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Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor emerges as a novel and highly promising agent for diagnostic and possibly theranostic application in various malignant and non-malignant diseases. FAPI impresses with its selective expression in several pathologies, ligand induced internalization, and presence in a large variety of malignancies. Current studies indicate that FAPI is equal or even superior to the current standard oncological tracer fluorodeoxyglucose in several oncological diseases. It seems to present lower background activity, stronger uptake in tumorous lesions and thus sharper contrasts. For improved comprehension of fibroblast activation, protein expression and clinicopathologic conditions, further studies are of essence.
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Yazbeck R, Jaenisch SE, Abbott CA. Potential disease biomarkers: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and fibroblast activation protein. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:375-386. [PMID: 28620698 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family in regulating critical biochemical pathways continues to emerge. The two most well-studied members of the family, DPP4 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP), have been investigated both as therapeutic targets for disease and as diagnostic biomarkers. The interest in DPP4 and FAP as potential disease biomarkers has been driven primarily by observations of altered expression profiles in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Furthermore, the stability and persistence of soluble DPP4 and FAP in the serum make them attractive candidate serology markers. This review summarises investigations into DPP4 and FAP as biomarkers of autoimmune disease, gut inflammation, psychosomatic disorders and malignancy and discusses their potential likelihood as clinically useful tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Yazbeck
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simone E Jaenisch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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Jiang GM, Xu W, Du J, Zhang KS, Zhang QG, Wang XW, Liu ZG, Liu SQ, Xie WY, Liu HF, Liu JS, Wu BP. The application of the fibroblast activation protein α-targeted immunotherapy strategy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33472-82. [PMID: 26985769 PMCID: PMC5078111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has primarily been focused on attacking tumor cells. However, given the close interaction between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), CAF-targeted strategies could also contribute to an integrated cancer immunotherapy. Fibroblast activation protein α (FAP α) is not detectible in normal tissues, but is overexpressed by CAFs and is the predominant component of the stroma in most types of cancer. FAP α has both dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activities, cleaving substrates at a post-proline bond. When all FAP α-expressing cells (stromal and cancerous) are destroyed, tumors rapidly die. Furthermore, a FAP α antibody, FAP α vaccine, and modified vaccine all inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival in mouse models, suggesting FAP α is an adaptive tumor-associated antigen. This review highlights the role of FAP α in tumor development, explores the relationship between FAP α and immune suppression in the TME, and discusses FAP α as a potential immunotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun-Shui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiu-Gui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wan-Ying Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing-Shi Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bai-Ping Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Tafelmeyer P, Golshayan D. Fibroblast activation protein-α in fibrogenic disorders and cancer: more than a prolyl-specific peptidase? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:977-991. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1370455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- CHUV and UNIL, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Tafelmeyer
- Hybrigenics Services, Laboratories and Headquarters, Paris, France
- Hybrigenics Corporation, Cambridge Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Matrasova I, Busek P, Balaziova E, Sedo A. Heterogeneity of molecular forms of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and fibroblast activation protein in human glioblastomas. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161:252-260. [PMID: 28452380 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proteolytic enzymes contribute to the progression of various cancers. We previously reported increased expression of the proline specific peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and its closest paralogue fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in human glioblastomas. Here we analyze the molecular heterogeneity of DPP-IV and FAP in glioblastomas. METHODS ELISA, isoelectric focusing, 1D and 2D electrophoresis followed by WB or enzyme overlay assay were utilized to analyze DPP-IV and FAP isoforms. Cell fractionation using a Percoll gradient and deglycosylation with PNGase F were performed to analyze the possible basis of DPP-IV and FAP microheterogeneity. RESULTS Molecular forms of DPP-IV with an estimated molecular weight of 140-160 kDa and a pI predominantly 5.8 were detected in human glioblastoma; in some tumors additional isoforms with a more acidic (3.5-5.5) as well as alkaline (8.1) pI were revealed. Using 2D electrophoresis, two to three molecular forms of FAP with an alkaline (7.0-8.5) pI and an estimated MW of 120-140 kDa were identified in glioblastoma tissues. In glioma cell lines in vitro, several isoforms of both enzymes were expressed, however the alkalic forms present in glioblastoma tissues were not detected. Removal of N-linked oligosaccharides decreased the estimated molecular weight of both enzymes; the overall pattern of molecular forms nevertheless remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Several isoforms of DPP-IV and FAP are present in glioblastoma tissue. The absence of alkaline isoforms of both enzymes in glioma cell lines however suggests that isoforms from other, most likely stromal, cell types contribute to the overall pattern seen in glioblastoma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Matrasova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Busek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Balaziova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Hoffmann P, Martin L, Keselica M, Gunson D, Skuba E, Lapadula D, Hayes M, Bentley P, Busch S. Acute Toxicity of Vildagliptin. