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Montano Almendras CP, Thudium CS, Löfvall H, Moscatelli I, Schambach A, Henriksen K, Richter J. Forced expression of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor in CD34 + cells promotes monocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo but blunts osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Eur J Haematol 2017; 98:517-526. [PMID: 28160330 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we tested the hypothesis that human M-CSF (hM-CSF) overexpressed in cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells would induce differentiation and survival of monocytes and osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human M-CSF was overexpressed in cord blood CD34+ cells using a lentiviral vector. RESULTS We show that LV-hM-CSF-transduced CB CD34+ cells expand 3.6- and 8.5-fold more with one or two exposures to the hM-CSF-expressing vector, respectively, when compared to control cells. Likewise, LV-hM-CSF-transduced CB CD34+ cells show significantly higher levels of monocytes. In addition, these cells produced high levels of hM-CSF. Furthermore, they are able to differentiate into functional bone-resorbing osteoclasts in vitro. However, osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption were blunted compared to control CD34+ cells receiving exogenous hM-CSF. NSG mice engrafted with LV-hM-CSF-transduced CB CD34+ cells have physiological levels of hM-CSF production that result in an increase in the percentage of human monocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow as well as in the spleen, lung and liver. CONCLUSION In summary, ectopic production of human M-CSF in CD34+ cells promotes cellular expansion and monocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo and allows for the formation of functional osteoclasts, albeit at reduced levels, without an exogenous source of M-CSF, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Löfvall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, BMC A12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ilana Moscatelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, BMC A12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Johan Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, BMC A12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Shim JY, Han Y, Ahn JY, Yun YS, Song JY. Chemoprotective and Adjuvant Effects of Immunomodulator Ginsan in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Normal and Tumor Bearing Mice. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:487-97. [PMID: 17880762 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsan is a polysaccharide extracted from Panax ginseng that is known to have multiple immunomodulatory effects. This study evaluates the chemoprotective effect of ginsan on normal mice and the adjuvant effect on tumor bearing mice in combination with cyclophosphamide (CP). Ginsan (100 mg/kg) was injected 24 h before or after a sublethal dose of a CP treatment. The mice pre-treated with ginsan all died within 10 days whereas up to 53% of the mice post-treated with ginsan increased survival to day 30 compared with only 10% in the CP alone treated group on day 30. The post-treatment of ginsan accelerated the recovery of the bone marrow cells and blood neutrophils by approximately 1.3- and 1.75-fold compared to CP treated control mice at 5 days after CP administration, respectively. These marked differences in activity between the pre- and post-treatment of ginsan with CP was clarified by examining the mRNA expression levels of several cytokines in spleen cells and the self-renewal potential of hematopoietic progenitor cells, CFU-s. The post-treatment with ginsan increased the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, SCF, and GM-CSF with respect to that of the CP alone or ginsan pre-treated group. Similarly, the number of CFU-s was significantly higher in the mice post-treated with ginsan. The inhibition of tumor growth and survival elongation was also observed when ginsan was administered 24 h after the CP treatment. These results show that the post-treatment with ginsan had an immunomodulating and adjuvant effect in combination with CP, which indicates its wide applications in reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy and improving the general conditions of patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/isolation & purification
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/therapeutic use
- Blood Cell Count
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Panax/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides/isolation & purification
- Polysaccharides/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Immunology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Paina FA, Miranda JC, Tavares CFDF, Queiroz RHDC, Souza AMD. WBC count and functional changes induced by co-administration of clofazimine and clarithromycin, in single and multiple doses, in Wistar rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502012000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clofazimine and clarithromycin are used to treat leprosy and infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Little data on the toxicity of co-administration of these two drugs are available. Here we evaluated the potential adverse effects of polytherapy with these two drugs in male Wistar rats by determining WBCs counts and other blood cell counts, neutrophilic phagocytosis, and burst oxidative, by flow cytometry. We observed an increase in WBCs, in multiple-dose regimens, and in polymorphonuclear cells, in both single- clarithromycin only and multiple dose regimens. We also observed a reduction in mononuclear cell counts in single and multiple doses. The drugs seem to reverse the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell ratio. An increase in oxidative burst was observed in animals treated with the drugs administered either individually or combined. In conclusion, clofazimine and clarithromycin change WBCs counts. Our results may contribute for a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the effects of co-administrating the two drugs.
