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Lu J, Krepelova A, Rasa SMM, Annunziata F, Husak O, Adam L, Nunna S, Neri F. Characterization of an in vitro 3D intestinal organoid model by using massive RNAseq-based transcriptome profiling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16668. [PMID: 34404908 PMCID: PMC8371140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids culture provides unique opportunities to study human diseases and to complement animal models. Several organs and tissues can be in vitro cultured in 3D structures resembling in vivo tissue organization. Organoids culture contains most of the cell types of the original tissue and are maintained by growth factors mimicking the in vivo state. However, the system is yet not fully understood, and specific in vivo features especially those driven by cell-extrinsic factors may be lost in culture. Here we show a comprehensive transcriptome-wide characterization of mouse gut organoids derived from different intestinal compartments and from mice of different gender and age. RNA-seq analysis showed that the in vitro culture strongly influences the global transcriptome of the intestinal epithelial cells (~ 60% of the total variance). Several compartment-, age- and gender-related transcriptome features are lost after culturing indicating that they are driven by niche or systemic factors. However, certain intrinsic transcriptional programs, for example, some compartment-related features and a minority of gender- and aging- related features are maintained in vitro which suggested possibilities for these features to be studied in this system. Moreover, our study provides knowledge about the cell-extrinsic or cell-intrinsic origin of intestinal epithelial transcriptional programs. We anticipated that our characterization of this in vitro system is an important reference for scientists and clinicians using intestinal organoids as a research model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Krepelova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Olena Husak
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Adam
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Suneetha Nunna
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Francesco Neri
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.
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2
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Choe J, Seol KH, Son DI, Lee HJ, Lee M, Jo C. Identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of pork loin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1629690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhui Choe
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk-Hwan Seol
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-In Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mooha Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Korea
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3
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Zhao T, Zheng L, Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhao Q, Su G, Zhao M. Stability towards the gastrointestinal simulated digestion and bioactivity of PAYCS and its digestive product PAY with cognitive improving properties. Food Funct 2019; 10:2439-2449. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pro-AlaTyr-Cys-Ser (PAYCS) was susceptible to digestion and its memory improving activity was linked to the activation of Nrf2/ARE and BDNF/CREB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Shuguang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Qiangzhong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Guowan Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center
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Khueychai S, Jangpromma N, Choowongkomon K, Joompang A, Daduang S, Vesaratchavest M, Payoungkiattikun W, Tachibana S, Klaynongsruang S. A novel ACE inhibitory peptide derived from alkaline hydrolysis of ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg white ovalbumin. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Pooja K, Rani S, Prakash B. In silicoapproaches towards the exploration of rice bran proteins-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1368552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Km Pooja
- Department of Botany, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sapna Rani
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Bhanu Prakash
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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6
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Rani S, Pooja K, Pal GK. Exploration of potential angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides generated from enzymatic hydrolysis of goat milk proteins. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Pooja K, Rani S, Kanwate B, Pal GK. Physico-chemical, Sensory and Toxicity Characteristics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitory Peptides from Rice Bran-derived Globulin Using Computational Approaches. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Effect of molecular weight on the transepithelial transport and peptidase degradation of casein-derived peptides by using Caco-2 cell model. Food Chem 2017; 218:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Complex N acquisition by soil diazotrophs: how the ability to release exoenzymes affects N fixation by terrestrial free-living diazotrophs. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 11:315-326. [PMID: 27898052 PMCID: PMC5270568 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial systems support a variety of free-living soil diazotrophs, which can fix nitrogen (N) outside of plant associations. However, owing to the metabolic costs associated with N fixation, free-living soil diazotrophs likely rely on soil N to satisfy the majority of cellular N demand and only fix atmospheric N under certain conditions. Culture-based studies and genomic data show that many free-living soil diazotrophs can access high-molecular weight organic soil N by releasing N-acquiring enzymes such as proteases and chitinases into the extracellular environment. Here, we formally propose a N acquisition strategy used by free-living diazotrophs that accounts for high-molecular weight N acquisition through exoenzyme release by these organisms. We call this the ‘LAH N-acquisition strategy' for the preferred order of N pools used once inorganic soil N is limiting: (1) low-molecular weight organic N, (2) atmospheric N and (3) high-molecular weight organic N. In this framework, free-living diazotrophs primarily use biological N fixation (BNF) as a short-term N acquisition strategy to offset the cellular N lost in exoenzyme excretion as low-molecular weight N becomes limiting. By accounting for exoenzyme release by free-living diazotrophs within a cost–benefit framework, investigation of the LAH N acquisition strategy will contribute to a process-level understanding of BNF in soil environments.