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:76-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316672944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article describes acute toxicity data in cynomolgus monkeys following oral treatment with vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Acute toxicity symptoms in cynomolgus monkeys include edema formation of the extremities, tails, and face associated with skeletal muscle necrosis, and elevations of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the serum; hypothermia; hypotension; tachycardia; moribundity; and death in a few isolated instances. In surviving animals, symptoms were reversible even if treatment was continued. Cynomolgus monkeys from Mauritius appear more sensitive than monkeys of Asian origin. The underlying mechanism(s) of these symptoms in cynomolgus monkeys is currently not well understood, although a vascular mechanism including initial vasoconstriction and subsequent vascular leakage in distal extremities may play a role. The monkey data are reviewed and discussed in the context of other preclinical and clinical data, and it is concluded that acute toxicity following vildagliptin treatment is a monkey-specific phenomenon without relevance for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lori Martin
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Diane Gunson
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skuba
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dan Lapadula
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Hayes
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Phil Bentley
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steve Busch
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Klemann C, Wagner L, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Cut to the chase: a review of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4's (DPP4) entanglement in the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:1-21. [PMID: 26919392 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD26/DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4/DP4/DPPIV) is a surface T cell activation antigen and has been shown to have DPP4 enzymatic activity, cleaving-off amino-terminal dipeptides with either L-proline or L-alanine at the penultimate position. It plays a major role in glucose metabolism by N-terminal truncation and inactivation of the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP) and gastric inhibitory protein (GIP). In 2006, DPP4 inhibitors have been introduced to clinics and have been demonstrated to efficiently enhance the endogenous insulin secretion via prolongation of the half-life of GLP-1 and GIP in patients. However, a large number of studies demonstrate clearly that CD26/DPP4 also plays an integral role in the immune system, particularly in T cell activation. Therefore, inhibition of DPP4 might represent a double-edged sword. Apart from the metabolic benefit, the associated immunological effects of long term DPP4 inhibition on regulatory processes such as T cell homeostasis, maturation and activation are not understood fully at this stage. The current data point to an important role for CD26/DPP4 in maintaining lymphocyte composition and function, T cell activation and co-stimulation, memory T cell generation and thymic emigration patterns during immune-senescence. In rodents, critical immune changes occur at baseline levels as well as after in-vitro and in-vivo challenge. In patients receiving DPP4 inhibitors, evidence of immunological side effects also became apparent. The scope of this review is to recapitulate the role of CD26/DPP4 in the immune system regarding its pharmacological inhibition and T cell-dependent immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klemann
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, University Medical Center Freiburg
| | - L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Proteolytic Enzymes Clustered in Specialized Plasma-Membrane Domains Drive Endothelial Cells' Migration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154709. [PMID: 27152413 PMCID: PMC4859482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultured endothelial cells forming a continuous monolayer establish stable cell-cell contacts and acquire a “resting” phenotype; on the other hand, when growing in sparse conditions these cells acquire a migratory phenotype and invade the empty area of the culture. Culturing cells in different conditions, we compared expression and clustering of proteolytic enzymes in cells having migratory versus stationary behavior. In order to observe resting and migrating cells in the same microscopic field, a continuous cell monolayer was wounded. Increased expression of proteolytic enzymes was evident in cell membranes of migrating cells especially at sprouting sites and in shed membrane vesicles. Gelatin zymography and western blotting analyses confirmed that in migrating cells, expression of membrane-bound and of vesicle-associated proteolytic enzymes are increased. The enzymes concerned include MMP-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, seprase, DPP4 (DiPeptidyl Peptidase 4) and uPA. Shed membrane vesicles were shown to exert degradative activity on ECM components and produce substrates facilitating cell migration. Vesicles shed by migrating cells degraded ECM components at an increased rate; as a result their effect on cell migration was amplified. Inhibiting either Matrix Metallo Proteases (MMPs) or Serine Integral Membrane Peptidases (SIMPs) caused a decrease in the stimulatory effect of vesicles, inhibiting the spontaneous migratory activity of cells; a similar result was also obtained when a monoclonal antibody acting on DPP4 was tested. We conclude that proteolytic enzymes have a synergistic stimulatory effect on cell migration and that their clustering probably facilitates the proteolytic activation cascades needed to produce maximal degradative activity on cell substrates during the angiogenic process.
