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Yap HYY, Ariffeen Rosli MF, Tan SH, Kong BH, Fung SY. The Wound Healing Potential of Lignosus rhinocerus and Other Ethno-myco Wound Healing Agents. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:1-15. [PMID: 36846625 PMCID: PMC9946334 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2164641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wound care has become increasingly important over the years. Various synthetic products for wound care treatment have been reported to cause toxic side effects and therefore natural products are in significant demand as they have minimal side effects. The presence of bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms contributes to various biological activities which assist in the early inflammatory phase, keratinocyte proliferation, and its migration enhancement which are pertinent to wound rehabilitation. Lignosus rhinocerus (tiger milk mushroom) can reduce the inflammation phase in wound healing by fighting off bacterial infection and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in the early stage to avoid prolonged inflammation and tissue damage. The antibacterial, immunomodulating, and anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by most macrofungi play a key role in enhancing wound healing. Several antibacterial and antifungal compounds sourced from traditional botanicals/products may prevent further complications and reoccurrence of injury to a wounded site. Scientific studies are actively underway to ascertain the potential use of macrofungi as a wound healing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yeng Y. Yap
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Farhan Ariffeen Rosli
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soon-Hao Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Hong Kong
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shin-Yee Fung
- Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lee TL, Chen TH, Kuo YJ, Lan HY, Yang MH, Chu PY. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia promotes angiogenesis and metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2022; 35:100855. [PMID: 36410227 PMCID: PMC9677212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are terminally differentiated leukocytes that participate in the process of chronic inflammation and allergy and are able to release multiple cytokines into the surrounding tissue environment. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is the presence of eosinophils in the tumor or in the neighboring stroma and has been observed in various types of cancer. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the clinical relevance of TATE has not been concluded yet because of the inconsistent results in different studies. In our study, we focus on the prognostic effects of TATE on HNSCC and how TATE can influence tumor behavior and tumor microenvironment. We first showed that in both the TCGA-HNSC cohort and our cohort of patients with HNSCC who had received curative surgery, TATE is correlated with worse overall survival. To investigate the underlying mechanism of how TATE leads to poor clinical outcomes, we showed that activated eosinophils produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines, and activated TATE-derived culture medium promotes tumor migration mainly through CCL2. We also showed that eosinophils are capable of inducing angiogenesis and that HNSCC samples enriched with TATE are highly correlated with tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, HNSCC enriched with TATE had more aggressive pathological features, including regional lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and tumor growth. Lastly, we showed that HNSCC enriched with TATE is associated with immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Taken together, our results suggest that TATE promotes cancer metastasis and angiogenesis which results in a poor clinical outcomes in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lun Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hua Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Kuo
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pen-Yuan Chu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gehring M, Wieczorek D, Kapp A, Wedi B. Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tetracyclines on Human Eosinophils. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:754501. [PMID: 35386966 PMCID: PMC8974775 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.754501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are potent pro-inflammatory cells. Not only in allergic diseases but also in other diseases there is a need for treatment strategies to induce resolution of eosinophil-mediated inflammation. During the last years beneficial non-antibiotic activities of tetracyclines (TCNs) have been shown in different diseases in which eosinophils play a role, for example, asthma and bullous pemphigoid. The working mechanism of these effects remains to be clarified. Aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of TCNs on eosinophils. Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases, intracellular H2O2 and calcium, surface expression of eosinophil activation markers was performed in highly purified peripheral blood eosinophils of non-atopic donors. Tetracycline hydrochloride, minocycline and doxycycline significantly induced eosinophil apoptosis. All TCNs were able to significantly overcome the strong survival enhancing effects of pro-eosinophilic cytokines and staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Tetracycline hydrochloride induced eosinophil apoptosis was accompanied by intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspases. Moreover, tetracycline hydrochloride significantly down regulated eosinophil surface expression of CD9 and CD45, and of the activation markers CD11b and CD69, but not of CD54, CD63, or CD95. Our data, propably for the first time, point to a potent anti-inflammatory role of TCNs on eosinophils.
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Verma F, Juneja S, Tandon A, Shetty DC. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia versus tumor associated blood eosinophilia: A ratio of diagnostic importance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2020; 16:581-586. [PMID: 32719271 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_848_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes, which play a pivotal role in health and disease. Tumor Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) has long been evaluated in the diagnosis and progression of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). However, their association with Tumor Associated Blood Eosinophilia (TABE) in OSCCs is still far fetched. We, therefore, attempted to evaluate their individual roles and to achieve a ratio between TATE and TABE in order to signify its usage in objectifying the diagnosis. Materials and Methods TATE was evaluated using H and E stain per 10 high power fields in 33 previously diagnosed cases of OSCC which were retrieved from department archives. TABE values were achieved from complete blood hemogram reports of patients. TATE/TABE ratio was calculated. All the parameters were clinicopathologically correlated and statistically evaluated using SPSS. Results TATE represented higher values in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC) and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC) and was least in moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), whereas TABE linearly increased from WDSCC to PDSCC. TNM Stage II cases revealed the highest TATE and lowest TABE. TATE/TABE ratio was the highest in WDSCC. Conclusion Due to the dual nature of eosinophils in early and late carcinogenesis events, evaluation of only TATE might not be conclusive in determining tumor grade. Hence, in a first of its kind attempt, the TATE/TABE ratio may be suitable to achieve a criterion for the determination of tumor grade and may also help to unfold the underlying biologic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Verma
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, ITS-CDSR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Juneja
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, ITS-CDSR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankita Tandon
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, ITS-CDSR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devi Charan Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, ITS-CDSR, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hegewald MJ, Horne BD, Trudo F, Kreindler JL, Chung Y, Rea S, Blagev DP. Blood Eosinophil Count and Hospital Readmission in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:2629-2641. [PMID: 33122901 PMCID: PMC7591040 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s251115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This retrospective, observational cohort study investigated the association of blood eosinophil counts within 1 week of hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) with subsequent risk of all-cause and COPD-related readmission from a large integrated health system. Patients and Methods Electronic medical records were extracted for index hospitalization for AECOPD at all Intermountain Healthcare hospitals. The primary outcome was the relationship of blood eosinophil count to 30-day all-cause readmission; secondary outcomes were 60-day, 90-day, and 12-month all-cause readmission, COPD-related readmission, and empiric derivation of the eosinophil count with the highest area under the curve (AUC) for predicting 30-day all-cause readmission. Results Of 2445 included patients, 1935 (79%) had a blood eosinophil count <300 cells/µL and 510 (21%) had a count ≥300 cells/µL. Using a 300-cells/μL threshold, there was no significant difference between high and low eosinophil groups in 30-day (odds ratio [OR]=1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.75–1.47) or 60-day (OR=1.15, 95% CI=0.88–1.51) all-cause readmissions. However, patients with greater (versus lesser) eosinophil counts had increased 90-day and 12-month all-cause readmissions (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.06–1.72, and OR=1.32, 95% CI=1.07–1.62). COPD-related readmission rates were significantly greater for patients with greater (versus lesser) eosinophil counts at 30, 60, and 90 days and 12 months (OR range=1.52–1.97). A total of 70 cells/µL had the most discriminatory power to predict 30-day all-cause readmission (highest AUC). Conclusion Eosinophil counts in patients with COPD were not associated with a difference in 30-day all-cause readmissions. However, greater eosinophil counts were associated with increased risk of all-cause readmission at 90 days and 12 months and COPD-related readmission at 30, 60, and 90 days and 12 months. Patients with eosinophils <70 cells/μL had the lowest risk for 30-day all-cause readmission. Blood eosinophils in patients hospitalized with AECOPD may be a useful biomarker for the risk of hospital readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hegewald
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute at Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frank Trudo
- Health Economics Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - James L Kreindler
- Health Economics Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Yen Chung