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Abstract
Humanized mouse models are useful tools to understand pathophysiology and to develop therapies for human diseases. While significant progress has been made in generating immunocompromised mice with a human hematopoietic system, there are still several shortcomings, one of which is poor human myelopoiesis. Here, we report that human CSF-1 knockin mice show augmented frequencies and functions of human myeloid cells. Insertion of human CSF1 into the corresponding mouse locus of Balb/c Rag2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice through VELOCIGENE technology resulted in faithful expression of human CSF-1 in these mice both qualitatively and quantitatively. Intra-hepatic transfer of human fetal liver derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (CD34(+)) in humanized CSF-1 (CSF1(h/h)) newborn mice resulted in more efficient differentiation and enhanced frequencies of human monocytes/macrophages in the bone marrow, spleens, peripheral blood, lungs, liver and peritoneal cavity. Human monocytes/macrophages obtained from the humanized CSF-1 mice show augmented functional properties including migration, phagocytosis, activation and responses to LPS. Thus, humanized mice engineered to express human cytokines will significantly help to overcome the current technical challenges in the field. In addition, humanized CSF-1 mice will be a valuable experimental model to study human myeloid cell biology.
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5
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Chen D, Zuo G, Li C, Hu X, Guan T, Jiang R, Li J, Lin X, Li F, Luo C, Wang H, Lei C, Long X, Wang Y, Wang J. Total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG) promote erythroid differentiation of human CD34+ cells via EpoR-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:215-220. [PMID: 19735711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG), main constituents extracted from Panax ginseng, a highly valued traditional Chinese medicine, have been shown to be an effective agent on hematopoiesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism underlying in which TSPG promote human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to differentiate into erythroid-lineage cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of TSPG on erythroid differentiation of purified CD34(+) cells derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) was determined by methylcellulose assay system and colorimetry for hemoglobin content. The changes of EpoR expression in umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MNCs) and purified CD34(+) cells were detected with Western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively, and observed under laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). RT-PCR was performed to examine EpoR mRNA expression in CD34(+) cells. The effects of TSPG-pretreatment on Epo-induced JAK(2) and STAT(5) tyrosine phosphorylation were analyzed by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The addition of TSPG (20-70 mg/L) increased the colony formation rate of BFU-E. TSPG (50 mg/L) alone used significantly increased the hemoglobin content, the addition of AG490 evidently reduced TSPG-induced elevation of hemoglobin content. TSPG increased the expression of EpoR on the surface membrane of CD34(+) cells but did not change the expression of EpoR in total UCB-MNCs. TSPG also increased the expression of EpoR mRNA in CD34(+) cells. TSPG markedly enhanced Epo-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK(2) and STAT(5) in UCB-MNCs. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TSPG may enhance the erythroid differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells via Epo/EpoR-mediated JAK(2)/STAT(5) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Brendt P, Horwat A, Schäfer ST, Dreyer SC, Göthert J, Peters J. Lipopolysaccharide evokes resistance to erythropoiesis induced by the long-acting erythropoietin analogue darbepoetin alfa in rats. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:705-11. [PMID: 19690235 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181adc80f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is common in patients with sepsis but its mechanism is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that effects on erythropoiesis evoked by darbepoetin alfa (DA), a long-acting erythropoietin analog, are diminished by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS We performed a prospective, controlled, randomized animal study (male Lewis rats n = 44). The interventions we used were intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli LPS (10 mg/kg) or vehicle followed by either DA (25 microg/kg) or vehicle (four experimental groups). Blood and reticulocyte counts and variables of iron metabolism were measured at baseline and 3 and 14 days after interventions. RESULTS Animals treated with DA alone showed an eightfold increase in reticulocyte count from baseline on Day 3, whereas no increase was seen in animals administered LPS or LPS/DA. On Day 14, the red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration had increased by approximately 10% from baseline (P < 0.001) in the DA group but had decreased after LPS on Days 3 and 14 (P < 0.05) and in animals administered LPS/DA. Consumption of iron was seen on Day 3 in the DA group but not after LPS or LPS/DA combined. Values of ferritin and transferrin did not change between groups. CONCLUSION LPS abolishes erythropoiesis and iron use evoked by DA and this is accompanied by a decrease in hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell concentration. Accordingly, endotoxin suppresses DAs ability to increase erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brendt
