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Chenavier F, Estrozi LF, Teulon JM, Zarkadas E, Freslon LL, Pellequer JL, Ruigrok RW, Schoehn G, Ballandras-Colas A, Crépin T. Cryo-EM structure of influenza helical nucleocapsid reveals NP-NP and NP-RNA interactions as a model for the genome encapsidation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj9974. [PMID: 38100595 PMCID: PMC10848707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus genome encapsidation is essential for the formation of a helical viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex composed of nucleoproteins (NP), the trimeric polymerase, and the viral genome. Although low-resolution vRNP structures are available, it remains unclear how the viral RNA is encapsidated and how NPs assemble into the helical filament specific of influenza vRNPs. In this study, we established a biological tool, the RNP-like particles assembled from recombinant influenza A virus NP and synthetic RNA, and we present the first subnanometric cryo-electron microscopy structure of the helical NP-RNA complex (8.7 to 5.3 Å). The helical RNP-like structure reveals a parallel double-stranded conformation, allowing the visualization of NP-NP and NP-RNA interactions. The RNA, located at the interface of neighboring NP protomers, interacts with conserved residues previously described as essential for the NP-RNA interaction. The NP undergoes conformational changes to enable RNA binding and helix formation. Together, our findings provide relevant insights for understanding the mechanism for influenza genome encapsidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guy Schoehn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Thibaut Crépin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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2
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Whittaker G, Bui M, Helenius A. The role of nuclear import and export in influenza virus infection. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 6:67-71. [PMID: 15157497 DOI: 10.1016/0962-8924(96)81017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza virus involves a complex series of nuclear import and export events. Early in infection, incoming viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) are imported into the nucleus. Later, viral transcripts are exported from the nucleus, newly synthesized structural proteins are transported back into the nucleus and, finally, newly assembled vRNPs are exported. All these import and export steps, and, in particular, the bidirectional traffic of vRNPs rely on the transport machinery of the cell, but are regulated both by viral and cellular factors. The viral MI protein serves as the master organizer in determining the directionality of vRNP transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Whittaker
- Dept of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA
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3
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Park KJ. Evaluation of in vitro antiviral activity in methanol extracts against in fl uenza virus type A from Korean medicinal plants. Phytother Res 2004; 17:1059-63. [PMID: 14595587 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Methanol extracts from 101 Korean medicinal plants were tested for inhibitory activity against influenza virus type A by means of a modified haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. MM-57, MM-72, MM-104 and MM-110, four of 101 extracts tested exhibited strong anti-influenza virus type A activity at concentration ranges of 0.78-6.25 mg/mL, 0.78-3.13 mg/mL, 0.78-1.56 mg/mL and 0.0975-0.39 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts MM-57, MM-72 and MM-110 showed very strong anti-influenza virus type A activity in the range 1.56-6.25 mg/mL, 1.56-3.13 mg/mL and 195-390 micro g/mL, respectively. The four methanol extracts were weakly cytotoxic to red blood cells. These results demonstrated that four methanol extracts of Korean medicinal plants exhibit strong anti-influenza virus type A activity, and weak cytotoxic effects. They may inhibit attachment of the virus to the cell and may therefore be used for prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kap Joo Park
- Department of Biological Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
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Huang X, Liu T, Muller J, Levandowski RA, Ye Z. Effect of influenza virus matrix protein and viral RNA on ribonucleoprotein formation and nuclear export. Virology 2001; 287:405-16. [PMID: 11531417 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) is a necessary step in viral assembly and maturation in infected cells, but the mechanism remains incompletely understood. Influenza virus proteins such as matrix (M1) and cellular proteins have been implicated in assembly and transport of RNP. To study the assembly of RNP and the translocation of RNP complexes in cells, RNPs were reconstituted from nucleoprotein (NP), M1, and viral RNA (vRNA) synthesized in vitro. The syntheses were accomplished using specific plasmids in a system coupling transcription and translation under the control of the T7 promoter. The density of the resulting RNP complexes was analyzed by glycerol gradient centrifugation