. With the proteomics-based approach (SILAC), we revealed that increased SBs altered the levels of proteins related to mitochondria. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that increased SBs inhibited mitochondrial fusion and caused fragmentation, resulting in decreases in mtDNA copy numbers, ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potentials, and oxygen consumption. Taken together, these results suggest that increased SBs mediate the aging process by impairing mitochondrial structural integrity and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyo Yi
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Eunmi Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Izolda Mileva
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Chih-Li Lin
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Justin Snider
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sally Wen
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cungui Mao
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Castro JP, Wardelmann K, Grune T, Kleinridders A. Mitochondrial Chaperones in the Brain: Safeguarding Brain Health and Metabolism? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 29755410 PMCID: PMC5932182 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain orchestrates organ function and regulates whole body metabolism by the concerted action of neurons and glia cells in the central nervous system. To do so, the brain has tremendously high energy consumption and relies mainly on glucose utilization and mitochondrial function in order to exert its function. As a consequence of high rate metabolism, mitochondria in the brain accumulate errors over time, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, reactive oxygen species, and misfolded and aggregated proteins. Thus, mitochondria need to employ specific mechanisms to avoid or ameliorate the rise of damaged proteins that contribute to aberrant mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. To maintain mitochondria homeostasis (mitostasis), cells evolved molecular chaperones that shuttle, refold, or in coordination with proteolytic systems, help to maintain a low steady-state level of misfolded/aggregated proteins. Their importance is exemplified by the occurrence of various brain diseases which exhibit reduced action of chaperones. Chaperone loss (expression and/or function) has been observed during aging, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD) or even Huntington's (HD) diseases, where the accumulation of damage proteins is evidenced. Within this perspective, we propose that proper brain function is maintained by the joint action of mitochondrial chaperones to ensure and maintain mitostasis contributing to brain health, and that upon failure, alter brain function which can cause metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Castro
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: José Pedro Castro, ; André Kleinridders,
| | - Kristina Wardelmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Central Regulation of Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - André Kleinridders
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Central Regulation of Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- *Correspondence: José Pedro Castro, ; André Kleinridders,
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Kwak MK, Ku M, Kang SO. Inducible NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase regulates cellular methylglyoxal and pyruvate through enhanced activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and methylglyoxal-oxidizing enzymes in glutathione-depleted Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Navas-Enamorado I, Bernier M, Brea-Calvo G, de Cabo R. Influence of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on age-related pathways in skeletal muscle. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:39-52. [PMID: 28487241 PMCID: PMC5549001 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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16
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Kazi RS, Banarjee RM, Deshmukh AB, Patil GV, Jagadeeshaprasad MG, Kulkarni MJ. Glycation inhibitors extend yeast chronological lifespan by reducing advanced glycation end products and by back regulation of proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration. J Proteomics 2017; 156:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Neuroprotective effects of lycopene in spinal cord injury in rats via antioxidative and anti-apoptotic pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 642:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Ziaaldini MM, Hosseini SR, Fathi M. Mitochondrial adaptations in aged skeletal muscle: effect of exercise training. Physiol Res 2016; 66:1-14. [PMID: 27982690 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging process is associated with a decline in mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria dysfunction is involved in initiation and progression of many health problems including neuromuscular, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. It is well known that endurance exercise improves mitochondrial function, especially in the elderly. However, recent studies have demonstrated that resistance training lead also to substantial increases in mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. A comprehensive understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in the skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to exercise training in healthy elderly subjects, can help practitioners to design and prescribe more effective exercise trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ziaaldini
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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19
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Osman RH, Shao D, Liu L, Xia L, Sun X, Zheng Y, Wang L, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Gong D, Geng T. Expression of mitochondria-related genes is elevated in overfeeding-induced goose fatty liver. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 192:30-7. [PMID: 26627127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrion, the power house of the cell, is an important organelle involving in energy homeostasis. Change in mitochondrial mass and function may lead to metabolic disorders. Previous studies indicate that mitochondrial mass loss and dysfunction are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in human and mouse. However, it is unclear whether mitochondrial genes are involved in the development of goose fatty liver. To address this, we determined the response of goose mitochondrial genes to overfeeding and other fatty liver-related factors (e.g., hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia). We first employed RNA-seq technology to determine the differentially expressed genes in the livers from normally-fed vs. overfed geese, followed by bioinformatics analysis and quantitative PCR validation. Data indicated that a majority of mitochondrial genes in the liver were induced by overfeeding. To understand how these genes are regulated in the context of fatty liver, we treated goose primary hepatocytes with high levels of glucose, fatty acids and insulin. The results indicated that these factors had an influence on the expression of some mitochondria related genes. Together, these findings suggest that the induction of mitochondrial gene expression by overfeeding is required for the development of goose fatty liver, and this induction is partially attributable to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid H Osman