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Vij R, Reddi S, Kapila S, Kapila R. Transepithelial transport of milk derived bioactive peptide VLPVPQK. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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11
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Pletzer D, Lafon C, Braun Y, Köhler T, Page MGP, Mourez M, Weingart H. High-throughput screening of dipeptide utilization mediated by the ABC transporter DppBCDF and its substrate-binding proteins DppA1-A5 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111311. [PMID: 25338022 PMCID: PMC4206461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that the dppBCDF operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 encodes an ABC transporter responsible for the utilization of di/tripeptides. The substrate specificity of ABC transporters is determined by its associated substrate-binding proteins (SBPs). Whereas in E. coli only one protein, DppA, determines the specificity of the transporter, five orthologous SBPs, DppA1-A5 are present in P. aeruginosa. Multiple SBPs might broaden the substrate specificity by increasing the transporter capacity. We utilized the Biolog phenotype MicroArray technology to investigate utilization of di/tripeptides in mutants lacking either the transport machinery or all of the five SBPs. This high-throughput method enabled us to screen hundreds of dipeptides with various side-chains, and subsequently, to determine the substrate profile of the dipeptide permease. The substrate spectrum of the SBPs was elucidated by complementation of a penta mutant, deficient of all five SBPs, with plasmids carrying individual SBPs. It became apparent that some dipeptides were utilized with different affinity for each SBP. We found that DppA2 shows the highest flexibility on substrate recognition and that DppA2 and DppA4 have a higher tendency to utilize tripeptides. DppA5 was not able to complement the penta mutant under our screening conditions. Phaseolotoxin, a toxic tripeptide inhibiting the enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase, is also transported into P. aeruginosa via the DppBCDF permease. The SBP DppA1, and with much greater extend DppA3, are responsible for delivering the toxin to the permease. Our results provide a first overview of the substrate pattern of the ABC dipeptide transport machinery in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pletzer
- Jacobs University Bremen, School of Engineering and Science, Bremen, Germany
| | - Corinne Lafon
- Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Yvonne Braun
- Jacobs University Bremen, School of Engineering and Science, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thilo Köhler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine and Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Mourez
- Sanofi-Aventis R&D, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Helge Weingart
- Jacobs University Bremen, School of Engineering and Science, Bremen, Germany
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12
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Lee JK, Jeon JK, Byun HG. Antihypertensive effect of novel angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) skin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Antifungal effect of CopA3 monomer peptide via membrane-active mechanism and stability to proteolysis of enantiomeric D-CopA3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:94-8. [PMID: 24041699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, coprisin, a 43-mer defensin-like peptide, was derived from the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, and a 9-mer CopA3 (monomer), truncated coprisin analog peptide, was designed. However, the antifungal effects of CopA3 are not known yet. In this study, the antifungal activity and mechanism of CopA3 were investigated and to develop a more effective antimicrobial peptide under physiological conditions, the enantiomeric d-CopA3 was designed. l- and d-CopA3 had a similar antifungal activity without chiral selectivity, and their activity was more potent than that of melittin used as a positive control. Furthermore, l- and d-CopA3 did not even show any hemolysis against human erythrocytes. Membrane studies using propidium iodide and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)], suggested that the antifungal effect of l- and d-CopA3 was due to the membrane-active mechanism, by contrast with coprisin possessing apoptotic mechanism without membrane permeabilization. Finally, the proteolytic resistance and antifungal activity of l- and d-CopA3 against trypsin was analyzed by HPLC and colony count assay. The results showed that only d-CopA3 maintained a potent antifungal activity despite the proteolytic condition. Therefore, this study suggests that d-CopA3 has potential as a novel antimicrobial agent.