and the morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Protomers of NP self-assembled into circular oligomers regardless of the presence of vRNA or M1. However, helical structures similar in conformation and density to RNPs purified directly from influenza virus were formed only when M1 and vRNA were also present. In the absence of vRNA, no helical structures were formed from NP and M1. The plasmids also contained the CMV promoter, which permitted expression of M1, NP, and vRNA in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK). M1 and NP were both present in the cytoplasm of MDCK also expressing vRNA, but NP was retained in the nucleus of cells expressing M1 without vRNA. Our data demonstrate for the first time that vRNA and M1 together promote the self-assembly of influenza virus NP into the quaternary helical structure typical of the viral RNP. The results also indicate that the interaction of NP with vRNA and M1 in a system devoid of other viral proteins can lead to translocation of RNP from nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Laboratory of Vector-Borne Viral Disease, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Bethesda 20892, USA
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Shishkov AV, Goldanskii VI, Baratova LA, Fedorova NV, Ksenofontov AL, Zhirnov OP, Galkin AV. The in situ spatial arrangement of the influenza A virus matrix protein M1 assessed by tritium bombardment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:7827-30. [PMID: 10393906 PMCID: PMC22146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intact influenza A virions were bombarded with thermally activated tritium atoms, and the intramolecular distribution of the label in the matrix protein M1 was analyzed to determine the in situ accessibility of its tryptic fragments. These data were combined with the previously reported x-ray crystal structure of the M1 fragment 2-158 [Sha, B. & Luo, M. (1997) Nat. Struct. Biol. 4, 239-244] and the predicted topology of the C domain (159-252) to propose a model of M1 arrangement in the virus particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Shishkov
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117977, Russia
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6
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Fedorova NV, Ksenofontov AL, Viryasov MB, Baratova LA, Timofeeva TA, Zhirnov OP. Covalent chromatography of influenza virus membrane M1 protein on activated thiopropyl Sepharose-6B. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 706:83-9. [PMID: 9544810 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The M1 protein of influenza virus is a highly hydrophobic polypeptide that is resistant to enzyme cleavage during incubation in water solutions. We show here that the M1 protein that is immobilized on an insoluble activated support (thiopropyl Sepharose-6B) by means of a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction acquires sensitivity to trypsin. After tryptic digestion noncysteine-containing peptides of M1 were removed by washing the support, while cysteine-containing ones were detached from the support by reduction. As a result, 24 unique tryptic peptides of M1 protein were clearly separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The described method opens a new way to the investigation of functional properties of distinct domains of viral thiol proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Fedorova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
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7
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Glick G, Toogood P, Wiley D, Skehel J, Knowles J. Ligand recognition by influenza virus. The binding of bivalent sialosides. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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8
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Ruigrok RW, Hewat EA. Comparison of negatively stained and frozen hydrated samples of influenza viruses A and B and of vesicular stomatitis virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0739-6260(91)90060-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Georgiou GN, Morrison IE, Cherry RJ. Digital fluorescence imaging of fusion of influenza virus with erythrocytes. FEBS Lett 1989; 250:487-92. [PMID: 2753145 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fusion of influenza virus with human erythrocytes at pH 5.2 was followed by fluorescence microscopy using a cooled slow-scan CCD camera. The high sensitivity of the CCD permits repetitive digital imaging of the same cells with minimal photobleaching. The experimental conditions were such that only a small number of virus particles were adsorbed per cell. Quantitative analysis of the data indicated that for most cells only a single fusion event took place. This was, however, sufficient to cause haemolysis within 30 min at 20-22 degrees C for about 60% of cells. There was a highly variable time lag between fusion and haemolysis. The lateral diffusion coefficient of virus particles on the cell surface when bound at pH 7.4 was less than 2 x 10(-13) cm2.s-1. The technique should be of value for more detailed studies of the dynamics of viral and other membrane fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Essex, Colchester, England