- Health Economics Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Susan Rea
- Enterprise Analytics, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Denitza P Blagev
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Bafadhel M, Greening NJ, Harvey-Dunstan TC, Williams JEA, Morgan MD, Brightling CE, Hussain SF, Pavord ID, Singh SJ, Steiner MC. Blood Eosinophils and Outcomes in Severe Hospitalized Exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2016; 150:320-8. [PMID: 26851799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with moderate exacerbations of COPD and the eosinophilic phenotype have better outcomes with prednisolone. Whether this outcome is similar in patients hospitalized with a severe exacerbation of COPD is unclear. We investigated the rate of recovery of eosinophilic and noneosinophilic exacerbations in patients participating in a multicenter randomized controlled trial assessing health outcomes in hospitalized exacerbations. METHODS Patients were recruited at presentation to the hospital with an exacerbation of COPD. They were stratified into groups according to eosinophilic exacerbations if the peripheral blood eosinophil count on admission was ≥ 200 cells/μL and/or ≥ 2% of the total leukocyte count. Admission details, serum C-reactive protein levels, length of stay, and subsequent rehospitalization data were compared between groups. RESULTS A total of 243 patients with COPD (117 men) with a mean age of 71 years (range, 45-93 years) were recruited. The inpatient mortality rate was 3% (median time to death, 12 days; range, 9-16 days). The median absolute eosinophil count was 100 cells/μL (range, 10-1,500 cells/μL), and 25% met our criteria for an eosinophilic exacerbation; in this population, the mean length of stay (in days) was shorter than in patients with noneosinophilic exacerbations (5.0 [range, 1-19] vs 6.5 [range, 1-33]; P = .015) following treatment with oral corticosteroids and independent of treatment prior to admission. Readmission rates at 12 months were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The study patients presenting to the hospital with a severe eosinophilic exacerbation of COPD had a shorter length of stay. The exacerbations were usually not associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels, suggesting that better treatment stratification of exacerbations can be used. TRIAL REGISTRY http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN05557928.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bafadhel
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Neil J Greening
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Leicester NHS Hospitals Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Theresa C Harvey-Dunstan
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Leicester NHS Hospitals Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Johanna E A Williams
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Leicester NHS Hospitals Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael D Morgan
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Leicester NHS Hospitals Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Syed F Hussain
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally J Singh
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Leicester NHS Hospitals Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael C Steiner
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Leicester NHS Hospitals Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Connexin 43 expression on peripheral blood eosinophils: role of gap junctions in transendothelial migration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:803257. [PMID: 25110696 PMCID: PMC4109672 DOI: 10.1155/2014/803257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils circulate in the blood and are recruited in tissues during allergic inflammation. Gap junctions mediate direct communication between adjacent cells and may represent a new way of communication between immune cells distinct from communication through cytokines and chemokines. We characterized the expression of connexin (Cx)43 by eosinophils isolated from atopic individuals using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and confocal microscopy and studied the biological functions of gap junctions on eosinophils. The formation of functional gap junctions was evaluated measuring dye transfer using flow cytometry. The role of gap junctions on eosinophil transendothelial migration was studied using the inhibitor 18-a-glycyrrhetinic acid. Peripheral blood eosinophils express Cx43 mRNA and protein. Cx43 is localized not only in the cytoplasm but also on the plasma membrane. The membrane impermeable dye BCECF transferred from eosinophils to epithelial or endothelial cells following coculture in a dose and time dependent fashion. The gap junction inhibitors 18-a-glycyrrhetinic acid and octanol did not have a significant effect on dye transfer but reduced dye exit from eosinophils. The gap junction inhibitor 18-a-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited eosinophil transendothelial migration in a dose dependent manner. Thus, eosinophils from atopic individuals express Cx43 constitutively and Cx43 may play an important role in eosinophil transendothelial migration and function in sites of inflammation.
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Huang H, Li Y, Qi X. Cytokine signaling in the differentiation of innate effector cells. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23531. [PMID: 24058796 PMCID: PMC3670272 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate effector cells, including innate effector cells of myeloid and lymphoid lineages, are crucial components of various types of immune responses. Bone marrow progenitors differentiate into many subsets of innate effector cells after receiving instructional signals often provided by cytokines. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) have been shown to be essential in the differentiation of various types of innate effector cells. In this review, we focus specifically on the differentiation of innate effector cells, particularly the role of cytokine signaling in the differentiation of innate effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Medicine; National Jewish Health; Denver, CO USA ; Integrated Department of Immunology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Denver, CO USA
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Gupta SK, Haigh BJ, Griffin FJ, Wheeler TT. The mammalian secreted RNases: Mechanisms of action in host defence. Innate Immun 2012; 19:86-97. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425912446955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ribonucleaseA family comprises a large group of structurally similar proteins which are secreted by a range of tissues and immune cells. Their physiological role is unclear. It has been suggested that some of these RNases contribute to host defence, notably eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil-associated RNases, RNase4, angiogenin (RNase5), RNase7, RNase8 and bovine seminal RNase. This review summarises data supporting the involvement of these proteins in host defence, focusing on their antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities. The extent to which the data support possible mechanisms of action for these proteins is discussed. This compilation of findings and current hypotheses on the physiological role of these RNases will provide a stimulus for further research and development of ideas on the contribution of the RNases to host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Gupta
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brendan J Haigh
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Frank J Griffin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Analysis of inflammatory infiltrate, perineural invasion, and risk score can indicate concurrent metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 70:1703-10. [PMID: 22154400 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this retrospective study, the aim was to compare individual histopathologic parameters of malignancy between nonmetastatic and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were selected and examined according to the system established by Brandwein-Gensler et al (Am J Surg Pathol 29:167, 2005) and included the pattern of invasion (most to least favorable), lymphocytic infiltration, perineural invasion, risk score, keratinization, eosinophilia, perivascular invasion, and tumor thickness. RESULTS The least favorable pattern had no association with nodal metastasis (P > .05). The scarcity or density of the lymphocytic infiltration, perineural invasion, and a risk score ≥ 3 were associated with nodal metastasis (P < .05). Keratinization, eosinophilia, perivascular invasion, and tumor thickness had no association with nodal metastasis (P > .05). A significant positive correlation was found between the pattern of invasion and perineural invasion and between the pattern of invasion and tumor thickness (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The scarcity or density of the lymphocytic infiltration, perineural invasion, and histopathologic risk score may be helpful as parameters of histologic malignancy for the evaluation of metastatic and nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.
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Jedlina L, Kozak-Ljunggren M, Wedrychowicz H. In vivo studies of the early, peritoneal, cellular and free radical response in rats infected with Fasciola hepatica by flow cytometric analysis. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:291-7. [PMID: 21354145 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Early recruitment of the peritoneal cell population was observed during migration of newly excysted juvenile flukes. The peritoneal lavages were examined for T cells, cytotoxic NK cells (CNK) and free radicals production of rats at an early stage of infection by Fasciola hepatica. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with 50 metacercariae of F. hepatica and non-infected controls were euthanized 2, 4 and 7 days post infection (d.p.i.), respectively. The peritoneal fluid of experimental animals was analyzed by flow cytometry to estimate cell phenotypes. The peritoneal areas were infiltrated by inflammatory cells, particularly from numerous neutrophils, eosinophils and CD4+ lymphocytes, which were significantly higher for infected rats than non-infected. CNK cells dominated in the peritoneal fluid of infected rats as early as 2d.p.i. However, after 4d.p.i. there was a decreased level of CNK cells which may indicate a change from a cytotoxic natural killer (NK) to a regulatory NK response. The challenged group generated very high in vivo levels of inducible nitric oxide (NO) from eosinophils. Superoxide expression was very high in macrophages and neutrophils compared to the uninfected control. In conclusion, our studies suggest that early F. hepatica infection could directly affect lymphoid cells and generate a high in vivo NO production by eosinophils in the peritoneal cavity. Moreover juvenile flukes could stimulate the macrophages and neutrophils to generate H(2)O(2) radicals. The host parasite interactions resulting from immune response regulation by effector cells and immune evasion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jedlina
- W. Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland.