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Farrell M, Hill PW, Farrar J, DeLuca TH, Roberts P, Kielland K, Dahlgren R, Murphy DV, Hobbs PJ, Bardgett RD, Jones DL. Oligopeptides Represent a Preferred Source of Organic N Uptake: A Global Phenomenon? Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Giri A, Ohshima T. Bioactive marine peptides: nutraceutical value and novel approaches. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:73-105. [PMID: 22361181 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms represent a valuable source of nutraceuticals and functional compounds. The biodiversity of the marine environment and the associated chemical diversity constitute a practically unlimited resource of novel active substances for the development of bioactive products. Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed in marine-derived bioactive peptides because of their numerous beneficial health effects. Moreover, several studies have reported that marine bioactive peptides can be used as antihypertensive, antioxidative, anticoagulant, and antimicrobial components in functional foods or nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals due to their therapeutic potential in the treatment or prevention of disease. In this chapter, we provide an overview of bioactive peptides derived from marine organisms as well as information about their biological properties and mechanisms of action with potential applications in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Giri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Lee J, Choi H, Cho J, Lee DG. Effects of positively charged arginine residues on membrane pore forming activity of Rev-NIS peptide in bacterial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2421-7. [PMID: 21762675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated antibacterial effects of Rev-NIS and suggested the role of positively charged amino acids on membrane pore forming activity of the peptide in bacterial cells, by synthesizing two analogs, Anal R and Anal S. Based on the amphipathic property of Rev-NIS, Anal R and Anal S were designed by substituting E(1) and L(3) to R and L(3) to S, respectively. The circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that Anal R and Anal S have the same conformation of Rev-NIS, with a significant fraction of helical structure. In succession, the antibacterial susceptibility testing showed that Rev-NIS and its analogs possessed significant activities (Anal R>Rev-NIS>Anal S), without hemolytic effects, against bacterial pathogens including antibiotics-resistant strains. Moreover, the membrane studies, 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diSC(3)5) staining and FITC-dextran (FD) leakage assay demonstrated that the analogs as well as Rev-NIS acted on the bacterial membranes and potently made pores, with the hydrodynamic radius between 1.4nm and 2.3nm. Especially, Anal R made larger pores than other peptides, with the radius between 2.3nm and 3.3nm. These results also corresponded to the result of antibacterial susceptibility testing. In summary, this study indicates that the two arginine residues are more influential than the hydrophobicity or the helicity, regarding the molecular activity of the peptide, and finally suggests that Anal R peptide may be applied to novel antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneyoung Lee
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Cao W, Zhang C, Hong P, Ji H, Hao J. Purification and identification of an ACE inhibitory peptide from the peptic hydrolysate of Acetes chinensis and its antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gromova LV, Gruzdkov AA. Evaluation of role of the peptide transport system in absorption of dipeptides in the rat small intestine in chronic experiments in vivo. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093009020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Miguel M, Dávalos A, Manso MA, de la Peña G, Lasunción MA, López-Fandiño R. Transepithelial transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers of antihypertensive egg-derived peptides. PepT1-mediated flux of Tyr-Pro-Ile. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:1507-13. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Production of novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides by fermentation of marine shrimp Acetes chinensis with Lactobacillus fermentum SM 605. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:785-91. [PMID: 18521593 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetes chinensis is an underutilized shrimp species thriving in Bo Hai Gulf of China. Its hydrolysate digested with protease SM98011 has been previously shown to have high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (He et al., J Pept Sci 12:726-733, 2006). In this article, A. chinensis were fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum SM 605 and the fermented sauce presented high ACE inhibitory activity. The minimum IC(50) value (3.37 +/- 0.04 mg/mL) was achieved by response surface methodology with optimized process parameters such as fermentation time of 24.19 h, incubation temperature at 38.10 degrees C, and pH 6.12. Three ACE inhibitory peptides are purified by ultrafiltration, gel filtration, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Identified by mass spectrometry, their amino acid sequences are Asp-Pro, Gly-Thr-Gly, and Ser-Thr, with IC(50) values of 2.15 +/- 0.02, 5.54 +/- 0.09, and 4.03 +/- 0.10 microM, respectively. Also, they are all novel ACE inhibitory peptides. Compared with protease digestion, fermentation is a simpler and cheaper method to produce ACE inhibitory peptides from shrimp A. chinensis.
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22
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Comparison of egg-yolk protein hydrolysate and soyabean protein hydrolysate in terms of nitrogen utilization. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711459800155x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Egg-yolk protein hydrolysate (YPp) is an alternative protein source in formulas for infants with intolerance to cow's milk or soyabean protein, or for patients with intestinal disorders. However, the nutritional value of YPp has never been investigated. YPp was prepared by enzymic hydrolysis of delipidated yolk protein, which led to an average peptide length of 2.6 residues. Three experiments were performed. In Expt 1, we compared the intestinal absorption rate of YPp and soyabean protein hydrolysate (SPp) in rats. YPp and SPp solutions were injected into the duodenum of anaesthetized rats and blood samples were taken from the portal vein at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. A higher amino acid concentration in the serum of the YPp group demonstrated that YPp was absorbed faster than SPp. In Expt 2, the effects of dietary YPp and SPp on body-weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were determined. At the end of the experiment, body weight had increased in both groups, while PER and FER were significantly higher in rats fed on YPp. In Expt 3, to investigate the effects of dietary YPp and SPp on N metabolism, we determined the biological value and net protein utilization. Yolk protein was the reference protein. Biological value and net protein utilization values were very similar between animals fed on yolk protein and YPp diets, and significantly higher than in rats fed on the SPp diet. The present findings demonstrate that there is no adverse effect of hydrolysis of yolk protein on N utilization, and that the nutritive value of YPp is similar to that of yolk protein and superior to that of SPp.