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10
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Joassin L, Vincenzotto C, Cloes JM, Bouchet M, Reginster M. Monoclonal antibodies detect M-protein epitopes on the surface of influenza virions. Arch Virol 1987; 95:183-95. [PMID: 2440414 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Various data obtained with activable hydrophobic probes, proteolytic treatments and anti M-protein polyclonal antibodies strongly suggest that M-protein of influenza A is an integral part of the lipid bilayer of native virions and somehow spans at the surface of the virions. Therefore we have looked for the presence of M-protein epitopes on the surface of influenza A virion by using four type A M-protein monoclonal antibodies. We developed a specific and sensitive competition ELISA where intact virions, dodecyl-sulfate disrupted virions and spikeless particles obtained after proteolytic treatment with caseinase C were used to test their ability to inhibit the reaction between these monoclonal antibodies and pure M-protein. Intact virions or SDS disrupted virions prevented three monoclonal antibodies from reacting with the M-protein. Spikeless particles also inhibited the specific binding of two of these antibodies, whereas the other fourth antibody was inhibited by contact with SDS disrupted particles only. Data presented show that at least three distinct M-protein epitopes were detected, of which at least two are exposed on the surface of intact virions. Of these two epitopes, one is inactivated by the proteolytic treatment. The third epitope could only react with its monoclonal antibody when the virus particles were solubilized with SDS. This work provides a clear demonstration that a substantial part of the M-protein spans the lipid bilayer and that the rest, protected by lipids, resists proteolytic enzymes and is prevented from binding with anti M-protein monoclonal antibodies.
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11
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Bucher DJ, Kharitonenkov IG, Khan MW, Palo A, Holloway D, Mikhail A. Detection of influenza viruses through selective adsorption and detection of the M-protein antigen. J Immunol Methods 1987; 96:77-85. [PMID: 3027185 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(87)90370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A model system has been developed which permits rapid detection of influenza viruses through targeting of the M (membrane or matrix)-protein; a type-specific antigen, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. This technique exploits the hydrophobic properties of M-protein; the M-protein is selectively and rapidly adsorbed to polystyrene surfaces even in the presence of a 5000-fold excess of bovine serum albumin. Hyperimmune antiserum prepared to purified M-protein is used as the detecting reagent. All type A influenza viruses could be detected by this technique, type B influenza viruses reacted to a slight extent and Sendai virus (parainfluenza virus, type 1) did not react. Virus could be detected to levels as low as 3 ng. Purification of M-protein and preparation of hyperimmune sera from other related virus groups, such as type B influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses and rhabdoviruses should permit detection of these agents by a similar technique.
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12
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Junankar PR, Cherry RJ. Temperature and pH dependence of the haemolytic activity of influenza virus and of the rotational mobility of the spike glycoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 854:198-206. [PMID: 3942725 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus (strain X-47) was labeled with the triplet probe, eosin 5-isothiocyanate. Most of the label was found to be associated with haemagglutinin, the major glycoprotein of the viral envelope. Rotational diffusion of the glycoprotein was investigated by measuring flash-induced transient dichroism of the eosin probe. The anisotropy decay curves showed that mobility of haemagglutinin measured at pH 7.3 increased considerably with temperature with the greatest change occurring over the range 20-30 degrees C. However, at pH 5.2 no mobility was detectable over the time range of the experiment. The activity of the virus was determined by assaying haemolysis of human erythrocytes. The haemolytic activity showed an optimum at pH 5.2 and increased markedly with temperature, being negligible below 20 degrees C. In addition, inactivation of the virus by incubation at pH 5.2 was also strongly temperature dependent. A 15 min incubation at pH 5.2 inactivated the virus above 30 degrees C but had no effect below 20 degrees C. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that mobility of haemagglutinin is significant for its functional properties. When the pH is reduced from 7.3 to 5.2, the mobility observed at higher temperatures is required for the molecular rearrangements which accompany the fusion event. In the absence of an apposing membrane, these rearrangements result in irreversible aggregation of haemagglutinin in the viral membrane, and hence loss of mobility and activity.