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Bystrom J, Amin K, Bishop-Bailey D. Analysing the eosinophil cationic protein--a clue to the function of the eosinophil granulocyte. Respir Res 2011; 12:10. [PMID: 21235798 PMCID: PMC3030543 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil granulocytes reside in respiratory mucosa including lungs, in the gastro-intestinal tract, and in lymphocyte associated organs, the thymus, lymph nodes and the spleen. In parasitic infections, atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma, the numbers of the circulating eosinophils are frequently elevated. In conditions such as Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES) circulating eosinophil levels are even further raised. Although, eosinophils were identified more than hundred years ago, their roles in homeostasis and in disease still remain unclear. The most prominent feature of the eosinophils are their large secondary granules, each containing four basic proteins, the best known being the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). This protein has been developed as a marker for eosinophilic disease and quantified in biological fluids including serum, bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal secretions. Elevated ECP levels are found in T helper lymphocyte type 2 (atopic) diseases such as allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis but also occasionally in other diseases such as bacterial sinusitis. ECP is a ribonuclease which has been attributed with cytotoxic, neurotoxic, fibrosis promoting and immune-regulatory functions. ECP regulates mucosal and immune cells and may directly act against helminth, bacterial and viral infections. The levels of ECP measured in disease in combination with the catalogue of known functions of the protein and its polymorphisms presented here will build a foundation for further speculations of the role of ECP, and ultimately the role of the eosinophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bystrom
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kawa Amin
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medical Science, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- College of Medicine, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - David Bishop-Bailey
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Carlson M, Venge P, Lampinen M. C3b-induced eosinophil degranulation involves PI3-kinases and is inhibited by protein kinase C activity. APMIS 2010; 119:119-26. [PMID: 21208279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective release of individual eosinophil granule proteins has been demonstrated in eosinophilic conditions and in vitro using different stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate if selective release of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X/eosinophil derived-neurotoxin (EPX/EDN) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) could be due to the involvement of different signal transduction pathways. Peripheral blood granulocytes from healthy donors were incubated with Wortmannin, LY294002, Genistein, Staurosporine, GÖ6976 or PD98059 prior to the induction of degranulation by C3b. The released amounts of ECP, EPO and EPX/EDN were determined by immunoassays, and related to the total cell content of respective protein. Wortmannin caused a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of all three granule proteins. LY294002 (10⁻⁶ M) also inhibited the release of all proteins. Genistein (10⁻⁶ M) inhibited the release of ECP, whereas the release of EPO was increased. However, there was a tendency towards similar concentration-dependent patterns of release of all three proteins. Staurosporine (10⁻⁷ M), GÖ6976 (10⁻⁶ M) and PD98059 (10⁻⁵ M) caused an increased release of the three proteins. PI3-kinases play an important role in the C3b-induced release of ECP, EPO and EPX/EDN, whereas protein kinase C seems to have inhibitory effects on C3b-induced degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Constantinoiu CC, Jackson LA, Jorgensen WK, Lew-Tabor AE, Piper EK, Mayer DG, Venus B, Jonsson NN. Local immune response against larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Bos taurus indicus and Bos taurus taurus cattle. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:865-75. [PMID: 20109460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bos taurus indicus cattle are less susceptible to infestation with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus than Bos taurus taurus cattle but the immunological basis of this difference is not understood. We compared the dynamics of leukocyte infiltrations (T cell subsets, B cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-expressing cells, granulocytes) in the skin near the mouthparts of larvae of R. microplus in B. t. indicus and B. t. taurus cattle. Previously naïve cattle were infested with 50,000 larvae (B. t. indicus) or 10,000 larvae (B. t. taurus) weekly for 6 weeks. One week after the last infestation all of the animals were infested with 20,000 larvae of R. microplus. Skin punch biopsies were taken from all animals on the day before the primary infestation and from sites of larval attachment on the day after the first, second, fourth and final infestations. Infiltrations with CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and gammadelta T cells followed the same pattern in both breeds, showing relatively little change during the first four weekly infestations, followed by substantial increases at 7 weeks post-primary infestation. There was a tendency for more of all cell types except granulocytes to be observed in the skin of B. t. indicus cattle but the differences between the two breeds were consistently significant only for gammadelta T cells. Granulocyte infiltrations increased more rapidly from the day after infestation and were higher in B. t. taurus cattle than in B. t. indicus. Granulocytes and MHC class II-expressing cells infiltrated the areas closest to the mouthparts of larvae. A large volume of granulocyte antigens was seen in the gut of attached, feeding larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Constantinoiu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale 2351, Australia.
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15
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Abstract
Eosinophilic granulocytes are innate effector cells that are important in immune responses against helminth parasitic infections and contribute towards the pathology associated with allergic inflammatory conditions, including allergic rhinitis and asthma. Their recruitment to inflammatory sites occurs in response to chemotactic and activation signals, such as eotaxin and interleukin-5, and is a tightly controlled process. However, the mechanisms that counterbalance these positive chemoattractive processes, thereby preventing excessive eosinophil infiltration, have received little attention. Here, we show that, lactoferrin (LTF), a pleiotropic 80-kDa glycoprotein with iron-binding properties, acts as a powerful inhibitor of eosinophil migration. Irrespective of its source (milk or neutrophil derived), LTF inhibits eotaxin-stimulated eosinophil migration with no effects on eosinophil viability. Transferrin, a closely related cationic glycoprotein, failed to produce an analogous effect. Furthermore, the iron-saturation status of LTF did not influence the observed inhibitory effect on migration, proving that LTF exerts its effect on eosinophil chemotaxis independent of its iron-chelating activity. These results highlight LTF as one of the few molecules reported to negatively regulate eosinophil migration. Thus, through its ability to inhibit eosinophil migration, LTF has potential as an effective therapeutic in the control of eosinophil infiltration in atopic inflammatory conditions.
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16
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Prognostic significance of stromal eosinophilic infiltration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20:287-9. [PMID: 19218858 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e318199219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) has been described in many sites, including head and neck. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and possible role of TATE as a prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Seventy-six consecutive patients with a diagnosis of OSCC were evaluated, and the number of eosinophils was obtained in 3 different areas in the tumor. The possible role of TATE as a prognostic factor in OSCC was investigated with respect to tumor differentiation; perineural, vascular, and muscular invasion (histopathologic parameters); and locoregional metastasis (clinical parameter). Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia was low in most cases in 3 different areas. The mean eosinophil count was higher in the invasive front of tumor than intratumoral stroma and stroma subjacent the surface epithelium. The relations between TATE and tumor differentiation; perineural, vascular, and muscular invasion; and locoregional metastasis were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia has no correlation with prognostic parameters in OSCC.
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Renninger ML, Seymour RE, Whiteley LO, Sundberg JP, Hogenesch H. Anti-IL5 decreases the number of eosinophils but not the severity of dermatitis in Sharpin-deficient mice. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:252-8. [PMID: 19650867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sharpin-deficient (Sharpin(cpdm)) mutant mice develop a chronic eosinophilic dermatitis. To determine the efficacy of eosinophil-depletion in chronic inflammation, Sharpin(cpdm) mice were treated with anti-IL5 antibodies. Mice treated with anti-IL5 had a 90% reduction of circulating eosinophils and a 50% decrease in cutaneous eosinophils after 10 days compared with sham-treated littermates. Reducing the number of eosinophils resulted in increased severity of alopecia and erythema and a significant increase in epidermal thickness. Skin homogenates from mice treated with anti-IL5 had decreased mRNA expression of arylsulfatase B (Arsb), diamine oxidase (amiloride-binding protein 1, also called histaminase; Abp1) and Il10, which are mediators that eosinophils may release to quench inflammation. Skin homogenates from mice treated with anti-IL5 also had decreased mRNA expression of Il4, Il5, Ccl11, kit ligand (Kitl) and Tgfa; and increased mRNA expression of Tgfb1, Mmp12 and tenascin C (Tnc). In order to further decrease the accumulation of eosinophils, Sharpin(cpdm) mice were crossed with IL5 null mice. Il5(-/-), Sharpin(cpdm)/Sharpin(cpdm) mice had a 98% reduction of circulating eosinophils and a 95% decrease in cutaneous eosinophils compared with IL5-sufficient Sharpin(cpdm) mice. The severity of the lesions was similar between IL5-sufficient and IL5-deficient mice. Double mutant mice had a significant decrease in Abp1, and a significant increase in Tgfb1, Mmp12 and Tnc mRNA compared with controls. These data indicate that eosinophils are not essential for the development of dermatitis in Sharpin(cpdm) mice and suggest that eosinophils have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles in the skin of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Renninger
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Henao-Tamayo M, Palaniswamy GS, Smith EE, Shanley CA, Wang B, Orme IM, Basaraba RJ, DuTeau NM, Ordway D. Post-exposure vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:142-8. [PMID: 19264552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing immunity to tuberculosis in animal models after exposure to the infection has proved difficult. In this study we used a newly described flow cytometric technique to monitor changes in cell populations accumulating in the lungs of guinea pigs challenged by low-dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and vaccinated 10 days later. On day 40 after infection the fusion protein F36 and a pool of Ag85A and ESAT6 vaccines had significant effects on the bacterial load, showed increased expression of the activation marker CD45+ on CD4+ T cells, and reduced numbers of heterophils. Lung pathology and pathology scores were marginally improved in animals given these vaccines, but lymph node pathology was not influenced. Despite early effects no changes in long-term survival were seen. These results suggest that a single post-exposure vaccination can initially slow the disease process. However, this effect is transient, but this could be of use in an multidrug resistant/extremely drug resistant outbreak situation because it could potentially slow the infection long enough to complete drug susceptibility testing and initiate effective chemotherapy.