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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7
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Kundrapu K, Colenberg L, Duhé RJ. Activation loop tyrosines allow the JAK2(V617F) mutant to attain hyperactivation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 52:103-12. [PMID: 18841497 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-008-9025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A gain-of-function mutation (V617F) in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2 is frequently present in patients with myeloproliferative disorders such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. This mutation might serve as an important diagnostic biomarker for these uncommon diseases and may represent a target for novel therapy. It is imperative that a well-defined molecular mechanism be provided to account for the gain of function. This manuscript focuses on whether the V617F mutation is sufficient to cause constitutive activation of the enzyme. The evidence presented suggests that the V617F mutation would not cause constitutive activation because its hyperactivating effect is not observed when the mutation is combined with the YY1007,1008FF mutations. The phosphorylation of these two tyrosines within the activation loop is generally accepted as an essential step in the enzyme's normal transition from a basal state of activity to a fully active catalytic state following cytokine receptor stimulation. These observations are consistent with an interpretation that V617F-induced hyperactivation does not supersede the requirement for receptor-mediated activation, as others have shown by combining the V617F mutation with critical mutations in the enzyme's FERM domain. Thus, JAK2(V617F) should be considered as a hyperactive kinase rather than a constitutively active kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanakadurga Kundrapu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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8
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Ramos-Mandujano G, Weiss-Steider B, Melo B, Córdova Y, Ledesma-Martínez E, Bustos S, Silvestre O, Aguiñiga I, Sosa N, Martínez I, Sánchez L, García A, Santiago-Osorio E. Alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins inhibit the proliferation of the myeloid cell lines 32D cl3 and WEHI-3 and exhibit different differentiation properties. Immunobiology 2008; 213:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Frontelo P, Manwani D, Galdass M, Karsunky H, Lohmann F, Gallagher PG, Bieker JJ. Novel role for EKLF in megakaryocyte lineage commitment. Blood 2007; 110:3871-80. [PMID: 17715392 PMCID: PMC2190608 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-082065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes and erythroid cells are thought to derive from a common progenitor during hematopoietic differentiation. Although a number of transcriptional regulators are important for this process, they do not explain the bipotential result. We now show by gain- and loss-of-function studies that erythroid Krüppel-like factor (EKLF), a transcription factor whose role in erythroid gene regulation is well established, plays an unexpected directive role in the megakaryocyte lineage. EKLF inhibits the formation of megakaryocytes while at the same time stimulating erythroid differentiation. Quantitative examination of expression during hematopoiesis shows that, unlike genes whose presence is required for establishment of both lineages, EKLF is uniquely down-regulated in megakaryocytes after formation of the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor. Expression profiling and molecular analyses support these observations and suggest that megakaryocytic inhibition is achieved, at least in part, by EKLF repression of Fli-1 message levels.
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10
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Bugelski PJ, Nesspor T, Volk A, O'Brien J, Makropoulos D, Shamberger K, Fisher PW, James I, Graden D, Capocasale RJ. Pharmacodynamics of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Murine Bone Marrow. Pharm Res 2007; 25:369-78. [PMID: 17609863 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Originally approved for three times/week dosing, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is now often used at weekly intervals. We have studied rhEPO in mice to better understand why the extended dosing interval retains efficacy. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice received a single sc. dose of rhEPO (3,000 IU/kg). Bone marrow and blood were collected at 8 h and 1, 2, 5 and 7 days. Staining for TER-119 and CD71, pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine, annexin-V binding and vital staining with 7-aminoactinomycin D: were used cell cycle and apoptosis in erythroblasts by four color flow cytometry. RESULTS A wave of proliferation and/or maturation progressed through all erythroblasts, resulting in the emigration of immature reticulocytes into the periphery. An increase in the fraction of erythroblasts in S and G2M was found, but suppression of apoptosis was not. CONCLUSIONS Most of the effects of rhEPO occurred 48 h after dosing, when the concentration of rhEPO was less than 1% of Cmax, suggesting that the processes set in motion by rhEPO can continue after rhEPO concentrations fall. Our observation of apoptosis in erythroblasts even when rhEPO concentrations were high suggests that regulatory mechanisms which down-regulate erythropoiesis are also engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bugelski
- Discovery Research, Centocor Research & Development, Inc., Radnor, SP 19087, USA.