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Zhang M, Xu L, Wang X, Sun B, Ding J. Expression levels of seprase/FAPα and DPPIV/CD26 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:34-42. [PMID: 26170973 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV; also known as cluster of differentiation 26) and the surface-expressed protease, seprase [also known as fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα)], are able to degrade the extracellular matrix; therefore, they are involved in malignant cell invasion and metastasis. However, the prognostic implications of their overexpression in carcinomas remain controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and potential prognostic effects of DPPIV and seprase in cases of ovarian carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) was performed to assess the protein expression of DPPIV and seprase/FAPα in 199 patients (malignant epithelial ovarian cancer, 128; borderline ovarian tumors, 41; and benign ovarian tumors, 30). In addition, in situ hybridization was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of DPPIV and seprase in 86 malignant epithelial ovarian cancer samples. IHC revealed positive staining for seprase and DPPIV proteins in 110/128 (85.94%) and 106/128 (82.81%) patients with ovarian cancer, respectively. Seprase and DPPIV protein expression was associated with lymph node metastasis and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage. By contrast, no significant correlation was detected between the proteins and the patient age or histological grade and type of tumor. Immunostaining was stronger in the cancerous tissues compared with the borderline and benign tissues. Increased levels of seprase, but not DPPIV, were significantly associated with a shorter disease-free survival (P=0.033). Further analysis revealed that 96.5 (83/86) and 97.67% (84/86) of the malignant epithelial ovarian cancer samples stained positively for seprase and DPPIV mRNA, respectively. Therefore, DPPIV and seprase may be involved in the development of ovarian cancer, and that they are potential predictive markers of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Structural Chemistry and Molecular Modeling in the Design of DPP4 Inhibitors. MULTIFACETED ROLES OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY IN MODERN DRUG DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9719-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Mohandas R, Sautina L, Beem E, Schuler A, Chan WY, Domsic J, McKenna R, Johnson RJ, Segal MS. Uric acid inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in vitro is dependent on the intracellular formation of triuret. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:136-42. [PMID: 24925478 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid affects endothelial and adipose cell function and has been linked to diseases such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Interestingly uric acid has been shown to increase endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization, a potential mechanism to repair endothelial injury. Since EPC mobilization is dependent on activity of the enzyme CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)IV, we examined the effect uric acid will have on CD26/DPPIV activity. Uric acid inhibited the CD26/DPPIV associated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells but not human recombinant (hr) CD26/DPPIV. However, triuret, a product of uric acid and peroxynitrite, could inhibit cell associated and hrCD26/DPPIV. Increasing or decreasing intracellular peroxynitrite levels enhanced or decreased the ability of uric acid to inhibit cell associated CD26/DPPIV, respectively. Finally, protein modeling demonstrates how triuret can act as a small molecule inhibitor of CD26/DPPIV activity. This is the first time that uric acid or a uric acid reaction product has been shown to affect enzymatic activity and suggests a novel avenue of research in the role of uric acid in the development of clinically important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mohandas
- Renal Section, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Nephrology, Hypertension & Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, United States.
| | - Laura Sautina
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension & Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, United States
| | - Elaine Beem
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension & Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, United States
| | - Anna Schuler
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension & Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, United States
| | - Wai-Yan Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension & Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, United States
| | - John Domsic
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark S Segal
- Renal Section, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Nephrology, Hypertension & Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, United States
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Hoffmann P, Bentley P, Sahota P, Schoenfeld H, Martin L, Longo L, Spaet R, Moulin P, Pantano S, Dubost V, Lapadula D, Burkey B, Kaushik V, Zhou W, Hayes M, Flavahan N, Chibout SD, Busch S. Vascular origin of vildagliptin-induced skin effects in Cynomolgus monkeys: pathomechanistic role of peripheral sympathetic system and neuropeptide Y. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:684-95. [PMID: 24448599 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313516828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to characterize skin lesions in cynomolgus monkeys following vildagliptin (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor) treatment. Oral vildagliptin administration caused dose-dependent and reversible blister formation, peeling and flaking skin, erosions, ulcerations, scabs, and sores involving the extremities at ≥5 mg/kg/day and necrosis of the tail and the pinnae at ≥80 mg/kg/day after 3 weeks of treatment. At the affected sites, the media and the endothelium of dermal arterioles showed hypertrophy/hyperplasia. Skin lesion formation was prevented by elevating ambient temperature. Vildagliptin treatment also produced an increase in blood pressure and heart rate likely via increased sympathetic tone. Following treatment with vildagliptin at 80 mg/kg/day, the recovery time after lowering the temperature in the feet of monkeys and inducing cold stress was prolonged. Ex vivo investigations showed that small digital arteries from skin biopsies of vildagliptin-treated monkeys exhibited an increase in neuropeptide Y-induced vasoconstriction. This finding correlated with a specific increase in NPY and in NPY1 receptors observed in the skin of vildagliptin-treated monkeys. Present data provide evidence that skin effects in monkeys are of vascular origin and that the effects on the NPY system in combination with increased peripheral sympathetic tone play an important pathomechanistic role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Phil Bentley
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pritam Sahota
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Heidi Schoenfeld
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lori Martin
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Linda Longo
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Spaet
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dan Lapadula
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bryan Burkey
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virendar Kaushik
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Hayes
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nick Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Steve Busch
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its inhibitors: therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and what else? J Med Chem 2013; 57:2197-212. [PMID: 24099035 DOI: 10.1021/jm400658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proline-specific dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV, DPP-4, CD26), widely expressed in mammalians, releases X-Pro/Ala dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptides. DPP IV is responsible of the degradation of the incretin peptide hormones regulating blood glucose levels. Several families of DPP IV inhibitors have been synthesized and evaluated. Their positive effects on the degradation of the incretins and the control of blood glucose levels have been demonstrated in biological models and in clinical trials. Presently, several DPP IV inhibitors, the "gliptins", are approved for type 2 diabetes or are under clinical evaluation. However, the gliptins may also be of therapeutic interest for other diseases beyond the inhibition of incretin degradation. In this Perspective, the biological functions and potential substrates of DPP IV enzymes are reviewed and the characteristics of the DPP IV inhibitors are discussed in view of type 2 diabetes and further therapeutic interest.