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Moqbel R, Odemuyiwa SO. Allergy, asthma, and inflammation: which inflammatory cell type is more important? ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 4:150-6. [PMID: 20525138 PMCID: PMC2868889 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-4-4-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
: A recent review in Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology suggested that eosinophils play a minor role, if any, in the inflammatory spectrum of asthma and allergic inflammation. The article that dealt with mast cells suggested that the presence of these important cells within the smooth muscle layer in asthmatic airways renders this cell type primal in asthma and an obvious and important target for therapy. This article proposes that in a complex inflammatory milieu characterizing the complex syndromes we call asthma, no single cell phenotype is responsible for the condition and thus should be a sole target for therapeutic strategies. Our reductionist approach to research in asthma and related conditions has provided us with convincing evidence for multiple roles that immune, inflammatory, and structural cell types can play in complex diseases. The next stage in understanding and ameliorating these complex conditions is to move away from the simplistic notion of one cell type being more important than another. Instead, what is needed is to acquire knowledge of intricate and exquisite biological systems that regulate such conditions in both health and disease involving various cell types, mediators, pharmacologically active products, their multifaceted capacities, and their socio-biological networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redwan Moqbel
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
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Calcium-dependent proapoptotic effect of Taenia solium metacestodes annexin B1 on human eosinophils: A novel strategy to prevent host immune response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2151-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Immunology. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept of forbidden foods that should not be eaten goes back to the Garden of Eden and apart from its religious meanings it may also have foreshadowed the concept of foods that can provoke adverse reactions. Thus we could say that allergic diseases have plagued mankind since the beginning of life on earth. The prophet Job was affected by a condition that following the rare symptoms described by the Holy Bible might be identified as a severe form of atopic dermatitis (AD). The earliest record of an apparently allergic reaction is 2621 B.C., when death from stinging insects was first described by hieroglyphics carved into the walls of the tomb of Pharaoh Menes depicting his death following the sting of a wasp. In 79 A.D., the death of the Roman admiral Pliny the Elder was ascribed to the SO2-rich gases emanating from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) was probably the first to describe how cow’s milk (CM) could cause gastric upset and hives, proposing dietetic measures including both treatment and prevention for CM allergy.
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Barthel SR, Johansson MW, McNamee DM, Mosher DF. Roles of integrin activation in eosinophil function and the eosinophilic inflammation of asthma. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 83:1-12. [PMID: 17906117 PMCID: PMC2859217 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic inflammation is a characteristic feature of asthma. Integrins are highly versatile cellular receptors that regulate extravasation of eosinophils from the postcapillary segment of the bronchial circulation to the airway wall and airspace. Such movement into the asthmatic lung is described as a sequential, multistep paradigm, whereby integrins on circulating eosinophils become activated, eosinophils tether in flow and roll on bronchial endothelial cells, integrins on rolling eosinophils become further activated as a result of exposure to cytokines, eosinophils arrest firmly to adhesive ligands on activated endothelium, and eosinophils transmigrate to the airway in response to chemoattractants. Eosinophils express seven integrin heterodimeric adhesion molecules: alpha 4 beta 1 (CD49d/29), alpha 6 beta 1 (CD49f/29), alpha M beta 2 (CD11b/18), alpha L beta 2 (CD11a/18), alpha X beta 2 (CD11c/18), alpha D beta2 (CD11d/18), and alpha 4 beta 7 (CD49d/beta 7). The role of these integrins in eosinophil recruitment has been elucidated by major advances in the understanding of integrin structure, integrin function, and modulators of integrins. Such findings have been facilitated by cellular experiments of eosinophils in vitro, studies of allergic asthma in humans and animal models in vivo, and crystal structures of integrins. Here, we elaborate on how integrins cooperate to mediate eosinophil movement to the asthmatic airway. Antagonists that target integrins represent potentially promising therapies in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
| | - Mats W. Johansson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
| | - Dawn M. McNamee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
| | - Deane F. Mosher
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1532
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Ordway D, Palanisamy G, Henao-Tamayo M, Smith EE, Shanley C, Orme IM, Basaraba RJ. The cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the guinea pig. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2532-41. [PMID: 17675515 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea pigs is an extremely useful model for drug and vaccine testing due to the fact that its pathological disease process is similar to that present in humans. Progress in this field has been hindered because the tools necessary to undertake a complete immunological analysis of the guinea pig cellular immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been lacking. In this study, we combined a new flow cytometric gating strategy with immunohistochemistry to track T cells, B cells, and the MIL4 Ab, which detects both guinea pig heterophils (neutrophils) and eosinophils, to provide the first documentation of the kinetics of influx and positioning of these cell populations. The results show that the responding T cells are mostly CD4 cells and that after day 30 of the infection numbers of these cells in the lungs drops dramatically. These appear to be replaced by a steady increase in B cells and granulocytes which was associated with worsening lung pathology. These data reveal new information about the cellular phenotypes which mediate protective immunity or host immunopathogenesis during M. tuberculosis infection in this key animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Kay AB. T Cells as Orchestrators of the Asthmatic Response. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 206 - THE RISING TRENDS IN ASTHMA 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470515334.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Rogerio AP, Cardoso CR, Fontanari C, Souza MA, Afonso-Cardoso SR, Silva EV, Koyama NS, Basei FL, Soares EG, Calixto JB, Stowell SR, Dias-Baruffi M, Faccioli LH. Anti-asthmatic potential of a D-galactose-binding lectin from Synadenium carinatum latex. Glycobiology 2007; 17:795-804. [PMID: 17522108 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from the plant Synadenium carinatum latex are widely and indiscriminately used in popular medicine to treat a great number of inflammatory disorders and although the mechanisms underlying these effects remain undefined, the lectin isolated from S. carinatum latex (ScLL) is thought to be in part responsible for these anti-inflammatory effects. In order to elucidate possible immunoregulatory activities of ScLL, we investigated the effects of ScLL administration in models of acute and chronic inflammation. Oral administration of ScLL significantly inhibited neutrophil and eosinophil extravasation in models of acute and chronic inflammation and reduced eosinophil and mononuclear blood counts during chronic inflammation. ScLL administration reduced IL(interleukin)-4 and IL-5 levels but increased interferon-gamma and IL-10 in an asthma inflammatory model, which suggested that it might induce a TH2 to TH1 shift in the adaptive immune response. ScLL also inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation, a negative regulator of proinflammatory NF-kappaB. Taken together, these results provide the first description of a single factor isolated from S. carinatum latex extract with immunoregulatory functions and suggest that ScLL may be useful in the treatment of allergic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Rogerio
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
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Matsumoto K, Terakawa M, Fukuda S, Saito H. Rapid and strong induction of apoptosis in human eosinophils by anti-CD30 mAb-coated microspheres and phagocytosis by macrophages. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 143 Suppl 1:60-7. [PMID: 17541279 DOI: 10.1159/000101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils represent a potential therapeutic target in allergic diseases. We previously reported that two clones of anti-CD30 mAbs (HRS-4 and Ber-H8) induced extremely rapid and intense apoptosis in human eosinophils in vitro, but only when the mAbs were immobilized on plates [Matsumoto K, J Immunol 2004;172:2186]. As the initial step towards clinical application of these anti-CD30 mAbs in the treatment of allergic diseases, we made an attempt to clarify two issues; first, whether or not anti-CD30 mAb-coated microspheres can efficiently induce apoptosis in human eosinophils, and second, whether or not these apoptotic eosinophils can be phagocytosed by macrophages without the release of granular proteins. METHODS Purified human eosinophils were treated with anti-CD30 mAb-coated polystyrene microspheres (diameter, 1.44 mum). Apoptosis was determined by annexin V-binding. For the phagocytosis assay, eosinophils were co-cultured with monocyte-derived human macrophages or PMA-pretreated U-937 cells. Phagocytosis was determined by light microscopy and by the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) concentration in the supernatant. RESULTS Anti-CD30 mAb-coated, but not control IgG1-coated microspheres significantly reduced eosinophil survival in a dose-dependent manner. Marked phagocytosis of the apoptotic eosinophils by macrophages was also observed when the eosinophils were treated with anti-CD30 mAb-coated microspheres. The apoptotic eosinophils released large amounts of EDN in the absence of macrophages; however, the EDN levels were significantly decreased when the eosinophils were co-cultured with macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD30 mAb-coated microspheres are capable of inducing rapid and strong apoptosis in human eosinophils. Furthermore, the apoptotic eosinophils were also phagocytosed by macrophages with minimal release of the granular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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Wang JS, Lin HY, Cheng ML, Wong MK. Chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates eosinophil- and neutrophil-platelet aggregation and inflammatory cytokine secretion caused by strenuous exercise in men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:305-14. [PMID: 17463301 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00226.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acclimatization to intermittent hypoxia (IH) improves exercise performance by increasing oxygen delivery and utilization, the effects of chronic IH on platelet-leukocyte interaction and inflammation-related cytokine secretion caused by strenuous exercise remain unclear. This investigation elucidates how two intensities of IH influence eosinophil- and neutrophil-platelet aggregation (EPA and NPA) as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines mediated by strenuous exercise. Twenty healthy sedentary men were randomly divided into severe (SIH) and moderate (MIH) IH groups; groups were exposed to 12% O2 (SIH) and 15% O2 (MIH) for 1 h/day, respectively, for 5 days/wk for 8 wk in a normobaric hypoxia chamber. Before IH intervention, 1) exercise up to maximal oxygen consumption promoted shear stress-, LPS-, and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced EPA, increased IL-1beta and malondialdehyde levels, and decreased total antioxidant levels in plasma and 2) exposure to 12% O2, but not to 15% O2 for 1 h, enhanced LPS-induced EPA and reduced plasma total antioxidant levels. After IH for 8 wk, hypoxia- and exercise-promoted EPA, IL-1beta, or malondialdehyde levels were suppressed in both MIH and SIH groups, and plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the SIH group were increased. However, the NPA induced by the shear force and chemical agonists was not changed under the two IH regimens. Therefore, both MIH and SIH regimens ameliorate eosinophil- and platelet-related thrombosis, proinflammatory IL-1beta secretion, and lipid peroxidation enhanced by strenuous exercise. Furthermore, SIH simultaneously increases circulatory anti-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations. These findings can help to develop effective IH regimens that improve aerobic fitness and minimize risk of thromboinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Shyan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science and Center for Gerontological Research, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