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11
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Quinn J, Fisher PW, Capocasale RJ, Achuthanandam R, Kam M, Bugelski PJ, Hrebien L. A statistical pattern recognition approach for determining cellular viability and lineage phenotype in cultured cells and murine bone marrow. Cytometry A 2007; 71:612-24. [PMID: 17542025 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular binding of annexin V and membrane permeability to 7-aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) are important tools for studying apoptosis and cell death by flow cytometry. Combining viability markers with cell surface marker expression is routinely used to study various cell lineages. Current classification methods using strict thresholds, or "gates," on the fluorescent intensity of these markers are subjective in nature and may not fully describe the phenotypes of interest. We have developed objective criteria for phenotypic boundary recognition through the application of statistical pattern recognition. This task was achieved using artificial neural networks (ANNs) that were trained to recognize subsets of cells with known phenotypes, and then used to determine decision boundaries based on statistical measures of similarity. This approach was then used to test the hypothesis that erythropoietin (EPO) inhibits apoptosis and cell death in erythroid precursor cells in murine bone marrow. METHODS Our method was developed for classification of viability using an in vitro cell system and then applied to an ex vivo analysis of murine late-stage erythroid progenitors. To induce apoptosis and cell death in vitro, an EPO-dependent human leukemic cell line, UT-7(EPO) cells were incubated without recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) for 72 h. Five different ANNs were trained to recognize live, apoptotic, and dead cells using a "known" subset of the data for training, and a K-fold cross validation procedure for error estimation. The ANNs developed with the in vitro system were then applied to classify cells from an ex vivo study of rhEPO treated mice. Tg197 (human tumor necrosis-alpha transgenic mice, a model of anemia of chronic disease) received a single s.c. dose of 10,000 U/kg rhEPO and femoral bone marrow was collected 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after dosing. Femoral bone marrow cells were stained with TER-119 PE, CD71 APC enable identification of erythroid precursors, and annexin V FITC and 7AAD to identify the apoptotic and dead cells. During classification forward and side angle light scatter were also input to all pattern recognition systems. RESULTS Similar decision boundaries between live, apoptotic, and dead cells were consistently identified by the neural networks. The best performing network was a radial basis function multi-perceptron that produced an estimated average error rate of 4.5% +/- 0.9%. Using these boundaries, the following results were reached: depriving UT-7(EPO) cells of rhEPO induced apoptosis and cell death while the addition of rhEPO rescued the cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, treatment with rhEPO resulted in an increase of live erythroid cells in the bone marrow to 119.8% +/- 9.8% of control at the 8 day time point. However, a statistically significant transient increase in TER-119(+) CD71(+) 7AAD(+) dead erythroid precursors was observed at the 1 and 2 day time points with a corresponding decrease in TER-119(+) CD71(+) 7AAD(-) Annexin V(-) live erythroid precursors, and no change in the number of TER-119(+) CD71(+) annexin V(+) 7AAD(-) apoptotic erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS A statistical pattern recognition approach to viability classification provides an objective rationale for setting decision boundaries between "positive" and "negative" intensity measures in cytometric data. Using this approach we have confirmed that rhEPO inhibits apoptosis and cell death in an EPO dependent cell line in vitro, but failed to do so in vivo, suggesting EPO may not act as a simple antiapoptotic agent in the bone marrow. Rather, homeostatic mechanisms may regulate the pharmacodynamic response to rhEPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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12
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Bickford PC, Tan J, Shytle RD, Sanberg CD, El-Badri N, Sanberg PR. Nutraceuticals synergistically promote proliferation of human stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 15:118-23. [PMID: 16522169 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A viable alternative to stem cell transplantation is to design approaches that stimulate endogenous stem cells to promote healing and regenerative medicine. Many natural compounds have been shown to promote healing; however, the effects of these compounds on stem cells have not been investigated. We report here the effects of several natural compounds on the proliferation of human bone marrow and human CD34(+) and CD133(+) cells. A dose-related effect of blueberry, green tea, catechin, carnosine, and vitamin D(3) was observed on proliferation with human bone marrow as compared with human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF). We further show that combinations of nutrients produce a synergistic effect to promote proliferation of human hematopoietic progenitors. This demonstrates that nutrients can act to promote healing via an interaction with stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Bickford