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23
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Purification and identification of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from beef hydrolysates. Meat Sci 2005; 69:653-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Satake M, Enjoh M, Nakamura Y, Takano T, Kawamura Y, Arai S, Shimizu M. Transepithelial transport of the bioactive tripeptide, Val-Pro-Pro, in human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:378-84. [PMID: 11999412 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some of the food-derived tripeptides with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity have been reported to be hypotensive after being orally administered. The mechanism for the intestinal transport of these tripeptides was studied by using monolayer-cultured human intestinal Caco-2 cells which express many enterocyte-like functions including the peptide transporter (PepT1)-mediated transport system. Val-Pro-Pro, an ACE-inhibitory peptide from fermented milk, was used as a model tripeptide. A significant amount of intact Val-Pro-Pro was transported across the Caco-2 cell monolayer. This transport was hardly inhibited by a competitive substrate for PepT1. Since no intact Val-Pro-Pro was detected in the cells, Val-Pro-Pro apically taken by Caco-2 cells via PepT1 was likely to have been quickly hydrolyzed by intracellular peptidases, producing free Val and Pro. These findings suggest that PepT1-mediated transport was not involved in the transepithelial transport of intact Val-Pro-Pro. Paracellular diffusion is suggested to have been the main mechanism for the transport of intact Val-Pro-Pro across the Caco-2 cell monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Satake
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Payne JW, Payne GM, Gupta S, Marshall NJ, Grail BM. Conformational limitations of glycylsarcosine as a prototypic substrate for peptide transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1514:65-75. [PMID: 11513805 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(01)00364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide transporters are present in all species to absorb the small peptides that occur ubiquitously as products of proteolysis. The broad substrate specificities of these systems allow them to be exploited therapeutically for delivery of peptidomimetic drugs in microbes and man. To this end, glycylsarcosine is currently used as a standard substrate for assaying peptidomimetic transport by peptide transporters. However, in this study we find it is unsuitable as a general substrate, based on assays of its transport by model bacterial peptide transporters and computer-based conformational analysis of its structure. Of the two generic transporters for di- and tripeptides, exemplified by Dpp and Tpp in Escherichia coli, only Dpp can transport glycylsarcosine. The explanation for this finding came from molecular modelling, which indicated that glycylsarcosine can adopt only a restricted range of conformers compared with typical dipeptides, and that of the conformers with a trans peptide bond, the majority have the specific psi and phi backbone torsion angles needed for molecular recognition and transport by Dpp but none possessed psi and phi torsions required for recognition by Tpp; moreover, 38% of its conformers have cis peptide bonds that are not substrates for any peptide transporter. Thus, using glycylsarcosine as substrate in competition assays with compounds that typically form conformers recognised by both types of peptide transporter will underestimate their transport. These findings have implications for assays of oral availability of peptidomimetic drugs such as beta-lactams, ACE inhibitors and anti-viral compounds, for which glycylsarcosine is routinely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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Hodgson DA. Primary metabolism and its control in streptomycetes: a most unusual group of bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2001; 42:47-238. [PMID: 10907551 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(00)42003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria with a unique capacity for the production of a multitude of varied and complex secondary metabolites. They also have a complex life cycle including differentiation into at least three distinct cell types. Whilst much attention has been paid to the pathways and regulation of secondary metabolism, less has been paid to the pathways and the regulation of primary metabolism, which supplies the precursors. With the imminent completion of the total genome sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), we need to understand the pathways of primary metabolism if we are to understand the role of newly discovered genes. This review is written as a contribution to supplying these wants. Streptomycetes inhabit soil, which, because of the high numbers of microbial competitors, is an oligotrophic environment. Soil nutrient levels reflect the fact that plant-derived material is the main nutrient input; i.e. it is carbon-rich and nitrogen- and phosphate-poor. Control of streptomycete primary metabolism reflects the nutrient availability. The variety and multiplicity of carbohydrate catabolic pathways reflects the variety and multiplicity of carbohydrates in the soil. This multiplicity of pathways has led to investment by streptomycetes in pathway-specific and global regulatory networks such as glucose repression. The mechanism of glucose repression is clearly different from that in other bacteria. Streptomycetes feed by secreting complexes of extracellular enzymes that break down plant cell walls to release nutrients. The induction of these enzyme complexes is often coordinated by inducers that bear no structural relation to the substrate or product of any particular enzyme in the complex; e.g. a product of xylan breakdown may induce cellulase production. Control of amino acid catabolism reflects the relative absence of nitrogen catabolites in soil. The cognate amino acid