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14
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Sharoyan S, Antonyan A, Mardanyan S, Harutyunyan H, Movsisyan N, Hovnanyan N, Hovnanyan K. Interaction of dipeptydil peptidase IV with amyloid peptides. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Herlihy SE, Pilling D, Maharjan AS, Gomer RH. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a human and murine neutrophil chemorepellent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6468-77. [PMID: 23677473 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In Dictyostelium discoideum, AprA is a secreted protein that inhibits proliferation and causes chemorepulsion of Dictyostelium cells, yet AprA has little sequence similarity to any human proteins. We found that a predicted structure of AprA has similarity to human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). DPPIV is a serine protease present in extracellular fluids that cleaves peptides with a proline or alanine in the second position. In Insall chambers, DPPIV gradients below, similar to, and above the human serum DPPIV concentration cause movement of human neutrophils away from the higher concentration of DPPIV. A 1% DPPIV concentration difference between the front and back of the cell is sufficient to cause chemorepulsion. Neutrophil speed and viability are unaffected by DPPIV. DPPIV inhibitors block DPPIV-mediated chemorepulsion. In a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome, aspirated bleomycin induces a significant increase in the number of neutrophils in the lungs after 3 d. Oropharyngeal aspiration of DPPIV inhibits the bleomycin-induced accumulation of mouse neutrophils. These results indicate that DPPIV functions as a chemorepellent of human and mouse neutrophils, and they suggest new mechanisms to inhibit neutrophil accumulation in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Herlihy
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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17
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Fibroblast activation protein-α promotes tumor growth and invasion of breast cancer cells through non-enzymatic functions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:567-79. [PMID: 21604185 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is a cell surface, serine protease of the post-prolyl peptidase family that is expressed in human breast cancer but not in normal tissues. Previously, we showed that FAP expression increased tumor growth rates in a mouse model of human breast cancer. Here the role of the proteolytic activities of FAP in promoting tumor growth, matrix degradation and invasion was investigated. Mammary fat pads of female SCID mice were inoculated with breast cancer cells that express FAP and the mice treated with normal saline or Val-boroPro (talabostat); Glu-boroPro (PT-630); or 1-[[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine (LAF-237) that inhibit prolyl peptidases. Other mice were injected with breast cancer cells expressing a catalytically inactive mutant of FAP and did not receive inhibitor treatment. PT-630 and LAF-237 did not slow growth of tumors produced by any of the three cell lines expressing FAP. Talabostat slightly decreased the growth rates of the FAP-expressing tumors but because PT-630 and LAF-237 did not, the growth retardation was likely not related to the inhibition of FAP or the related post-prolyl peptidase dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Breast cancer cells expressing a catalytically inactive mutant of FAP (FAP(S624A)) also produced tumors that grew rapidly. In vitro studies revealed that cells expressing wild type FAP or FAP(S624A) degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) more extensively, accumulate higher levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in conditioned medium, are more invasive in type I collagen gels, and have altered signaling compared to control transfectants that do not express FAP and form slow growing tumors. We conclude that the proteolytic activity of FAP participates in matrix degradation, but other functions of the protein stimulate increased tumor growth.
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Lawandi J, Gerber-Lemaire S, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidases for the therapy of human diseases: defining diseases and inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3423-38. [PMID: 20058865 DOI: 10.1021/jm901104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lawandi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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Antonyan AA, Sharoyan SG, Harutyunyan AA, Mardanyan SS. Influence of aluminum toxicosis on the activity of adenosine deaminase and dipeptidyl peptidases II and IV. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971240902007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Burkey BF, Hoffmann PK, Hassiepen U, Trappe J, Juedes M, Foley JE. Adverse effects of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 inhibition in rodents revisited. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:1057-61. [PMID: 18422675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-8 and/or DPP-9 organ toxicities and mortality in rodents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The relative selectivity of the DPP-4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, was determined by comparing its K(I) (concentration of compound yielding 50% inhibition of the enzyme) values for inhibition of recombinant human DPP-4, DPP-8 and DPP-9 assessed in vitro. In experiments performed in vivo, vildagliptin was administered by gavage for 13 weeks, at doses up to 1500 mg/kg/day in CD-1 mice and at doses up to 900 mg/kg/day in Wistar rats. Plasma concentrations of vildagliptin were assessed at week 12, and toxicities previously ascribed to inhibition of DPP-8 and/or DPP-9 were assessed at week 13. RESULTS The K(I) values for vildagliptin-induced inhibition of DPP-4, DPP-8 and DPP-9 were 3, 810 and 95 nM respectively. The mean plasma concentration 24 h after dose after 12-week daily dosing with 1500 mg/kg/day in mice was 2279 nM. The mean plasma drug level 24 h after dose after 12-week daily dosing with 900 mg/kg/day in rats was 5729 nM. These high doses maintained plasma drug levels well above the K(I) values for DPP-8 and DPP-9 throughout a 24-h period. At these high doses, the toxicities of a selective DPP-8/DPP-9 inhibitor that were reported previously (100% mortality in mice, alopecia, thrombocytopenia, reticulocytopenia, enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly and 20% mortality in rats) were not observed. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of DPP-8 and DPP-9 per se does not lead to organ toxicities and mortality in rodents. Thus, a mechanism other than DPP-8/DPP-9 inhibition likely underlies the toxicity previously reported to be associated with a selective DPP-8/DPP-9 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Burkey