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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13
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Tong W, Zhang J, Lodish HF. Lnk inhibits erythropoiesis and Epo-dependent JAK2 activation and downstream signaling pathways. Blood 2005; 105:4604-12. [PMID: 15705783 PMCID: PMC1894992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo), along with its receptor EpoR, is the principal regulator of red cell development. Upon Epo addition, the EpoR signaling through the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) activates multiple pathways including Stat5, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K)/Akt, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The adaptor protein Lnk is implicated in cytokine receptor signaling. Here, we showed that Lnk-deficient mice have elevated numbers of erythroid progenitors, and that splenic erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-e) progenitors are hypersensitive to Epo. Lnk(-/-) mice also exhibit superior recovery after erythropoietic stress. In addition, Lnk deficiency resulted in enhanced Epo-induced signaling pathways in splenic erythroid progenitors. Conversely, Lnk overexpression inhibits Epo-induced cell growth in 32D/EpoR cells. In primary culture of fetal liver cells, Lnk overexpression inhibits Epo-dependent erythroblast differentiation and induces apoptosis. Lnk blocks 3 major signaling pathways, Stat5, Akt, and MAPK, induced by Epo in primary erythroblasts. In addition, the Lnk Src homology 2 (SH2) domain is essential for its inhibitory function, whereas the conserved tyrosine near the C-terminus and the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Lnk are not critical. Furthermore, wild-type Lnk, but not the Lnk SH2 mutant, becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated following Epo administration and inhibits EpoR phosphorylation and JAK2 activation. Hence, Lnk, through its SH2 domain, negatively modulates EpoR signaling by attenuating JAK2 activation, and regulates Epo-mediated erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tong
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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14
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Jones B, Adams S, Miller GT, Jesson MI, Watanabe T, Wallner BP. Hematopoietic stimulation by a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor reveals a novel regulatory mechanism and therapeutic treatment for blood cell deficiencies. Blood 2003; 102:1641-8. [PMID: 12738665 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In hematopoiesis, cytokine levels modulate blood cell replacement, self-renewal of stem cells, and responses to disease. Feedback pathways regulating cytokine levels and targets for therapeutic intervention remain to be determined. Amino boronic dipeptides are orally bioavailable inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidases. Here we show that the high-affinity inhibitor Val-boro-Pro (PT-100) can stimulate the growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells in vivo and can accelerate neutrophil and erythrocyte regeneration in mouse models of neutropenia and acute anemia. Hematopoietic stimulation by PT-100 correlated with increased cytokine levels in vivo. In vitro, PT-100 promoted the growth of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells by increasing granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-11 production by bone marrow stromal cells. Two molecular targets of PT-100 are expressed by stromal cells- CD26/DPP-IV and the closely related fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Because PT-100 was active in the absence of CD26, FAP appears to be the hematopoietic target for PT-100. Interaction of PT-100 with the catalytic site seems to be required because amino-terminal acetylation of PT-100 abrogated enzyme inhibition and hematopoietic stimulation. PT-100 is a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of neutropenia and anemia. The data support increasing evidence that dipeptidyl peptidases can regulate complex biologic systems by the proteolysis of signaling peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Jones
- Point Therapeutics Inc, 75 Kneeland St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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15
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Brisken C, Socolovsky M, Lodish HF, Weinberg R. The signaling domain of the erythropoietin receptor rescues prolactin receptor-mutant mammary epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14241-5. [PMID: 12381781 PMCID: PMC137868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.222549599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine hormones prolactin and erythropoietin mediate tissue-specific developmental outcomes by activating their cognate receptors, prolactin receptor (PrlR) and erythropoietin receptor (EpoR), respectively. The EpoR is essential for red blood cell formation, whereas a principal function of PrlR is in the development of the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation [Ormandy, C., et al. (1997) Genes Dev. 11, 167-178]. The instructive model of differentiation proposes that such distinct, cytokine-dependent developmental outcomes are a result of cytokine receptor-unique signals