induces about half of the catabolic pathways and half are constitutive. There are reduced instances of global carbon and nitrogen catabolite control of amino acid catabolism, which again presumably reflects the relative rarity of the catabolites. There are few examples of feedback repression of amino acid biosynthesis. Again this is taken as a reflection of the oligotrophic nature of the streptomycete ecological niche. As amino acids are not present in the environment, streptomycetes have rarely invested in feedback repression. Exceptions to this generalization are the arginine and branched-chain amino acid pathways and some parts of the aromatic amino acid pathways which have regulatory systems similar to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and other copiotrophic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hodgson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Payne JW, Grail BM, Gupta S, Ladbury JE, Marshall NJ, O'Brien R, Payne GM. Structural basis for recognition of dipeptides by peptide transporters. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 384:9-23. [PMID: 11147841 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective in this work was to identify the structural basis for the molecular recognition of peptides by peptide transporters. Various assays for dipeptide transport by the dipeptide and tripeptide permeases of Escherichia coli were performed, together with measurements of thermodynamic parameters of substrate binding to the dipeptide binding protein using isothermal titration calorimetry. Computer-based conformational analysis of the test dipeptides was performed to define the repertoire of conformers that each dipeptide adopts in solution. Strict correlations were identified between the complement of particular conformers adopted by a peptide and its bioactivity as a substrate for each transporter. Details of the structural and electronic parameters that define the molecular recognition templates (MRTs) of the dipeptide substrates of these transporters are presented; similar MRTs are likely to apply with dipeptidases. These MRTs provide the essential information for the rational design of peptide-based drugs tailored for exploitation of peptide transporters in microorganisms and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom.
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29
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Abstract
The present paper describes the predominant conformational forms adopted by dipeptides in aqueous solution. More than 50 dipeptides were subjected to conformational analysis using SYBYL Random Search. The resultant collections of conformers for individual dipeptides, for small groups with related side chain residues and for large groups of about 50 dipeptides were visualized graphically and analysed using a novel three-dimensional pseudo-Ramachandran plot. The distribution of conformers, weighted according to the percentage of each in the total conformer pool, was found to be restricted to nine main combinations of backbone psi (psi) and phi (phi) torsion angles. The preferred psi values were in sectors A7 (+150 degrees to +/-180 degrees), A10 (+60 degrees to +90 degrees) and A4 (-60 degrees to -90 degrees), and these were combined with preferred phi values in sectors B12 (-150 degrees to +/-180 degrees), B9 (-60 degrees to -90 degrees) and B2 (+30 degrees to +60 degrees). These combinations of psi and phi values are distinct from those found in common secondary structures of proteins. These results show that although dipeptides can each adopt many conformations in solution, each possesses a profile of common conformers that is quantifiable. A similarly weighted distribution of dipeptide conformers according to distance between amino-terminal nitrogen and carboxyl-terminal carbon shows how the preferred combinations of backbone torsional angles result in particular N-C geometries for the conformers. This approach gives insight into the important conformational parameters of dipeptides that provide the basis for their molecular recognition as substrates by widely distributed peptide transporters. It offers a basis for the rational design of peptide-based bioactive compounds able to exploit these transporters for targeting and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Grail
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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30
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Payne JW, Grail BM, Marshall NJ. Molecular recognition templates of peptides: driving force for molecular evolution of peptide transporters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267:283-9. [PMID: 10623611 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Small peptides derived from protein hydrolysis occur ubiquitously. To utilize these structurally diverse compounds, organisms possess generic peptide transporters for di- (Dpp), tri- (Tpp), and oligopeptides (Opp). Using conformational analysis, we describe the predominant conformers of di-, tri-, and oligopeptides in water; dipeptides occur as nine main groups, defined by specific combinations of torsional angles. The molecular recognition templates (MRTs) of substrates for Dpp and Tpp comprise distinct groups of dipeptide conformers plus folded tripeptide conformers with matching spatial distribution of recognition features; for Opp, the MRT involves specific oligopeptide conformers with extended backbones. For any peptide, the proportion of its conformers in a particular MRT correlates with its relative binding and transport by each transporter. Thus, peptide transporters have evolved complementary specificities to optimize utilization of the universal peptide pool. The general applicability of MRTs should facilitate rational design and targeting of peptide-based prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
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31