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research Basel, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Sharoyan SG, Antonyan AA, Mardanyan SS, Lupidi G, Cuccioloni M, Angeletti M, Cristalli G. Complex of dipeptidyl peptidase II with adenosine deaminase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:943-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Shin JW, Jurisic G, Detmar M. Lymphatic-specific expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its dual role in lymphatic endothelial function. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:3048-56. [PMID: 18708048 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels play an important role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis and in the transport of immune cells to lymph nodes, but they also serve as the major conduit for cancer metastasis to regional lymph nodes. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating these functions are poorly understood. Based on transcriptional profiling studies of cultured human dermal lymphatic (LEC) versus blood vascular endothelial cells (BEC), we found that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) mRNA and protein are much more strongly expressed by cultured lymphatic endothelium than by blood vascular endothelium that only expressed low levels of DPPIV in culture. The enzymatic cleavage activity of DPPIV was significantly higher in cultured LEC than in BEC. Differential immunofluorescence analyses of human organ tissue microarrays for DPPIV and several vascular lineage-specific markers revealed that DPPIV is also specifically expressed in situ by lymphatic vessels of the skin, esophagus, small intestine, breast and ovary. Moreover, siRNA-mediated DPPIV knockdown inhibited LEC adhesion to collagen type I and to fibronectin, and also reduced cell migration and formation of tube-like structures. These results identify DPPIV as a novel lymphatic marker and mediator of lymphatic endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Shin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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O'Brien P, O'Connor BF. Seprase: an overview of an important matrix serine protease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1130-45. [PMID: 18262497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seprase or Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) is an integral membrane serine peptidase, which has been shown to have gelatinase activity. Seprase has a dual function in tumour progression. The proteolytic activity of Seprase has been shown to promote cell invasiveness towards the ECM and also to support tumour growth and proliferation. Seprase appears to act as a proteolytically active 170-kDa dimer, consisting of two 97-kDa subunits. It is a member of the group type II integral serine proteases, which includes dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26) and related type II transmembrane prolyl serine peptidases, which exert their mechanisms of action on the cell surface. DPPIV and Seprase exhibit multiple functions due to their abilities to form complexes with each other and to interact with other membrane-associated molecules. Localisation of these protease complexes at cell surface protrusions, called invadopodia, may have a prominent role in processing soluble factors and in the degradation of extracellular matrix components that are essential to the cellular migration and matrix invasion that occur during tumour invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela O'Brien
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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25
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Ghersi G, Zhao Q, Salamone M, Yeh Y, Zucker S, Chen WT. The protease complex consisting of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and seprase plays a role in the migration and invasion of human endothelial cells in collagenous matrices. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4652-61. [PMID: 16651416 PMCID: PMC1457118 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4/CD26) and seprase/fibroblast activation protein alpha are homologous type II transmembrane, homodimeric glycoproteins that exhibit unique prolyl peptidase activities. Human DPP4 is ubiquitously expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells and serves multiple functions in cleaving the penultimate positioned prolyl bonds at the NH(2) terminus of a variety of physiologically important peptides in the circulation. Recent studies showed a linkage between DPP4 and down-regulation of certain chemokines and mitogenic growth factors, and degradation of denatured collagens (gelatin), suggesting a role of DPP4 in the cell invasive phenotype. Here, we found the existence of a novel protease complex consisting of DPP4 and seprase in human endothelial cells that were activated to migrate and invade in the extracellular matrix in vitro. DPP4 and seprase were coexpressed with the three major protease systems (matrix metalloproteinase, plasminogen activator, and type II transmembrane serine protease) at the cell surface and organize as a complex at invadopodia-like protrusions. Both proteases were colocalized at the endothelial cells of capillaries, but not large blood vessels, in invasive breast ductal carcinoma in vivo. Importantly, monoclonal antibodies against the gelatin-binding domain of DPP4 blocked the local gelatin degradation by endothelial cells in the presence of the major metallo- and serine protease systems that modified pericellular collagenous matrices and subsequent cell migration and invasion. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism involving the DPP4 gelatin-binding domain of the DPP4-seprase complex that facilitates the local degradation of the extracellular matrix and the invasion of the endothelial cells into collagenous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ghersi
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-8151
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo, ITALY
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-8151
| | - Monica Salamone
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-8151
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo, ITALY
| | - Yunyun Yeh
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-8151
| | - Stanley Zucker
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-8151
- V. A. Medical Center, Northport, N.Y. 11768
| | - Wen-Tien Chen
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-8151