that bring about induction of lineage-specific genes. This view was challenged by our finding that an exogenously expressed PrlR could rescue EpoR(-/-) erythroid progenitors and mediate their differentiation into red blood cells. Together with similar findings in other hematopoietic lineages, this suggested that cytokine receptors do not play an instructive role in hematopoietic differentiation. Here, we show that these findings are not limited to the hematopoietic system but are of more general relevance to cytokine-dependent differentiation. We demonstrate that the developmental defect of PrlR(-/-) mammary epithelium is rescued by an exogenously expressed chimeric receptor (prl-EpoR) containing the PrlR extracellular domain joined to the EpoR transmembrane and intracellular domains. Like the wild-type PrlR, the prl-EpoR rescued alveologenesis and milk secretion in PrlR(-/-) mammary epithelium. These results suggest that, in cell types as unrelated as erythrocytes and mammary epithelial cells, cytokine receptors employ similar, generic signals that permit the expression of predetermined, tissue-specific differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Brisken
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Abstract
It has been known since the 1950s that phenothiazines have immunomodulatory effects. This review summarizes recent evidence suggesting that antipsychotic drugs, in particular chlorpromazine and the atypical compound clozapine, influence the production of cytokines. Cytokines, organized in networks of related peptides with pleiotropic functions, are pivotal humoral mediators of infection and inflammation, and they play an important role in hematopoiesis and autoimmunity. Therefore, the effects of antipsychotic drugs on cytokine networks are important for the understanding of immune-mediated side effects of these drugs, e.g. agranulocytosis. In addition, modulation of cytokine production by antipsychotic agents suggests that these drugs might be useful for the treatment of diseases which primarily involve the immune system. Moreover, because cytokines are known to have numerous effects on the CNS, they may mediate effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain functions. Finally, the influence of antipsychotic drugs on cytokine networks is an important confounding factor in studies investigating disease-related immunopathology in psychiatric disorders. This review provides a synopsis of the data published on these topics and outlines future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pollmächer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
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Constantinescu SN. Stem cell generation and choice of fate: role of cytokines and cellular microenvironment. J Cell Mol Med 2000; 4:233-248. [PMID: 12067458 PMCID: PMC6517819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2000.tb00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have provided a model for the isolation, enrichment and transplantation of stem cells. Gene targeting studies in mice have shown that expression of the thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR) is linked to the accumulation of HSCs capable to generate long-term blood repopulation when injected into irradiated mice. The powerful increase in vivo in HSC numbers by retrovirally transduced HOX4B, a homeotic gene, along with the role of the TpoR, suggested that stem cell fate, renewal, differentiation and number can be controlled. The discovery of the precise region of the mouse embryo where HSCs originate and the isolation of supporting stromal cell lines open the possibility of identifying the precise signals required for HSC choice of fate. The completion of human genome sequencing coupled with advances in gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays will enable the identification of key genes deciding the fate of stem cells. Downstream from HSCs, multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells appear to co-express a multiplicity of genes characteristic of different blood lineages. Genomic approaches will permit the identification of the select group of genes consolidated by the commitment of these multipotent progenitors towards one or the other of the blood lineages. Studies with neural stem cells pointed to the unexpected plastic nature of these cells. Isolation of stem cells from multiple tissues may suggest that, providing the appropriate environment/ signal, tissues could be regenerated in the laboratory and used for transplantation. A spectacular example of influence of the environment on cell fate was revealed decades ago by using mouse embryonic stem cells (ES). Injected into blastocysts, ES cells contribute to the formation of all adult tissues. Injected into adult mice, ES cells become cancer cells. After multiple passages as ascites, when injected back into the blastocyst environment, ES- derived cancer cells behaved again as ES cells. More recently, the successful cloning of mammals and reprogramming of transferred nuclei by factors in the cytoplasm of oocytes turned back the clock by showing that differentiated nuclei can be "re-booted" to generate again the stem cells for different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch of Cancer Genetics, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCL 74 +4, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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