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Kimura K, Song CH, Rastogi A, Dranoff G, Galli SJ, Lantz CS. Interleukin-3 and c-Kit/stem cell factor are required for normal eosinophil responses in mice infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. J Transl Med 2006; 86:987-96. [PMID: 16894356 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the potential roles of Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and c-Kit, the tyrosine kinase receptor for stem cell factor (SCF), in eosinophil responses in vivo, we examined eosinophil numbers in uninfected or nematode-infected wild-type mice, IL-3-/- mice, and IL-3-/- mice that also have a marked reduction in SCF/c-Kit signaling (ie, Kit(W)/Kit(W-v), IL-3-/- mice). We found no significant differences in the numbers of eosinophils in the blood, bone marrow or various tissues of IL-3-/- vs IL-3+/+ mice, either at baseline or after the induction of bone marrow, blood or tissue eosinophilia in response to infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis (S.v.) or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N.b.). However, in mice with markedly impaired SCF/c-Kit signaling, IL-3 contributed significantly to the increased numbers of eosinophils that were observed in multiple tissues during S.v. infection, but not during infection with N.b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Kishimoto S, Oka S, Gokoh M, Sugiura T. Chemotaxis of human peripheral blood eosinophils to 2-arachidonoylglycerol: comparison with other eosinophil chemoattractants. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 140 Suppl 1:3-7. [PMID: 16772720 DOI: 10.1159/000092704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), has been shown to exhibit a variety of cannabimimetic activities in vitro and in vivo. Recently, we found that human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells and human peripheral blood eosinophils express the CB2 receptor. We also found that 2-AG induces the migration of these cells in a CB2 receptor-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated whether the 2-AG-induced migration of human eosinophils is due to chemotaxis or chemokinesis. We also compared the ability of 2-AG to induce the migration of eosinophils with those of other eosinophil chemoattractants. METHODS Eosinophils were separated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. The migration of eosinophils to various stimulants was examined using Transwell inserts. In view of the fact that 2-AG is rapidly metabolized by cells, we employed 2-AG ether, an ether-linked nonhydrolyzable analog of 2-AG, instead of 2-AG to determine whether the 2-AG-induced migration is due to chemotaxis or chemokinesis. RESULTS 2-AG ether induced the migration of human eosinophils, like 2-AG. The 2-AG ether-induced migration was reduced by the coincubation of eosinophils with 2-AG ether in the upper compartment of the Transwell inserts, indicating that the migration is attributable to chemotaxis. The concentration of 2-AG required to induce the eosinophil migration appears to be pathophysiologically relevant, although the order of the pharmacologically effective concentration of 2-AG was approximately ten times lower than those of platelet-activating factor, RANTES and eotaxin. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that 2-AG is involved in the infiltration of eosinophils during allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Kishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Matsumoto K, Terakawa M, Fukuda S, Kato A, Toki S, Shinohara M, Wakiguchi H, Saito H. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide prolongs eosinophil survival through activation of contaminating B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vitro. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 140 Suppl 1:42-50. [PMID: 16772726 DOI: 10.1159/000092710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous study, oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) significantly prolonged eosinophil survival without inducing active release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin or interleukin 8. In addition, this survival-promoting activity was nuclear factor-kappaB dependent. However, some eosinophil preparations from different donors hardly responded to CpG ODNs at all. To clarify why CpG ODN-induced nuclear factor-kB activation in eosinophils does not cause eosinophil-derived neurotoxin or interleukin 8 release and why the survival-promoting activity of CpG ODNs was not found in some eosinophil preparations, we determined the effect of extensive removal of contaminating B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells from human eosinophil preparations. METHODS Eosinophils were purified from the peripheral blood of healthy or slightly allergic donors by gradient sedimentation and negative selection with anti-CD16 alone or a combination of anti-CD16, anti-CD19 and anti-blood dendritic cell antigen 4 (BDCA4) immunomagnetic beads. Eosinophil survival was measured with FITC-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide by FACS after incubation with synthetic CpG 2006(CpG-B), CpG 2216 (CpG-A) or their GpC control ODNs for 24 h. RESULTS The addition of anti-CD19 and anti-BDCA4 immunomagnetic beads reduced the number of contaminating CD19+ cells and CD123+ BDCA2+ cells in eosinophil preparations. CpG 2006 and CpG 2216, but not their GpC control ODNs, significantly prolonged survival of eosinophils purified with anti-CD16 immunomagnetic beads alone but not eosinophils purified with a combination of anti-CD16, anti-CD19 and anti-BDCA4 beads. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that contaminating B cells or plasmacytoid dendritic cells in eosinophil preparations critically regulate CpG ODN-mediated prolongation of eosinophil survival and that CpG ODNs do not activate eosinophils directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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DiScipio RG, Schraufstatter IU, Sikora L, Zuraw BL, Sriramarao P. C5a mediates secretion and activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 from human eosinophils and neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1109-18. [PMID: 16714214 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a crucial proteinase, utilized by both eosinophils and neutrophils, that mediates transmigration through extracellular basement membranes. We have found that neutralization of MMP-9 by a monoclonal antibody or a chemical inhibitor blocked C5a dependent chemotaxis of these granulocytes in vitro. The levels of MMP-9 secreted by the action of C5a from eosinophils were about 50-fold lower than those from neutrophils, consistent with results from confocal microscopy, where the density of MMP-9 containing granules was fewer within eosinophils than in neutrophils. Zymography indicated gelatin degrading activity of the molecular size of pro MMP-9 in supernatants from eosinophils and neutrophils stimulated by C5a, with no evidence of proteolytic activation. Instead MMP-9 activation appeared oxidative, since inhibition of NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase by DPI or L-NIL abrogated C5a-mediated chemotaxis through basement membranes. In keeping with this mode of activation, C5a, known as an agent of superoxide generation, was also found to induce secretion of nitric oxide from human eosinophils and rat granulocytes and monocytes. In conclusion C5a is an important mediator that brings about secretion and oxidative activation of MMP-9, a requisite protease for transmigration, from both eosinophils and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G DiScipio
- La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, Division of Vascular Biology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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32
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Lee SKW, Wong CK, Sung RYT, Leung TF, Fung KP, Leung PC, Lam CWK. In vitro anti-allergic activities of a newly concocted traditional Chinese medicine--the wheeze-relief formula. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 103:406-12. [PMID: 16169693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. Western medications such as glucocorticoids are effective therapeutic agents but may be associated with side effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for treating allergic diseases with observable clinical benefits. The present study investigated whether a novel TCM concoction, the wheeze-relief formula (WRF), possesses in vitro anti-allergic activities. We measured the effects of WRF on the release of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) by human eosinophils using fluorescence enzyme immunoassay, expression of chemokine receptor CCR3 and adhesion molecule CD49d on eosinophils using immunophenotyping, cytokine induction from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using cytometric bead array (CBA), and the gene expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors using cDNA expression array. Results demonstrated that WRF dose-dependently and significantly: (1) suppressed ECP release from eosinophils activated with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and platelet activating factor (PAF); (2) inhibited the expression of CCR3 and CD49d on PAF-activated eosinophils; and (3) attenuated the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and gene expression of IL-2 receptor chain alpha (CD25) on house dust mite (Der p 1) activated PBMC. The above results suggest a possible anti-allergic role of WRF and provide a biochemical basis for further clinical trial on human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K W Lee
- Department of Chemical Pathology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Blood hypereosinophilia (eosinophilia count of more than 500 per microliter, i.e., 0.5.10(9)/L) is a laboratory finding that requires a careful workup. Review of the patient's medical history and clinical examination can usually rule out non-parasitic causes. Parasitic infections must be sought by examination of stool, urine, and blood examinations and by serological tests. These examinations, with special techniques for cosmopolitan and tropical parasites and for digestive or tissular parasites, must be repeated. Improvement of blood eosinophilia and of the serum antibody titers is one criterion of treatment effectiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Antiparasitic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Eosinophilia/diagnosis
- Eosinophilia/etiology
- Eosinophilia/parasitology
- Food Parasitology
- Helminthiasis/complications
- Helminthiasis/diagnosis
- Helminthiasis/drug therapy
- Helminthiasis/parasitology
- Humans
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/complications
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/complications
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Liver Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/complications
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Medical History Taking
- Parasitic Diseases/complications
- Parasitic Diseases/diagnosis
- Parasitic Diseases/drug therapy
- Parasitic Diseases/etiology
- Parasitic Diseases/parasitology
- Parasitic Diseases/therapy
- Schistosomiasis/complications
- Schistosomiasis/diagnosis
- Schistosomiasis/drug therapy
- Schistosomiasis/parasitology
- Time Factors
- Travel
- Tropical Climate
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Bourée
- Service de parasitologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.