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Smith MW, Tyreman DR, Payne GM, Marshall NJ, Payne JW. Substrate specificity of the periplasmic dipeptide-binding protein from Escherichia coli: experimental basis for the design of peptide prodrugs. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 10):2891-901. [PMID: 10537211 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-10-2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pure dipeptide-binding protein (DppA) from Escherichia coli was studied in a filter binding assay to determine its binding specificity. A substrate:DppA stoichiometry of 1:1 was found with both [14C]AlaAla and Ala[14C]Phe. Surprisingly, substrate binding did not vary over the pH range pH 3-9.5. Different dipeptides yielded liganded protein with various pI values, implying that DppA can undergo subtly different conformational changes to accommodate different substrates. Using [125I]Tyr-peptides as substrates in competition assays, the relative binding affinities for a range of dipeptides were found to parallel their overall transport rates into E. coli through the dipeptide permease (Dpp), showing that DppA alone controls the specificity of Dpp. With a series of substituted glycyl peptides, binding affinity was progressively enhanced by alkylation (with methyl to butyl) of the N-terminal alpha-amino group. Thus, results from this approach provide an essential experimental basis, which complements the information from the crystal structure of DppA, for the design of peptidomimetic antibacterials targeted for transport through Dpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK
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32
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Pauletti GM. Peptidomimetics designed for oral absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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33
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Snyder NJ, Tabas LB, Berry DM, Duckworth DC, Spry DO, Dantzig AH. Structure-activity relationship of carbacephalosporins and cephalosporins: antibacterial activity and interaction with the intestinal proton-dependent dipeptide transport carrier of Caco-2 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1649-57. [PMID: 9257735 PMCID: PMC163979 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.8.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An intestinal proton-dependent peptide transporter located on the lumenal surface of the enterocyte is responsible for the uptake of many orally absorbed beta-lactam antibiotics. Both cephalexin and loracarbef are transported by this mechanism into the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Forty-seven analogs of the carbacephalosporin loracarbef and the cephalosporin cephalexin were prepared to evaluate the structural features necessary for uptake by this transport carrier. Compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities and for their ability to inhibit 1 mM cephalexin uptake and, subsequently, uptake into Caco-2 cells. Three clinically evaluated orally absorbed carbacephems were taken up by Caco-2 cells, consistent with their excellent bioavailability in humans. Although the carrier preferred the L stereoisomer, these compounds lacked antibacterial activity and were hydrolyzed intracellularly in Caco-2 cells. Compounds modified at the 3 position of cephalexin and loracarbef with a cyclopropyl or a trifluoromethyl group inhibited cephalexin uptake. Analogs with lipophilic groups on the primary amine of the side chain inhibited cephalexin uptake, retained activity against gram-positive bacteria but lost activity against gram-negative bacteria. Substitution of the phenylglycl side chain with phenylacetyl side chains gave similar results. Compounds which lacked an aromatic ring in the side chain inhibited cephalexin uptake but lost all antibacterial activity. Thus, the phenylglycl side chain is not absolutely required for uptake. Different structural features are required for antibacterial activity and for being a substrate of the transporter. Competition studies with cephalexin indicate that human intestinal Caco-2 cells may be a useful model system for initially guiding structure-activity relationships for the rational design of new oral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Snyder
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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34
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Gangwar S, Pauletti GM, Wang B, Siahaan TJ, Stella VJ, Borchardt RT. Prodrug strategies to enhance the intestinal absorption of peptides. Drug Discov Today 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(97)01011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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DiBiase MD, Morrel EM. Oral delivery of microencapsulated proteins. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 10:255-88. [PMID: 9160376 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46803-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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36
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Abstract
Today there is considerable interest in oral peptide delivery. However, oral administration of peptides is limited by a low bioavailability and a high variability in plasma levels. A review is given of the literature describing the major barriers in peptide absorption, the basic mechanisms of intestinal peptide transport, the experimental models and the pharmaceutical approaches currently used in the investigation of peptide and protein absorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fricker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Morgan SM, Subr V, Ulbrich K, Woodley JF, Duncan R. Evaluation of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-peptide conjugates as potential oral vaccines. Studies on their degradation by isolated rat small intestinal peptidases and their uptake by adult rat small intestinal tissue in vitro. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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39