- . Corresponding author: Wen-Tien Chen, Ph.D., Department of Medicine, HSC T15, Rm. 053, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794-8151. T: (631) 444-6948; F: (631) 444-7530;
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Gilmore BF, Lynas JF, Scott CJ, McGoohan C, Martin L, Walker B. Dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates are potent, irreversible inhibitors of seprase (FAPα). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:436-46. [PMID: 16769036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and seprase belong to a small group of membrane-bound, proline-specific serine proteases, the serine integral membrane proteases (SIMPs). Whilst DPP-IV is the most exhaustively studied peptidase in this class, relatively less is known about the inhibitor/substrate specificity of its close homolog seprase. Additionally, whereas, DPP-IV expression is largely ubiquitous, seprase expression is restricted to tumour and tissue remodelling sites in vivo. Consequently, the highly restricted expression and distribution of seprase potentially make it an excellent therapeutic target for the modulation of neoplastic invasion and metastasis. Against this background, we now wish to report on the design, synthesis, and kinetic testing of a series of dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates, against DPP-IV and seprase. The most potent inhibitor of DPP-IV and seprase was found to be Gly-ProP(OPh)2, which exhibited overall second-order rate constants of inactivation of 5.24 x 105 M-1 min-1 and 1.06 x 104 M-1 min-1 against DPP-IV and seprase, respectively. Both proteases displayed differing profiles of susceptibility towards the other members of the series of inhibitors synthesised. In addition, Gly-ProP(OPh)2 and Tyr-ProP(OPh)2 were found to exert a considerable, dose-dependent anti-invasive effect on the LOX melanoma cell line, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Salamone M, Siragusa M, Nasca M, Pitarresi L, Vittorelli ML, Chen WT, Ghersi G. Type-II transmembrane prolyl dipeptidases and matrix metalloproteinases in membrane vesicles of active endothelial cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:207-12. [PMID: 16700524 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Salamone
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy
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Ge Y, Zhan F, Barlogie B, Epstein J, Shaughnessy J, Yaccoby S. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is upregulated in myelomatous bone and supports myeloma cell survival. Br J Haematol 2006; 133:83-92. [PMID: 16512833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.05976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment plays a critical role in facilitating cancer progression and metastasis. We previously demonstrated the ability of osteoclasts to support primary myeloma plasma cell (MM PC) growth. Our study on the role of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in myeloma, using global gene expression profiling, has identified fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as one of 28 genes significantly overexpressed in cocultured osteoclasts. Because FAP has been previously implicated in tumorigenesis and shown to be selectively expressed by the reactive stroma of epithelial tumours, we focused our study on the role of this serine protease in myeloma. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification, we demonstrated upregulation of FAP by cocultured osteoclasts and mesenchymal stem cells, and in whole myelomatous human bone in SCID-hu mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of myelomatous bone sections revealed FAP expression by osteoclasts, osteogenic cells, fibrotic stroma and certain adipocytes and vascular endothelial cells. FAP was not expressed in PCs by all these methods. Inhibition of FAP expression with the use of small-interference RNA reduced MM PC survival in cocultures. Our results indicate that FAP is critical for the interaction of MM cells with the BM microenvironment--a potential therapeutic target in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ge
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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29
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McIntosh CHS, Demuth HU, Kim SJ, Pospisilik JA, Pederson RA. Applications of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors in diabetes mellitus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:860-72. [PMID: 16442340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes are currently under development that take advantage of the actions of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide on the pancreatic beta-cell. One such approach is based on the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV), the major enzyme responsible for degrading the incretins in vivo. DP IV exhibits characteristics that have allowed the development of specific inhibitors with proven efficacy in improving glucose tolerance in animal models of diabetes and type 2 human diabetics. While enhancement of insulin secretion, resulting from blockade of incretin degradation, has been proposed to be the major mode of inhibitor action, there is also evidence that inhibition of gastric emptying, reduction in glucagon secretion and important effects on beta-cell differentiation, mitogenesis and survival, by the incretins and other DP IV-sensitive peptides, can potentially preserve beta-cell mass, and improve insulin secretory function and glucose handling in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H S McIntosh
- University of British Columbia, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Haffner CD, McDougald DL, Reister SM, Thompson BD, Conlee C, Fang J, Bass J, Lenhard JM, Croom D, Secosky-Chang MB, Tomaszek T, McConn D, Wells-Knecht K, Johnson PR. 2-Cyano-4-fluoro-1-thiovalylpyrrolidine analogues as potent inhibitors of DPP-IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5257-61. [PMID: 16168640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of 2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-thiovalylpyrrolidine inhibitors of DPP-IV. Within this series, compound 19 provided a potent, selective, and orally active DPP-IV inhibitor which demonstrated a very long duration of action in both rat and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt D Haffner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Jessani N, Niessen S, Wei BQ, Nicolau M, Humphrey M, Ji Y, Han W, Noh DY, Yates JR, Jeffrey SS, Cravatt BF. A streamlined platform for high-content functional proteomics of primary human specimens. Nat Methods 2005; 2:691-7. [PMID: 16118640 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Achieving information content of satisfactory breadth and depth remains a formidable challenge for proteomics. This problem