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Lacy P. The role of Rho GTPases and SNAREs in mediator release from granulocytes. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:358-76. [PMID: 15951020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Granulocytes are defined as the population of granulated white blood cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils). These cells are involved in inflammation and contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic and inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is induced by the release of mediators from granulocytes recruited to or resident within tissues, resulting in edema, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue injury. Eosinophils and neutrophils express Rac1 and Rac2 guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), 2 members of the Rho GTPase subfamily of ras-related GTPases. Rho GTPases are activated by receptors in the cell membrane and are proposed to function as intracellular molecular switches to regulate mediator release, including exocytosis, from granulocytes. Exocytosis involves granule fusion, which requires the binding of intracellular membrane receptors known as SNAP receptor (SNAREs; soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor [NSF] attachment protein [SNAP] receptors). Eosinophils and neutrophils express similar SNARE isoforms that are important in granule fusion events. Together, these molecules link together to form a common signaling pathway for mediator release from granulocytes. Identifying these molecules and their function may provide novel targets for the prevention of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Lacy
- Pulmonary Research Group, 550A HMRC, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, AB T6G 2S2.
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Ferrari D, la Sala A, Panther E, Norgauer J, Di Virgilio F, Idzko M. Activation of human eosinophils via P2 receptors: novel findings and future perspectives. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 79:7-15. [PMID: 16244111 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0505286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of information indicates that release of intracellular nucleotides represents an important way to modulate several cell pathways in physiological or pathological conditions. Nucleotides released as a consequence of cell damage, cell stress, bacterial infection, or other noxious stimuli signal at a class of plasma membrane receptors--P2 receptors--activating diverse intracellular pathways in many tissues and organs. For example, nucleotides secreted in the airway system control chloride/liquid secretion, goblet cell degranulation, and ciliary beat frequency. Several studies indicate that nucleotides play a role in airway diseases through their action on multiple cell types, including mast cells, dendritic cells, neurons, and eosinophils. Recent work by us and other groups led to the identification and characterization of P2 receptors expressed by human eosinophils. In this review, we will summarize recent developments in this field and put forward a hypothesis about the role of P2 receptors in pathophysiological conditions where eosinophils are major players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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36
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Chiou YY, Shieh CC, Cheng HL, Tang MJ. Intrinsic expression of Th2 cytokines in urothelium of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Kidney Int 2005; 67:638-46. [PMID: 15673311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine-producing ability of urothelium, a urinary tract barrier between urine and underlying connective tissue, may exacerbate the pathogenesis of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ-O) disease. A role for urothelium in human urinary tract obstruction has rarely been described. In this study, we investigated the immunopathologic characteristics of, and cytokine production by, urothelium in children with congenital UPJ-O. METHODS Twenty-four children with congenital UPJ-O who had received pyeloplasty were enrolled. Morphologic abnormalities and pathologic and inflammatory changes of UPJ-O segments were studied. Expression of cytokines and chemokines in urothelium was investigated and compared with control tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and urinary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Atypical or simple hyperplasia of the urothelium with evidence of Ki67 over-expression was found frequently in UPJ-O. There were variable degrees of inflammatory cell and eosinophil infiltration. Augmented expression of IL-5 and eotaxin detected by IHC and ISH, and enhanced degranulation of tissue mast cells were observed in the urothelium of UPJ-O segments. IL-4, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha were undetectable. Significantly higher levels of urinary IL-5, IFN-gamma, and eotaxin were detected in urine collected from the obstructed kidney. Among these, high urinary IL5 and/or IFN-gamma levels were associated with more severe obstructive uropathy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Urothelium, like intestinal and respiratory epithelia, plays an active role in immunoregulation and may contribute to exacerbation of the pathogenesis of congenital UPJ-O. Many eosinophil-associated disease cytokines, which can lead to the degranulation of mast cells, are predominant regulators in UPJ-O urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yow Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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37
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Safley SA, Kapp LM, Tucker-Burden C, Hering B, Kapp JA, Weber CJ. Inhibition of cellular immune responses to encapsulated porcine islet xenografts by simultaneous blockade of two different costimulatory pathways. Transplantation 2005; 79:409-18. [PMID: 15729166 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000150021.06027.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of human islets has been successful clinically. Since human islets are scarce, we are studying microencapsulated porcine islet xenografts in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. We have evaluated the cellular immune response in NOD mice with and without dual costimulatory blockade. METHODS Alginate-poly-L-lysine-encapsulated adult porcine islets were transplanted i.p. in untreated diabetic NODs and NODs treated with CTLA4-Ig to block CD28/B7 and with anti-CD154 mAb to inhibit CD40/CD40-ligand interactions. Groups of mice were sacrificed on subsequent days; microcapsules were evaluated by histology; peritoneal cells were analyzed by FACS; and peritoneal cytokines were quantified by ELISA. Controls included immunoincompetent NOD-Scids and diabetic NODs given sham surgery or empty microcapsules. RESULTS Within 20 days, encapsulated porcine islets induced accumulation of large numbers of macrophages, eosinophils, and significant numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells at the graft site, and all grafts were rejected. During rejection, IFNgamma, IL-12 and IL-5 were significantly elevated over sham-operated controls, whereas IL-2, TNFalpha, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1beta and TGFbeta were unchanged. Treatment with CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD154 prevented graft destruction in all animals during the 26 days of the experiment, dramatically inhibited recruitment of host inflammatory cells, and inhibited peritoneal IFNgamma and IL-5 concentrations while delaying IL-12 production. CONCLUSIONS When two different pathways of T cell costimulation were blocked, T cell-dependent inflammatory responses were inhibited, and survival of encapsulated islet xenografts was significantly prolonged. These findings suggest synergy between encapsulation of donor islets and simultaneous blockade of two host costimulatory pathways in prolonging xenoislet transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Safley
- Gottlich Laboratory for Diabetes and Islet Transplant Research, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 5105 Woodruff Memorial Building, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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38
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Wensky AK, Furtado GC, Marcondes MCG, Chen S, Manfra D, Lira SA, Zagzag D, Lafaille JJ. IFN-gamma determines distinct clinical outcomes in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1416-23. [PMID: 15661899 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS initiated by autoreactive CD4(+) T cells. EAE classically presents with a progressive ascending paralysis and is a model of multiple sclerosis that recapitulates some aspects of the disease. In this report we describe a mouse strain that spontaneously develops a severe, nonclassical form of EAE with 100% incidence. The distinct clinical phenotype is marked initially by a slight head tilt, progressing to a severe head tilt, spinning, or a rotatory motion. Classical EAE spontaneously occurs in myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific TCR transgenic RAG-1(-/-) mice (referred to as T/R(-)), whereas nonclassical EAE spontaneously occurs in T/R(-) IFN-gamma(-/-) mice (T/R(-)gamma(-)). Thus, the TCR recognizes the same Ag (MBP) and uses identical TCR in both cases. The cellular infiltrate in nonclassical EAE is predominantly found in the brainstem and cerebellum, with very little inflammation in the spinal cord, which is primarily affected in classical disease. Importantly, depending on the genetic makeup and priming conditions of the MBP-specific T cells, nonclassical disease can occur in the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophilic, neutrophilic, or monocytic characteristics. Finally, we believe that nonclassical spontaneous EAE could be a useful model for the study of some characteristics of multiple sclerosis not observed in classical EAE, such as the inflammatory responses in the brainstem and cerebellum that can cause vertigo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Stem/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cerebellum/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Eosinophilia/genetics
- Eosinophilia/immunology