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13
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Cusack S, Ruigrok RW, Krygsman PC, Mellema JE. Structure and composition of influenza virus. A small-angle neutron scattering study. J Mol Biol 1985; 186:565-82. [PMID: 4093979 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A detailed analysis is presented of the small-angle neutron scattering curves of homogeneous solutions of influenza B virus, both intact and after treatment with bromelain, which removes the external glycoprotein spikes. The two sets of data are consistent with the following low-resolution structure: the virus particles are spherical, about 1200 A in diameter and of Mr about 180 X 10(6). The lipid bilayer is centred at a radius of 425 A, is 40 A to 50 A thick and constitutes 25% to 28% of the virus mass. The surface glycoproteins, predominantly haemagglutinin, contribute 40% to 46% of the total mass. Surprisingly little protein is found in the interior of the virus. It is suggested that the reason for this is that many particles do not contain the full complement of ribonucleoprotein complexes. These results are in good agreement with recent scanning transmission electron microscopic measurements of molecular mass and cryo-electron microscopic observations of the same preparations. Appendix 1 describes a new method of deriving spherical shell models from contrast variation neutron scattering data on viruses, in which scattering curves from all measured contrasts are used simultaneously. There is also a discussion of the assumptions and limitations implicit in the structural interpretation of such models, with emphasis on viruses containing lipid bilayers. Appendix 2 examines the effect on the scattering curves of various arrangements of the surface glycoproteins.
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14
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Booy FP, Ruigrok RW, van Bruggen EF. Electron microscopy of influenza virus. A comparison of negatively stained and ice-embedded particles. J Mol Biol 1985; 184:667-76. [PMID: 4046029 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An electron microscopical study was made of the influenza virus, type B/Hong Kong, in the unstained, frozen, hydrated state after quench-freezing in cooled liquid ethane. The results are compared with data from negatively stained specimens. It is shown that cryo-electron microscopy confirms and extends the data obtained by conventional methods. In particular, the virus is shown to be circular in projection with no indication of icosahedral symmetry, the lipid membrane is clearly resolved as a bi-layer and it is demonstrated that the distribution of material within the bi-layer is non-uniform, with a shell of more electron dense material surrounding a less dense central region. Neuraminidase spikes are not clearly distinguished from haemaglutinin spikes. The diameter of the complete B/Hong Kong virus was estimated from cryo-micrographs as 1270(+/- 70) A. Some preliminary data for influenza virus type A/X31 are presented.
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Ruigrok RW, Krijgsman PC, de Ronde-Verloop FM, de Jong JC. Natural heterogeneity of shape, infectivity and protein composition in an influenza A (H3N2) virus preparation. Virus Res 1985; 3:69-76. [PMID: 4024729 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(85)90042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A (X31) virus was purified over a zonal sucrose gradient. The resulting gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy, HA and infectivity titrations and gel electrophoresis. The fractions containing a homogeneous suspension of spherical particles had the highest infectivity per amount of viral protein and a much higher HA:M ratio than the unfractionated preparation. These results explain differences in the proportions of HA and M protein we have reported elsewhere on monodisperse virus suspensions compared with earlier measurements on crude suspensions.
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Drescher HJ. [Influenza]. ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT = ARCHIV FUR OHREN-, NASEN- UND KEHLKOPFHEILKUNDE. SUPPLEMENT 1983; 1:113-87. [PMID: 6579922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82057-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is the last great uncontrolled plague of mankind. Pandemics and epidemics occur at regular time intervals. The influenza viruses are divided into the types A, B and C and show unique variability of their surface antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase). Influenza viruses of type A show the largest degree of antigenic variation which, in turn, resulted in the definition of a number of subtypes, each comprising many strains. By comparison, influenza viruses of types B and C exhibit much less variation of their surface antigens. As a consequence, no subtypes but many different strains have been recognized. The degree of antigenic variation correlates with the epidemiologic significance of the virus types, type A being the most and type C the least important. Two different kinds of antigenic variation have been recognized: In the case of minor variation of one or both surface antigens, the term "antigenic drift" is employed. Antigenic drift occurs with all three types of virus, it is caused by point mutations which increase the chance of survival of