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; College of Veterinary Science, West Kordofan University, El Nuhud 20, Sudan
| | - Dan Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Lili Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoxian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Laidi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Daoqing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Tuoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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20
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Ross JM, Coppotelli G, Hoffer BJ, Olson L. Maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA mutations can reduce lifespan. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6569. [PMID: 25299268 PMCID: PMC4190956 DOI: 10.1038/srep06569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that germline transmission of mitochondrial DNA mutations via the oocyte cause aggravation of aging phenotypes in prematurely aging mtDNA mutator (PolgAmut/mut) mice. We discovered that 32% of these mice also exhibit stochastic disturbances of brain development, when maternal mtDNA mutations were combined with homozygosity for the PolgA mutation, leading to de novo somatic mtDNA mutations. Surprisingly, we also found that maternally transmitted mtDNA mutations can cause mild premature aging phenotypes also in mice with a wild-type nuclear DNA background. We now report that in addition to the early onset of aging phenotypes, these mice, burdened only by low levels of mtDNA mutations transmitted via the germline, also exhibit reduced longevity. Our data thus demonstrate that low levels of maternally inherited mtDNA mutations when present during development can affect both overall health and lifespan negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Coppotelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Flaquer A, Baumbach C, Kriebel J, Meitinger T, Peters A, Waldenberger M, Grallert H, Strauch K. Mitochondrial genetic variants identified to be associated with BMI in adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105116. [PMID: 25153900 PMCID: PMC4143221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. The fact that mitochondrial defects can be accumulated over time as a normal part of aging may explain why some individuals can eat all sorts of foods and remain at normal weight while they are young. However, around the fourth decade of life there is a trend towards "middle-age spread" with weight gain and the body's decreasing ability to metabolize calories efficiently. To test the hypothesis that mitochondrial variants are associated with BMI in adults, we analyzed a total number of 984 mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) in a sample of 6,528 individuals participating in the KORA studies. To assess mtSNP association while taking heteroplasmy into account we used the raw signal intensity values measured on the microarray and applied linear regression. Significant results were obtained for 2 mtSNPs located in the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit genes (MT-CO1: Padjusted = 0.0140 and MT-CO3: Padjusted = 0.0286) and 3 mtSNPs located in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit genes (MT-ND1, MT-ND2 and MT-ND4L: Padjusted = 0.0286). Polymorphisms located in the MT-CO3 and MT-ND4L genes have not been associated with BMI or related phenotypes in the past. Our results highlight the importance of the mitochondrial genome among the factors that contribute to the risk of high BMI. Focusing on mitochondrial variants may lead to further insights regarding effects of existing medications, or even to the development of innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antònia Flaquer
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Scialo F, Mallikarjun V, Stefanatos R, Sanz A. Regulation of lifespan by the mitochondrial electron transport chain: reactive oxygen species-dependent and reactive oxygen species-independent mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1953-69. [PMID: 22938137 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Aging is a consequence of the accumulation of cellular damage that impairs the capacity of an aging organism to adapt to stress. The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (MFRTA) has been one of the most influential ideas over the past 50 years. The MFRTA is supported by the accumulation of oxidative damage during aging along with comparative studies demonstrating that long-lived species or individuals produce fewer mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and have lower levels of oxidative damage. RECENT ADVANCES Recently, however, species that combine high oxidative damage with a longer lifespan (i.e., naked mole rats) have been described. Moreover, most of the interventions based on antioxidant supplementation do not increase longevity, as would be predicted by the MFRTA. Studies to date provide a clear understanding that mitochondrial function regulates the rate of aging, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we review the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms by which mitochondria can affect longevity. We discuss the role of different ROS (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical), both as oxidants as well as signaling molecules. We also describe how mitochondria can regulate longevity by ROS-independent mechanisms. We discuss alterations in mitochondrial DNA, accumulation of cellular waste as a consequence of glyco- and lipoxidative damage, and the regulation of DNA maintenance enzymes as mechanisms that can determine longevity without involving ROS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We also show how the regulation of longevity is a complex process whereby ROS-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms interact to determine the maximum lifespan of species and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Scialo
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Technology and Tampere University Hospital , University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
Given the "inborn" nature of the innate immune system, it is surprising to find that innate immune function does in fact change with age. Similar patterns of distinct Toll-like-receptor-mediated immune responses come to light when one contrasts innate immune development at the beginning of life with that toward the end of life. Importantly, these developmental patterns of innate cytokine responses correlate with clinical patterns of susceptibility to disease: A heightened risk of suffering from excessive inflammation is often detected in prematurely born infants, disappears over the first few months of life, and reappears toward the end of life. In addition, risk periods for particular infections in early life reemerge in older adults. The near-mirror-image patterns that emerge in contrasts of early versus late innate immune ontogeny emphasize changes in host-environment interactions as the underlying molecular and teleologic drivers.