- Eosinophilia/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-5/deficiency
- Interleukin-5/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Basic Protein/genetics
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen K Wensky
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Adamko DJ, Odemuyiwa SO, Vethanayagam D, Moqbel R. The rise of the phoenix: the expanding role of the eosinophil in health and disease. Allergy 2005; 60:13-22. [PMID: 15575925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have entered a new phase in the evolution of our understanding of the role of the eosinophil with a greater appreciation of novel potential functions that may be ascribed to this enigmatic cell type. This review not only provides an update to our current understanding of the various immunobiological roles for the eosinophil, but also attracts attention to some novel observations predicting functions beyond its putative effector role. These observations include the intriguing possibility that the eosinophil may possess the capacity to regulate the immune and inflammatory responses in diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Adamko
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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40
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Berro AI, Perry GA, Agrawal DK. Increased expression and activation of CD30 induce apoptosis in human blood eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2174-83. [PMID: 15265955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are one of the major effector cells in asthma, and controlling the number and survival of eosinophils might attenuate the severity of asthma. This result could be achieved by inducing eosinophil apoptosis. Apoptosis allows the removal of cells without inducing an inflammatory response. Our knowledge of the factors involved in regulating eosinophil apoptosis remains limited. CD30 molecule has been associated with T cell-negative selection and in TCR-mediated apoptosis. In this study we examined the expression and role of CD30 in apoptosis of human blood eosinophils. Percentage of apoptotic eosinophils was determined by annexin V-propidium iodide labeling, and CD30 expression was examined by flow cytometry. Spontaneous apoptosis was induced by serum deprivation, and survival was conferred by incubating cells with 10% FBS and IL-5. CD30 surface expression was up-regulated in eosinophils incubated for 24 h as compared with freshly isolated eosinophils, and both CD30 expression and eosinophil apoptosis increased in a time-dependent manner. We also measured CD30 mRNA expression by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and determined that CD30 transcripts increased in eosinophils undergoing apoptosis only under serum deprivation conditions. The agonistic CD30 Abs, Ber-H8 and HeFi-1, significantly enhanced eosinophil apoptosis. FBS and IL-5 failed to inhibit or suppress the CD30 agonistic-induced apoptosis. These data support the role of CD30 activation in eosinophil apoptosis. This research will help in furthering our understanding of eosinophil apoptosis and therefore might contribute to the development of better therapeutic modalities in the treatment and/or cure of allergic inflammation in bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo I Berro
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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41
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MacLaren A, Attias M, de Souza W. Aspects of the early moments of interaction between tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii with neutrophils. Vet Parasitol 2004; 125:301-12. [PMID: 15482886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the tachyzoite stage of Toxoplasma gondii with neutrophils was investigated. Morphological aspects of the initial moments of interaction were analyzed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, revealing at least three types of reaction from the leukocytes to the parasite: the projection of filopodia, formation of a tunnel-like projection involving the parasite, and invagination of the leukocyte surface at the point of entry. The influence on infectivity of tyrosine kinase, phosphokinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase cell signaling pathways were studied with the aid of drugs affecting these enzymes in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A MacLaren
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-900, Brazil
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42
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Taylor RJ, Schols D, Wooley DP. Restricted entry of R5 HIV Type 1 strains into eosinophilic cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:1244-53. [PMID: 15588346 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell culture system previously developed by our laboratory demonstrated that T cell-tropic (CXCR4-using) but not macrophage-tropic (CCR5-using) HIV-1 strains productively infected eosinophilic cells. In the current study, an improved model was used to determine the level of this viral restriction by assessing viral entry and coreceptor usage. The model was improved by using AML14.3D10 cells that were engineered to express CCR3 in addition to the major HIV-1 coreceptors, CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5, thus making them more like primary eosinophils. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect viral entry. In the PCR assay, primers specific for early reverse transcription products were used to amplify minus strand viral DNA from HIV-1-infected AML14.3D10-CCR3 eosinophilic cells. Coreceptor blocking experiments, using the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, were performed to determine coreceptor usage by the CXCR4-using (X4) strain known to productively infect the cells. Virus production was measured by p24 immunoassay. As expected, viral DNA was detected in AML14.3D10-CCR3 cells infected with X4 HIV-1, and cell viability was decreased during maximal viral production. Conversely, viral DNA was not detected in eosinophilic cells exposed to a CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 strain that is also capable of using CCR3, indicating that R5 HIV-1 is unable to enter eosinophilic cells despite the presence of the appropriate coreceptors. Infection of AML14.3D10-CCR3 cells by HTLV-III(B) was completely inhibited by AMD3100, indicating that X4 HIV-1 enters the AML14.3D10-CCR3 cell line by using the CXCR4 coreceptor exclusively. Since X4 strains predominate during the late stages of HIV-1 infection in many patients, when eosinophil numbers also tend to increase, the ability of these HIV-1 strains to infect eosinophilic cells has important implications for the involvement of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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43
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Zhu Y, Chen L, Huang Z, Alkan S, Bunting KD, Wen R, Wang D, Huang H. Cutting edge: IL-5 primes Th2 cytokine-producing capacity in eosinophils through a STAT5-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2918-22. [PMID: 15322148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both type-2 CD4(+) Th cells (CD4(+)Th2) and type-2 innate effector cells play critical roles in generating type-2 immunity that can either be protective against parasitic infection or cause tissue damage in allergy and asthma. How innate effector cells acquire the capacity to produce Th2 cytokines is not entirely known. We previously showed that IL-4 induced differentiation of Th2 cytokine-producing eosinophils. To determine whether other Th2 cytokines can also induce Th2 cytokine-producing capacity in innate effector cells, we cultured bone marrow progenitor cells in the presence of various Th2 cytokines. IL-5, but not IL-13 or IL-25, primed bone marrow progenitor cells to differentiate into robust IL-4-producing cells. The majority of IL-4-producing cells induced by IL-5 were eosinophils. Importantly, IL-5 completely depended on STAT5 to promote IL-4-producing capacity in eosinophils. Thus, our study demonstrates that IL-5 functions as a potent factor that drives bone marrow progenitor cells into IL-4-producing eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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44
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Oka S, Ikeda S, Kishimoto S, Gokoh M, Yanagimoto S, Waku K, Sugiura T. 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, induces the migration of EoL-1 human eosinophilic leukemia cells and human peripheral blood eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1002-9. [PMID: 15316028 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0404252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand. To date, two types of cannabinoid receptors have been identified: the CB1 receptor, abundantly expressed in the brain, and the CB2 receptor, expressed in various lymphoid tissues such as the spleen. The CB1 receptor has been assumed to play an important role in the regulation of synaptic transmission, whereas the physiological roles of the CB2 receptor remain obscure. In this study, we examined whether the CB2 receptor is present in human eosinophils and found that the CB2 receptor is expressed in human peripheral blood eosinophils. In contrast, human neutrophils do not contain a significant amount of the CB2 receptor. We then examined the effect of 2-AG on the motility of eosinophils. We found that 2-AG induces the migration of human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells. The migration evoked by 2-AG was abolished in the presence of SR144528, a CB2 receptor antagonist, or by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, suggesting that the CB2 receptor and Gi/o are involved in the 2-AG-induced migration. The migration of EoL-1 cells induced by 2-AG was suggested to be a result of chemotaxis. In contrast to 2-AG, neither anandamide nor free arachidonic acid elicited the migration. Finally, we examined the effect of 2-AG on human peripheral blood eosinophils and neutrophils and found that 2-AG induces migration of eosinophils but not neutrophils. These results suggest that the CB2 receptor and its endogenous ligand 2-AG may be closely involved in allergic inflammation accompanied by the infiltration of eosinophils.