is particularly relevant to the study of primary human specimens, such as tumor biopsies, which are heterogeneous and of finite quantity. Here we present a functional proteomics strategy that unites the activity-based protein profiling and multidimensional protein identification technologies (ABPP-MudPIT) for the streamlined analysis of human samples. This convergent platform involves a rapid initial phase, in which enzyme activity signatures are generated for functional classification of samples, followed by in-depth analysis of representative members from each class. Using this two-tiered approach, we identified more than 50 enzyme activities in human breast tumors, nearly a third of which represent previously uncharacterized proteins. Comparison with cDNA microarrays revealed enzymes whose activity, but not mRNA expression, depicted tumor class, underscoring the power of ABPP-MudPIT for the discovery of new markers of human disease that may evade detection by other molecular profiling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Jessani
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Lankas GR, Leiting B, Roy RS, Eiermann GJ, Beconi MG, Biftu T, Chan CC, Edmondson S, Feeney WP, He H, Ippolito DE, Kim D, Lyons KA, Ok HO, Patel RA, Petrov AN, Pryor KA, Qian X, Reigle L, Woods A, Wu JK, Zaller D, Zhang X, Zhu L, Weber AE, Thornberry NA. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: potential importance of selectivity over dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9. Diabetes 2005; 54:2988-94. [PMID: 16186403 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.10.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitors are a new approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. DPP-IV is a member of a family of serine peptidases that includes quiescent cell proline dipeptidase (QPP), DPP8, and DPP9; DPP-IV is a key regulator of incretin hormones, but the functions of other family members are unknown. To determine the importance of selective DPP-IV inhibition for the treatment of diabetes, we tested selective inhibitors of DPP-IV, DPP8/DPP9, or QPP in 2-week rat toxicity studies and in acute dog tolerability studies. In rats, the DPP8/9 inhibitor produced alopecia, thrombocytopenia, reticulocytopenia, enlarged spleen, multiorgan histopathological changes, and mortality. In dogs, the DPP8/9 inhibitor produced gastrointestinal toxicity. The QPP inhibitor produced reticulocytopenia in rats only, and no toxicities were noted in either species for the selective DPP-IV inhibitor. The DPP8/9 inhibitor was also shown to attenuate T-cell activation in human in vitro models; a selective DPP-IV inhibitor was inactive in these assays. Moreover, we found DPP-IV inhibitors that were previously reported to be active in models of immune function to be more potent inhibitors of DPP8/9. These results suggest that assessment of selectivity of potential clinical candidates may be important to an optimal safety profile for this new class of antihyperglycemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Lankas
- Department of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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Berger Y, Chapuis Bernasconi C, Schmitt F, Neier R, Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Determination of Intracellular Prolyl/Glycyl Proteases in Intact Living Human Cells and Protoporphyrin IX Production as a Reporter System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:867-72. [PMID: 16125098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of enzyme activity or inhibition in intact living cells is a problem in the development of inhibitors for intracellular proteases. The production of fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) from the nonfluorescent (N)-Gly/Pro-5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) substrates was used to evaluate the prolyl/glycyl-specific dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV)-like and prolyloligopeptidase (POP)-like activities of human cells. The results demonstrated that whereas POP-like activity could be attributed to the actual POP, the DPPIV-like activity could be related to actual DPPIV only in one colon cell line. In the other breast and colon cell lines, DPPIV-like activity was intracellular and displayed by other prolyl-specific aminopeptidases. Our experiments also demonstrated the involvement of glycyl-specific proteases in the processing of ALA precursors. These observations have important consequences for the development and evaluation of selective inhibitors for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Berger
- University Institute of Pathology, CHUV, Bugnon 25, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mori Y, Kono K, Matsumoto Y, Fujii H, Yamane T, Mitsumata M, Chen WT. The expression of a type II transmembrane serine protease (Seprase) in human gastric carcinoma. Oncology 2005; 67:411-9. [PMID: 15713998 DOI: 10.1159/000082926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The invasion and metastasis of carcinoma cells require the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix by various cell surface proteases. Among these, seprase is a type II transmembrane serine protease absent in normal tissues and it has been implicated in the invasion of the extracellular matrix by both tumor and stromal cells in human breast carcinoma and melanoma. In the present study, the expression of seprase mRNA, protein and its gelatin-degrading activity in human gastric carcinoma were examined to substantiate the potential role of seprase in gastric carcinoma invasion. METHODS We have examined the seprase expression in human gastric carcinoma (n = 34) by RT-PCR, Western immunoblotting analysis, immunohistochemistry, and gelatin zymography. RESULTS Immunoblotting analysis using mAb D8 directed against seprase showed that the carcinoma tissues in 26 out of 34 cases of gastric cancer expressed a dimeric form of seprase but their normal counterparts did not. Gelatin zymography confirmed that the isolated seprase exhibited the gelatin-degrading activity and was active. Seprase-expressing carcinoma tissues were more often found in the scirrhous type than in other types of gastric carcinoma. RT-PCR analysis showed that seprase mRNA was present in carcinoma tissues but not in normal tissues. Immunohistochemically, seprase was mainly located in gastric carcinoma cells, weakly in stromal cells and microvessel endothelial cells in the tumor nest, and none in normal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies showed the unique expression and localization of seprase in the tumor and stromal cells within human gastric carcinoma but not in normal tissues, suggesting a role of seprase in the invasive and metastatic progression of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Collins PJ, McMahon G, O'Brien P, O'Connor B. Purification, identification and characterisation of seprase from bovine serum. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:2320-33. [PMID: 15313476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study and identification for the first time of a soluble form of a seprase activity from bovine serum is presented. To date, this activity has only been reported to be an integral membrane protease but has been known to shed from its membrane. The activity was purified 30,197-fold to homogeneity, using a combination of column chromatographies, from bovine serum. Inhibition by DFP, resulting in an IC(50) of 100:nM confirms classification as a serine protease. The protease after separation and visualisation by native PAGE was subjected to tryptic digestion and the subsequent peptides sequenced. Each peptide sequenced was found to be present in the primary structure of seprase/fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a serine gelatinase specific for proline-containing peptides and macromolecules. Substrate specificity studies using kinetic, RP-HPLC and LC-MS analysis of synthetic peptides suggest that this peptidase has an extended substrate-binding region in addition to the primary specificity site S(1). This analysis revealed at least five subsites to be involved in enzyme-substrate binding, with the smallest peptide cleaved being a tetrapeptide. A proline residue in position P(1) was absolutely necessary therefore showing high primary substrate specificity for the Pro-X bond, while a preference for a hydrophobic residue at the C-terminal end of the scissile bond (P'(1)) was evident. The enzyme also showed complete insensitivity to the prolyl oligopeptidase specific inhibitors, JTP-4819, Fmoc-Ala-pyrrCN and Z-Phe-Pro-BT. To date, no physiological substrate has clearly been defined for this protease but its ability to effectively degrade gelatin suggests a candidate protein substrate in vivo and a possible role in extracellular matrix protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Collins
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Huang Y, Wang S, Kelly T. Seprase promotes rapid tumor growth and increased microvessel density in a mouse model of human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2712-6. [PMID: 15087384 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seprase is a cell surface serine protease that is expressed to high levels by invading human breast carcinoma cells. To investigate the role of seprase in breast cancer, MDA MB-231 human mammary adenocarcinoma cells were engineered to express active seprase to high levels. All cells grow rapidly in cell culture. But differences are discovered when the cells are tested for tumorigenicity, growth, and microvessel density by implantation into the mammary fat pads of female severe combined immunodeficient mice. Control transfectants that do not express seprase grow slowly whereas cells that express seprase to high levels form fast-growing tumors that are highly vascular. Microvessel density is elevated in tumors of two different lines of seprase transfectants to 146 +/- 67.4 and 144 +/- 33.42 vessels/mm(2) as compared with 50.5 +/- 12.9 vessels/mm(2) for tumors of control-transfected cells that do not express seprase. Seprase-expressing cells are better able to attract blood vessels and exhibit rapid tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Ashton WT, Dong H, Sisco RM, Doss GA, Leiting B, Patel RA, Wu JK, Marsilio F, Thornberry NA, Weber AE. Diastereoselective synthesis and configuration-dependent activity of (3-substituted-cycloalkyl)glycine pyrrolidides and thiazolidides as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:859-63. [PMID: 15012982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A diastereoselective synthesis was used to prepare a series of (3-substituted-cyclopentyl and -cyclohexyl)glycine pyrrolidides and thiazolidides. The three chiral centers were generated in an unambiguous, stereochemically defined manner. Inhibitory activity was dependent on the configuration at each stereocenter and on the nature of the 3-substituent. In the cyclopentylglycine pyrrolidide series, high potency against dipeptidyl peptidase IV and good selectivity could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace T Ashton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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Goodman JD, Rozypal TL, Kelly T. Seprase, a membrane-bound protease, alleviates the serum growth requirement of human breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20:459-70. [PMID: 14524536 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025493605850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Seprase is a cell surface serine protease that is expressed to high levels by infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast but its function in malignancy is unknown. MDA-MB-435 (WT435) and MDA-MB-436 (WT436) human breast cancer cells express high levels of seprase as do the carcinoma cells in tumors of human breast cancer patients. To investigate its role in the pathobiology of breast cancer, seprase was specifically reduced in WT436 and WT435 cells by expression of antisense seprase cDNA. Decreased expression of seprase was confirmed in the antisense transfectants by zymography, immunoblotting, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting of cells labeled with antibody to seprase. Control-transfectants continued to express high levels of seprase. Seprase-deficient cells growing on type I collagen gels reveal a markedly different morphology than the parental or control-transfected cells that express high levels of seprase. The seprase-deficient cells grow in islands and aggregates of tightly attached cells while cells with high seprase expression grow as groups of separate individual cells. Interestingly, the aggregated growth of the seprase-deficient cells was not correlated with increased expression of E-cadherin. Seprase-deficient breast cancer cells also exhibit altered growth properties. Seprase-deficient cells and those with high seprase levels proliferate in serum-containing media. However, in serum-free medium seprase-deficient cells proliferate much more slowly than their seprase-expressing counterparts. These findings indicate that seprase promotes the aberrant growth of breast cancer cells by reducing their dependence on exogenous growth factors. Seprase may contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer by promoting growth of the primary tumor and by facilitating the growth of breast cancer cells in metastases at other sites of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna D Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA
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