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Li J, Hidalgo IJ. Molecular modeling study of structural requirements for the oligopeptide transporter. J Drug Target 1996; 4:9-17. [PMID: 8798874 DOI: 10.3109/10611869609046256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal oligopeptide transporter (OPT) mediates the absorption of di-/tripeptides, beta-lactam antibiotics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and renin inhibitors. This suggests that the targeting of molecules to this transporter could result in orally-absorbed drugs. Results from a recent study with renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) suggested that an alpha-NH2 group is required for interaction with the renal OPT. In general, structural requirements for interaction with the renal and intestinal OPT are similar. However, these recent findings do not agree with earlier studies, which showed that an alpha-NH2 group is not essential for interaction with the intestinal OPT. Thus, it appears that the renal and intestinal OPT may differ in their recognition of compounds containing an alpha-NH2 group. In this study, molecular modeling was used to determine the tridimensional structures of various cephalosporins for which Ki values had been determined using renal BBMV. All cephalosporins which interact with the OPT have two, energetically equivalent, conformations. Most compounds which do not interact with the OPT cannot adopt the two conformations. A key factor which influences the conformation seems to be the substituent group at the alpha position; an electron drawing group at that position alters the common conformations. For the OPT substrates, the distances between the -NH2 and -COOH groups are comparable to those of the tripeptide, GlyGlyGly; and the distances between -NH2 and carbonyl group in the beta-lactam ring are close to the distance between N-terminal and C-terminal in the dipeptide, GlyGly. The corresponding distances in cephamycin C (in which a -NH2 group is located in a different position) and the tetrapeptide, GlyGlyGlyGly, are longer than those in alpha-NH2 cephalosporins and GlyGlyGly. Cephamycin C and the tetrapeptide have low affinity for the renal OPT, suggesting that the distances between functional groups are critical for affinity. The alpha-NH2 group had no effect on the conformations of the molecules. We concluded that the alpha-NH2 group may interact directly with the renal oligopeptide transporter. Whether this is unique to the renal transporter or could be applied to the intestinal transporter will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA 19426-0107, USA
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40
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Abstract
The transport of peptides into cells is a well-documented biological phenomenon which is accomplished by specific, energy-dependent transporters found in a number of organisms as diverse as bacteria and humans. Until recently, the majority of peptide transporters cloned and characterized were found to be proteins of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family. We report the identification of a new family of peptide transporters, which we call the PTR family. This group of proteins, distinct from the ABC-type peptide transporters, was uncovered by sequence analyses of a number of recently discovered peptide transport proteins. Alignment of these proteins demonstrated a high number of identical and similar residues and identified conserved glycosylation and phosphorylation sites, as well as a structural motif unique to this group of proteins. Cluster analysis among the proteins indicated these sequences were indeed related and could be further divided into two subfamilies. A phylogenetic analysis of these new peptide transport sequences, compared to over 50 other peptide and membrane-bound transporters, showed that these proteins comprise a distinct, separate group of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Steiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0845, USA
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41
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Hu M, Zheng L, Chen J, Liu L, Li Y, Dantzig AH, Stratford RE. Peptide transporter function and prolidase activities in Caco-2 cells: a lack of coordinated expression. J Drug Target 1995; 3:291-300. [PMID: 8821003 DOI: 10.3109/10611869509015958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptide transport and prolidase activities were measured to determine whether the expression of these two components of protein nutrition are coordinately regulated; i.e., whether an increase in the peptide transporter function will necessarily lead to a higher prolidase activity, or vice versa. The results indicated that peptide transporter function and prolidase activity respond differently to cell differentiation and feeding schedules. The results also indicated that peptide transport and prolidase activities were different in two Caco-2 cell "clones", with S-K cells transported peptides at higher rates but had lower total prolidase activities, when compared to ATCC cells. These results suggest that the expression of the peptide transporter function and prolidase activity is not coordinated. In addition, both the transporter and the prolidase activities affected the overall transport of Phe when given as the dipeptide Phe-Pro, supporting the notion that intestinal absorption of peptides is an essential component of amino acid absorption. In conclusion, the evidence suggests that the peptide transporter function and prolidase activity are not coordinately expressed by the human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6510, USA
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42
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Bai JP. Stability of neurotensin and acetylneurotensin 8–13 in brush-border membrane, cytosol, and homogenate of rat small intestine. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Hagting A, Kunji E, Leenhouts K, Poolman B, Konings W. The di- and tripeptide transport protein of Lactococcus lactis. A new type of bacterial peptide transporter. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)78137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, UK