mutants in the diseased host. In addition, influenza A viruses show sudden and complete changes of their surface antigens in regular time intervals, resulting in the appearance of new subtypes. This event is called "antigenic shift". The mechanisms responsible for antigenic shift are poorly understood, only. In addition to the recycling of preceding subtypes, reassortment resulting from double infection of cells with strains of human and animal origin are considered possible explanations. By use of modern DNA recombinant technology, the base sequences of a series of virus genes and, as a consequence, the amino acid sequence of the corresponding antigens have been determined. By means of monoclonal antibodies, the antigenic structure of many influenza antigens has been further elucidated. It can be expected that further research on the molecular basis of antigenic variation could finally result in an understanding of the causal mechanisms. It is an outstanding feature of the epidemiology of influenza A viruses that a family of related strains prevails for a certain period of time and disappears abruptly as a new subtype emerges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Schwarz RT, Datema R. The lipid pathway of protein glycosylation and its inhibitors: the biological significance of protein-bound carbohydrates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1982; 40:287-379. [PMID: 6188345 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Hart G. The role of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in cellular recognition by thymic lymphocytes. Effects of tunicamycin on the mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mellema JE, Andree PJ, Krygsman PC, Kroon C, Ruigrok RW, Cusack S, Miller A, Zulauf M. Structural investigations of influenza B virus. J Mol Biol 1981; 151:329-36. [PMID: 7338901 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Underwood PA. Serology and energetics of cross-reactions among the H3 antigens of influenza viruses. Infect Immun 1980; 27:397-404. [PMID: 6155332 PMCID: PMC550778 DOI: 10.1128/iai.27.2.397-404.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal hemagglutination inhibition titrations were carried out with viruses and antisera of eight field strains of the A3 subtype of influenza A, covering the period from 1968 to 1975. The earlier strains (1968 through 1972) showed asymmetric cross-reactions, with antisera exhibiting more cross-reactions with antecedent strains than with subsequent ones. The later strains, although all were asymmetrically cross-reactive with earlier strains, tended to exhibit distant and variable cross-reactions with each other. The numbers and average affinities of antibody molecules capable of taking part in cross-reactions were calculated from equilibrium filtration experiments. It was found that all the antibody molecules in sera raised against the late strains could combine with earlier viruses, but with reduced affinity. Conversely, only a subset of the antibody molecules in sera raised against early strains could combine with later viruses. The results are discussed in the light of different theories concerning the nature and number of antigenic determinants on the hemagglutinin molecule. They support the existence of a single antigenic area to which all antibody molecules are directed, with differing affinities, rather than the existence of both "common" and "specific" determinants. Thermodynamic measurements on the homologous antigen-antibody reactions indicated that combination was mostly entropy driven. This suggested hydrophobic interaction as the mechanism of combination, i.e., that the complementary regions of antigen and antibody were made up largely or entirely of amino acids with hydrophobic side chains. There was no statistical difference in the magnitude of the entropy term (i.e., the average firmness of binding) among the different virus strains.
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Goldman DW, Pober JS, White J, Bayley H. Selective labelling of the hydrophobic segments of intrinsic membrane proteins with a lipophilic photogenerated carbene. Nature 1979; 280:841-3. [PMID: 471056 DOI: 10.1038/280841a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Elder KT, Bye JM, Skehel JJ, Waterfield MD, Smith AE. In vitro synthesis, glycosylation, and membrane insertion of influenza virus haemagglutinin. Virology 1979; 95:343-50. [PMID: 462798 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Bukrinskaya AG, Gitelman AK, Martynenko VB. Abortive infection of influenza virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Unusual fragility of virus particles. Arch Virol 1978; 56:279-90. [PMID: 646630 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Noninfectious virus particles were produced in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells infected intraperitoneally with fowl plague virus. The PFU yield of virus per cell was less than 0.1 and the ratio PFU/HA units in the progeny virus was less than 10(3). The virus particles had the same morphology and size as egg-grown virus but were more fragile. They were disrupted by centrifugation through sucrose and caesium chloride gradients, but this disruption was avoided by fixing the particles with formaldehyde before centrifugation. Analysis of polypeptides by SDS-PAGE showed that ascites-grown virus particles contained reduced amounts of matrix protein compared with egg-grown virus.