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Kumar S, Lefevre SD, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. Extension of yeast chronological lifespan by methylamine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48982. [PMID: 23133668 PMCID: PMC3487785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronological aging of yeast cells is commonly used as a model for aging of human post-mitotic cells. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on glucose in the presence of ammonium sulphate is mainly used in yeast aging research. We have analyzed chronological aging of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha grown at conditions that require primary peroxisome metabolism for growth. Methodology/Principal Findings The chronological lifespan of H. polymorpha is strongly enhanced when cells are grown on methanol or ethanol, metabolized by peroxisome enzymes, relative to growth on glucose that does not require peroxisomes. The short lifespan of H. polymorpha on glucose is mainly due to medium acidification, whereas most likely ROS do not play an important role. Growth of cells on methanol/methylamine instead of methanol/ammonium sulphate resulted in further lifespan enhancement. This was unrelated to medium acidification. We show that oxidation of methylamine by peroxisomal amine oxidase at carbon starvation conditions is responsible for lifespan extension. The methylamine oxidation product formaldehyde is further oxidized resulting in NADH generation, which contributes to increased ATP generation and reduction of ROS levels in the stationary phase. Conclusion/Significance We conclude that primary peroxisome metabolism enhanced chronological lifespan of H. polymorpha. Moreover, the possibility to generate NADH at carbon starvation conditions by an organic nitrogen source supports further extension of the lifespan of the cell. Consequently, the interpretation of CLS analyses in yeast should include possible effects on the energy status of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Huang SF, Tsai YA, Wu SB, Wei YH, Tsai PY, Chuang TY. Effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood in mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in adults with chronic spinal cord injury. Photomed Laser Surg 2012; 30:579-86. [PMID: 22891782 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the clinical effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) therapy on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting from trauma. BACKGROUND DATA Little is known about how ILIB may generate antioxidant defenses in humans, and there is still a lack of randomized, sham-control studies to indicate its influence on different metabolic pathways. METHODS Twenty-four chronic SCI subjects (assigned to a sham and a study group), and 12 normal subjects were recruited. The study group underwent 1 h daily of ILIB for 15 days over 3 weeks. The sham group underwent ILIB with no laser power. RESULTS Baseline measurements established higher oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the SCI subjects than in the normal subjects. At day 15 of therapy, the study group revealed a significantly higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, white blood cell adenosine triphosphate (WBC ATP) synthesis, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), than did the sham group. The study group intragroup comparison revealed significantly increased mtDNA copy numbers, WBC ATP synthesis, and TAC, with significantly reduced MDA, compared with its baseline measurements. The sham group intragroup comparisons demonstrated no statistical differences. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the study group was significantly reduced at days 10 and 15, with significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at day 45. CONCLUSIONS Our study results contribute to the knowledge about the effectiveness of ILIB in alleviating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fong Huang
- Department of Neuroregeneration and Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Skeletal muscle mitochondria and aging: a review. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:194821. [PMID: 22888430 PMCID: PMC3408651 DOI: 10.1155/2012/194821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass and muscle strength. Declines in skeletal muscle mitochondria are thought to play a primary role in this process. Mitochondria are the major producers of reactive oxygen species, which damage DNA, proteins, and lipids if not rapidly quenched. Animal and human studies typically show that skeletal muscle mitochondria are altered with aging, including increased mutations in mitochondrial DNA, decreased activity of some mitochondrial enzymes, altered respiration with reduced maximal capacity at least in sedentary individuals, and reduced total mitochondrial content with increased morphological changes. However, there has been much controversy over measurements of mitochondrial energy production, which may largely be explained by differences in approach and by whether physical activity is controlled for. These changes may in turn alter mitochondrial dynamics, such as fusion and fission rates, and mitochondrially induced apoptosis, which may also lead to net muscle fiber loss and age-related sarcopenia. Fortunately, strategies such as exercise and caloric restriction that reduce oxidative damage also improve mitochondrial function. While these strategies may not completely prevent the primary effects of aging, they may help to attenuate the rate of decline.