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MESH Headings
- Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Camphanes/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology
- Endocannabinoids
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Eosinophils/physiology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/drug effects
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Glycerides/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity/physiopathology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/physiology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Oka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan
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45
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Phipps S, Flood-Page P, Menzies-Gow A, Ong YE, Kay AB. Intravenous anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody reduces eosinophils and tenascin deposition in allergen-challenged human atopic skin. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1406-12. [PMID: 15175031 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (mepolizumab) reduces baseline bronchial mucosal eosinophils and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins in the reticular basement membrane in mild asthma. Here we report the effect of anti-IL-5, in the same patients, on allergen-induced eosinophil accumulation, tenascin deposition (as a marker of repair and remodelling) and the magnitude of the late-phase allergic cutaneous reaction. Skin biopsies were performed in 24 atopic subjects at allergen- and diluent-injected sites before 6 and 48 h after, three infusions of a humanized, monoclonal antibody against IL-5 (mepolizumab) using a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Anti-IL-5 significantly inhibited eosinophil infiltration in 6 h and 48 h skin biopsies as well as the numbers of tenascin immunoreactive cells at 48 h. In contrast, anti-IL-5 had no significant effect on the size of the 6 or 48 h late-phase cutaneous allergic reaction. This study (a) suggests that eosinophils are unlikely to cause the redness, swelling, and induration characteristic of the peak (6 h) late-phase cutaneous allergic reaction and (b) shows that decreases in tenascin positive cells at 48 h correlates with reduction of eosinophils, so providing further evidence of involvement in remodelling processes associated with allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Phipps
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, NHLI Division, London, UK
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46
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Matsumoto K, Terakawa M, Miura K, Fukuda S, Nakajima T, Saito H. Extremely rapid and intense induction of apoptosis in human eosinophils by anti-CD30 antibody treatment in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2186-93. [PMID: 14764685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important cellular mechanism for controlling cell viability and proliferation. With respect to eosinophils, cytokines prolong their survival, whereas corticosteroids reduce their survival in vitro. CD30, a member of the TNFR family, is expressed on the surface of many cell types, including Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. CD30 is capable of inducing apoptosis after Ab treatment in some cell lines. To determine whether this surface structure is involved in apoptosis of human eosinophils, we examined its expression and the effect of anti-CD30 Ab treatment on the viability of eosinophils. Purified human eosinophils expressed low, but consistently detectable, levels of CD30. Immobilized, but not soluble, forms of anti-CD30 Abs (HRS-4 and Ber-H8) or recombinant mouse CD30 ligand exhibited an extremely rapid and intense survival-reducing effect on the eosinophils in the presence of exogenous IL-5; this effect was both concentration and time dependent. Furthermore, high concentrations of IL-5 could not reverse the reduced survival rates. After treatment with anti-CD30 Ab, gel electrophoresis of DNA extracted from the eosinophils demonstrated changes consistent with apoptosis. The immobilized F(ab')(2) of the anti-CD30 Ab failed to induce eosinophil apoptosis. The addition of anti-CD18 Ab also completely abrogated the induction of eosinophil apoptosis. Further examination using specific signal transduction inhibitors suggested the involvement of p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2, and specific tyrosine kinase, but not NF-kappaB, in the induction of CD30-mediated eosinophil apoptosis. These data demonstrate that CD30 can modify eosinophil survival by causing an extremely rapid and intense induction of apoptosis through a tightly regulated intracellular signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsumoto
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Wong WSF, Leong KP. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a new approach for asthma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1697:53-69. [PMID: 15023350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic asthma involves the interplay of inflammatory cells and airway-resident cells, and of their secreted mediators including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and inflammatory mediators. Receptor tyrosine kinases are important for the pathogenesis of airway remodeling. Activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor kinase and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor kinase leads to hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells and goblet cells. Stimulation of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g. Lyn, Lck, Syk, ZAP-70, Fyn, Btk, Itk) is the earliest detectable signaling response upon antigen-induced immunoreceptor activation in inflammatory cells. Cytokine receptor dimerization upon ligand stimulation induces activation of Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs), leading to recruitment and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) for selective gene expression regulation. Activation of chemokine receptors can trigger JAK-STAT pathway, Lck, Fyn, Lyn, Fgr, and Syk/Zap-70 to induce chemotaxis of inflammatory cells. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases have been shown in vitro to block growth factor-induced hyperplasia of airway-resident cells; antigen-induced inflammatory cell activation and cytokine synthesis; cytokine-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression in inflammatory and airway cells; and chemokine-induced chemotaxis of inflammatory cells. Recently, anti-inflammatory effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. genistein, tyrphostin AG213, piceatannol, tyrphostin AG490, WHI-P97, WHI-P131, Syk antisense) in animal models of allergic asthma have been reported. Therefore, development of inhibitors of tyrosine kinases can be a very attractive strategy for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Fred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD2 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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48
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Feistritzer C, Kaneider NC, Sturn DH, Wiedermann CJ. Syndecan-4-dependent migration of human eosinophils. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:696-703. [PMID: 15144459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important participants in cell surface signalling and critical in controlling cell behaviour. They modulate inflammatory cell maturation and activation, leucocyte rolling, adhesion to endothelium as well as extravasation and chemotaxis. Whether eosinophil's function is affected has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of transgenic, recombinant anti-thrombin III and Kybernin P, an anti-thrombin III concentrate, as HSPG ligands on spontaneous and chemokine-triggered migration of normal eosinophils from human peripheral blood in modified Boyden chamber micropore filter assays. METHODS Eosinophils from human peripheral blood were purified using magnetic antibody cell sorting. The signalling mechanisms required for anti-thrombin-dependent migration were studied using signalling enzyme blockers. Expression of HSPG core protein mRNA was studied by PCR. RESULTS Pre-treatment of eosinophils with anti-thrombin III inhibited chemotaxis toward optimal concentrations of eotaxin or RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and activated). In the absence of the chemokines, direct exposure to gradients of anti-thrombin III stimulated eosinophil migration. The effects of anti-thrombin III were abolished by pre-treating cells with heparinase-1, chondroitinase, sodium chlorate and anti-syndecan-4 antibodies. Syndecan-4 gene expression in eosinophils was confirmed in PCR. In the presence of pentasaccharide, anti-thrombin III lost its effect on the cells. Functional responses were also abrogated by inhibition of protein kinase C, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phosphodiesterase. CONCLUSION Data indicate that anti-thrombin III affects eosinophil motility via the effects of its heparin-binding site on cell surface syndecan-4. Ligation of syndecan-4 with anti-thrombin III induces eosinophil migration and deactivates motility toward chemokines. These observations suggest that syndecan-4-dependent signalling may control eosinophil locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feistritzer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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49
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a common organism associated with bacterial keratitis, especially in those who use extended wear contact lenses. Recent advances in our understanding of host innate and adaptive immune responses to experimental infection have been made using a variety of animal models, including inbred murine models that are classed as resistant (cornea heals) vs. susceptible (cornea perforates). Evidence has been provided that sustained IL-12-driven IFN-gamma production in dominant Th1 responder strains such as C57BL/6 (B6) contributes to corneal destruction and perforation, while IL-18-driven production of IFN-gamma in the absence of IL-12 is associated with bacterial killing and less corneal destruction in dominant Th2 responder strains such as BALB/c. The critical role of IL-1 and chemotactic cytokines such as MIP-2 in PMN recruitment and the critical role of this cell in the innate immune response to bacterial infection is reviewed. Regulation of PMN persistence is also discussed and evidence provided that persistence of PMN in B6 cornea is regulated by CD4+ T cells, while macrophages regulate PMN number in the cornea of BALB/c mice. The studies provide a better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that are operative in the cornea after P. aeruginosa challenge and are consistent with long-term goals of providing targets for alternative or adjunctive treatment for this disease. Future studies will be aimed at better defining the role of Toll receptors, neuropeptides (as unconventional modulators of the immune response) and exploitation of disease control by new techniques, such as RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Dondero Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield, Room 7341, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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50
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Lasco TM, Turner OC, Cassone L, Sugawara I, Yamada H, McMurray DN, Orme IM. Rapid accumulation of eosinophils in lung lesions in guinea pigs infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1147-9. [PMID: 14742563 PMCID: PMC321605 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.2.1147-1149.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pig eosinophils were positively identified in bronchoalveolar lavage populations and in the lung granulomas of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected guinea pigs. It is possible that the rapid influx of these cells, and their subsequent degranulation during acute pulmonary tuberculosis, may play a key role in the susceptibility of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Lasco
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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