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Lakshmi MV, Schulze IT. Effects of sialylation of influenza virions on their interactions with host cells and erythrocytes. Virology 1978; 88:314-24. [PMID: 567887 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Structural Studies of the Hemagglutinin of the Asian Influenza Virus Japan/305/57 — Bellamy/42 (H2N1).Cyanogen Bromide Cleavage of the Larger Polypeptide Chain HA1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-4130-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Zweerink HJ, Askonas BA, Millican D, Courtneidge SA, Skehel JJ. Cytotoxic T cells to type A influenza virus; viral hemagglutinin induces A-strain specificity while infected cells confer cross-reactive cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 1977; 7:630-5. [PMID: 303568 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Maeno K, Yoshii S, Yoshida T, Iinuma M, Kawamoto Y. Intracellular development of membrane protein of influenza virus. Microbiol Immunol 1977; 21:427-38. [PMID: 337056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1977.tb00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular development of membrane protein (MP) of influenza A virus was investigated by immunofluorescent staining. Monospecific antiserum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with MP eluted from SDS-polyacrylamide gels of SDS-disrupted NWS virions. In the productive infection in clone 1-5C-4 cells, MP antigen was first detected over the whole cell at 4 hr after infection, concomitantly with the appearance of hemagglutinin (HA) antigen in the cytoplasm, and bright nuclear fluorescence was then observed. Nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was detected in the nucleus prior to the appearance of fluorescence of MP antigen and thereafter the cytoplasmic fluorescence developed. Late in infection, all of these three antigens were observed predominantly in the cytoplasm with stronger fluorescence at the cell surface. Essentially similar findings were obtained in the abortive infections in L cells and BHK cells. The above results suggest that the membrane protein of influenza A virus is present in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of infected cells.
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Wrigley NG, Laver WG, Downie JC. Binding of antibodies to isolated haemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules of influenza virus observed in the electron microscope. J Mol Biol 1977; 109:405-21. [PMID: 64612 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Treatment of influenza virus concentrates with alkaline solvents releases a major fraction of the viral structural protein content. As determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the surface glycoprotein substructures, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the primary solubilized products. Two forms of hemagglutinin antigen are recovered, a 39S active hemagglutinin and a 23S blocking antigen. Dose-response assays in mice demonstrate that hemagglutination-inhibiting and neuraminidase antibodies are induced. Antibody responses are comparable to those resulting from immunization with inactivated whole virus. On the basis of demonstrated purity, high yields of protective antigens, immunogenic potency, and absence of deleterious reagents, alkaline-extracted influenza protein preparations merit consideration as subunit vaccines for human use.
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Frazier WA. The role of cell surface components in the morphogenesis of the cellular slime molds. Trends Biochem Sci 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(76)90031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lewis JB, Atkins JF, Baum PR, Solem R, Gesteland RF, Anderson CW. Location and identification of the genes for adenovirus type 2 early polypeptides. Cell 1976; 7:141-51. [PMID: 949741 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Virus-specific RNA was prepared from cells early after adenovirus type 2 infection and fractionated by hybridization to specific fragments of viral DNA. The viral mRNA was used to program cell-free protein synthesis, and the products were analyzed by electrophoresis. The genes for the early polypeptides of apparent molecular weight 44,000, 15,000, 72,000, 15,500, 19,000, and 11,000 daltons were located, respectively, between positions 0-4.1, 4.1-16.7, 58.5-70.7, 75.9-83.4, 89.7-98.6, and 89.7-98.6 of the conventional adenovirus DNA map. The polypeptide of molecular weight 72,000 daltons was shown to be the single-stranded DNA-binding protein described by others. RNAs from three different adeno-transformed cell lines each program the synthesis in vitro of predominantly the 15K polypeptide, as well as variable amounts of the polypeptide of molecular weight 44,000 daltons. The genes for these two polypeptides are located in the portion of DNA known to be required for transformation of rodent cells by adenovirus.
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Kendal AP. A comparison of "influenza C" with prototype myxoviruses: receptor-destroycing activity (neuraminidase) and structural polypeptides. Virology 1975; 65:87-99. [PMID: 49979 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blough HA, Tiffany JM. Theoretical aspects of structure and assembly of viral envelops. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1975; 70:1-30. [PMID: 808396 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66101-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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