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27
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Ferrucci L, de Cabo R, Knuth ND, Studenski S. Of Greek heroes, wiggling worms, mighty mice, and old body builders. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 67:13-6. [PMID: 22113943 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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28
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Energy metabolism, proteotoxic stress and age-related dysfunction - protection by carnosine. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:267-78. [PMID: 22020113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review will discuss the relationship between energy metabolism, protein dysfunction and the causation and modulation of age-related proteotoxicity and disease. It is proposed that excessive glycolysis, rather than aerobic (mitochondrial) activity, could be causal to proteotoxic stress and age-related pathology, due to the generation of endogenous glycating metabolites: the deleterious role of methylglyoxal (MG) is emphasized. It is suggested that TOR inhibition, exercise, fasting and increased mitochondrial activity suppress formation of MG (and other deleterious low molecular weight carbonyl compounds) which could control onset and progression of proteostatic dysfunction. Possible mechanisms by which the endogenous dipeptide, carnosine, which, by way of its putative aldehyde-scavenging activity, may control age-related proteotoxicity, cellular dysfunction and pathology, including cancer, are also considered. Whether carnosine could be regarded as a rapamycin mimic is briefly discussed.
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The role of glyoxalases for sugar stress and aging, with relevance for dyskinesia, anxiety, dementia and Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:5-9. [PMID: 21248374 PMCID: PMC3047129 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Kim TI, Kim H, Lee DJ, Choi SI, Kang SW, Kim EK. Altered mitochondrial function in type 2 granular corneal dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:684-92. [PMID: 21699880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 granular corneal dystrophy (GCD2) is caused by point mutation R124H in the transforming growth factor-β-induced gene (TGFBI) and is characterized by age-dependent progression of corneal deposits. Mitochondrial features in heterozygous GCD2 and normal corneal tissues was evaluated using electron microscopy. Primary corneal fibroblasts of homozygous and normal corneas were cultured to passage 4 or 8. Keratocytes of normal corneal tissue are narrow, and details of their intracellular organelles are difficult to distinguish. Keratocytes of heterozygous GCD2 tissues exhibited many degenerative mitochondria. MitoTracker and cytochrome c staining demonstrated increased mitochondrial activity in mutated cells at early passages. Decreases in depolarized mitochondria, cellular proliferation, and expression of complexes I to V and increases in apoptotic change were observed in late-passage mutant fibroblasts. PGC-1α, ANT-1, p-Akt, and p-mTOR but not NF-κB expression demonstrated a passage-dependent decrease in all cells. Increased passage- or mutation-related intracellular reactive oxygen species and delayed proliferation of methanethiosulfonate (MTS) were recovered using application of antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole. Mitochondrial features and function were altered in mutated GCD2 keratocytes, in particular in older cells. Alteration of mitochondrial function is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-im Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, the Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Žerovnik E, Stoka V, Mirtič A, Gunčar G, Grdadolnik J, Staniforth RA, Turk D, Turk V. Mechanisms of amyloid fibril formation--focus on domain-swapping. FEBS J 2011; 278:2263-82. [PMID: 21535473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Conformational diseases constitute a group of heterologous disorders in which a constituent host protein undergoes changes in conformation, leading to aggregation and deposition. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the process of amyloid fibril formation, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, including model and pathologically relevant proteins, have been performed. Understanding the molecular details of these processes is of major importance to understand neurodegenerative diseases and could contribute to more effective therapies. Many models have been proposed to describe the mechanism by which proteins undergo ordered aggregation into amyloid fibrils. We classify these as: (a) templating and nucleation; (b) linear, colloid-like assembly of spherical oligomers; and (c) domain-swapping. In this review, we stress the role of domain-swapping and discuss the role of proline switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Iversen N, Krustrup P, Rasmussen HN, Rasmussen UF, Saltin B, Pilegaard H. Mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle of the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:670-8. [PMID: 21504786 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that 1) skeletal muscles of elderly subjects can adapt to a single endurance exercise bout and 2) endurance trained elderly subjects have higher expression/activity of oxidative and angiogenic proteins in skeletal muscle than untrained elderly people. To investigate this, lifelong endurance trained elderly (ET; n = 8) aged 71.3 ± 3.4 years and untrained elderly subjects (UT; n = 7) aged 71.3 ± 4 years, performed a cycling exercise bout at 75% VO(2max) with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies obtained before (Pre), immediately after exercise (0 h) and at 2 h of recovery. Capillarization was detected histochemically and oxidative enzyme activities were determined on isolated mitochondria. GLUT4, HKII, Cyt c and VEGF protein expression was measured on muscle lysates from Pre-biopsies, phosphorylation of AMPK and P38 on lysates from Pre and 0 h biopsies, while PGC-1α, VEGF, HKII and TFAM mRNA content was determined at all time points. ET had ~40% higher PDH, CS, SDH, α-KG-DH and ATP synthase activities and 27% higher capillarization than UT, reflecting increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with lifelong endurance exercise training. In addition, acute exercise increased in UT PGC-1α mRNA 11-fold and VEGF mRNA 4-fold at 2 h of recovery, and AMPK phosphorylation ~5-fold immediately after exercise, relative to Pre, indicating an ability to adapt metabolically and angiogenically to endurance exercise. However, in ET PGC-1α mRNA only increased 5 fold and AMPK phosphorylation ~2-fold, while VEGF mRNA remained unchanged after the acute exercise bout. P38 increased similarly in ET and UT after exercise. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that lifelong endurance exercise training ensures an improved oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, and that skeletal muscle of elderly subjects maintains the ability to respond to acute endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninna Iversen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Srinivasan V, Kaur C, Pandi-Perumal S, Brown GM, Cardinali DP. Melatonin and its agonist ramelteon in Alzheimer's disease: possible therapeutic value. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:741974. [PMID: 21197086 PMCID: PMC3004402 DOI: 10.4061/2011/741974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of cognitive function, loss of memory and insomnia, and abnormal behavioral signs and symptoms. Among the various theories that have been put forth to explain the pathophysiology of AD, the oxidative stress induced by amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposition has received great attention. Studies undertaken on postmortem brain samples of AD patients have consistently shown extensive lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation. Presence of abnormal tau protein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and protein hyperphosphorylation all have been demonstrated in neural tissues of AD patients. Moreover, AD patients exhibit severe sleep/wake disturbances and insomnia and these are associated with more rapid cognitive decline and memory impairment. On this basis, the successful management of AD patients requires an ideal drug that besides antagonizing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity could also correct the disturbed sleep-wake rhythm and improve sleep quality. Melatonin is an effective chronobiotic agent and has significant neuroprotective properties preventing Aβ-induced neurotoxic effects in a number of animal experimental models. Since melatonin levels in AD patients are greatly reduced, melatonin replacement has the potential value to be used as a therapeutic agent for treating AD, particularly at the early phases of the disease and especially in those in whom the relevant melatonin receptors are intact. As sleep deprivation has been shown to produce oxidative damage, impaired mitochondrial function, neurodegenerative inflammation, and altered proteosomal processing with abnormal activation of enzymes, treatment of sleep disturbances may be a priority for arresting the progression of AD. In this context the newly introduced melatonin agonist ramelteon can be of much therapeutic value because of its highly selective action on melatonin MT1/MT2 receptors in promoting sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanujam Srinivasan
- Sri Sathya Sai Medical Educational and Research Foundation, Prasanthi Nilayam, 40- Kovai Thirunagar, Coimbatore 641014, India
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