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45
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Smith MW, Payne JW. Expression of periplasmic binding proteins for peptide transport is subject to negative regulation by phosphate limitation in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 100:183-90. [PMID: 1478454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb14038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognised that phosphate limitation in Escherichia coli causes enhanced synthesis of a variety of proteins involved in maximising the uptake and utilisation of the available phosphate. In contrast to this situation, we report here that these same conditions repress synthesis of the periplasmic binding proteins for both the oligopeptide (Opp) and dipeptide permeases (Dpp), and of certain other periplasmic proteins. Regulation in the former case is mediated by the Pho regulon; genes controlled by this mechanism lack efficient -35 promoter regions, and instead, an activator protein, PhoB, binds to a specific 'Pho box' sequence, ten bases upstream from a -10 promoter, thereby facilitating binding of RNA polymerase and leading to enhanced transcription. In the latter case, putative Pho boxes can be identified in the promoter regions of opp and dpp (and of other binding proteins), but in these genes they overlap the RNA polymerase binding sites of good promoters. We speculate that this different Pho box location may allow PhoB to act as a repressor of transcription of these genes. The promoter region for the sigma factor, sigma 32, (RpoH) also contains a putative Pho box, implying that it may be involved in the enhanced synthesis and secretion of proteins required under phosphate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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46
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Dantzig AH, Tabas LB, Bergin L. Cefaclor uptake by the proton-dependent dipeptide transport carrier of human intestinal Caco-2 cells and comparison to cephalexin uptake. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1112:167-73. [PMID: 1457450 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human Caco-2 cell line spontaneously differentiates in culture to epithelial cells possessing intestinal enterocytic-like properties. These cells possess a proton-dependent dipeptide transport carrier that mediates the uptake of the cephalosporin antibiotic cephalexin (Dantzig, A.H. and Bergin, L. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1027, 211-217). In the present study, the uptake of cefaclor was examined and found to be sodium-independent, proton-dependent, and energy-dependent. The initial rate of D-[3-phenyl-3H]cefaclor uptake was measured over a wide concentration range; uptake was mediated by a single saturable transport carrier with a Km of 7.6 mM and a Vmax of 7.6 nmol/min per mg protein and by a non-saturable component. Uptake was inhibited by dipeptides but not amino acids. The carrier showed a preference for the L-isomer. The effect of the presence of a 5-fold excess of other beta-lactam antibiotics was examined on the initial rates of 1 mM cefaclor and 1 mM cephalexin uptake. Uptake rates were inhibited by the orally absorbed antibiotics, cefadroxil, cefaclor, loracarbef, and cephradine and less so by the parenteral agents tested. The initial uptake rates of both D-[9-14C]cephalexin and D-[3-phenyl-3H]cefaclor were competitively inhibited by cephalexin, cefaclor, and loracarbef with Ki values of 9.2-13.2, 10.7-6.2, and 7.7-6.4 mM, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that a single proton-dependent dipeptide transport carrier mediates the uptake of these orally absorbed antibiotics into Caco-2 cells, and provide further support for the use of Caco-2 cells as a cellular model for the study of the intestinal proton-dependent dipeptide transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Dantzig
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285-0424
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47
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Smith M, Payne J. Expression of periplasmic binding proteins for peptide transport is subject to negative regulation by phosphate limitation in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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48
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Miyamoto Y, Thompson YG, Howard EF, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH. Functional expression of the intestinal peptide-proton co-transporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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49
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Smith MW, Payne JW. Simultaneous exploitation of different peptide permeases by combinations of synthetic peptide smugglins can lead to enhanced antibacterial activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990; 58:311-6. [PMID: 2227366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Various synthetic, peptide prodrugs (smugglins) were tested alone and in combination for activity against Escherichia coli. The smugglins may be transported through any of three peptide permeases, and once inside the bacteria are activated by intracellular peptidase action to release their intrinsically impermeant, antibacterial moieties. When each such antibiotic peptide present in a mixture was accumulated via a different permease, synergistic effects could be observed. Synergy was also found when smugglins were combined with other non-peptide antibiotics. The principle of using smugglin combinations could extend the scope of their application, and should minimise the potential problem that can arise from the occurrence of resistant, transport mutants. The smugglin interactions were studied using a modified microtitre plate assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, U.K
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50
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