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Kulshreshtha A, Bhatnagar S. Structural effect of the H992D/H418D mutation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the Indian population: implications for health and disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38411559 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2321246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The Non synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) pathway, unique to the Indian population were investigated in view of its importance as an endocrine system. nsSNPs of the RAS pathway genes were mined from the IndiGenome database. Damaging nsSNPs were predicted using SIFT, PredictSNP, SNP and GO, Snap2 and Protein Variation Effect Analyzer. Loss of function was predicted based on protein stability change using I mutant, PremPS and CONSURF. The structural impact of the nsSNPs was predicted using HOPE and Missense3d followed by modeling, refinement, and energy minimization. Molecular Dynamics studies were carried out using Gromacsv2021.1. 23 Indian nsSNPs of the RAS pathway genes were selected for structural analysis and 8 were predicted to be damaging. Further sequence analysis showed that HEMGH zinc binding motif changes to HEMGD in somatic ACE-C domain (sACE-C) H992D and Testis ACE (tACE) H418D resulted in loss of zinc coordination, which is essential for enzymatic activity in this metalloprotease. There was a loss of internal interactions around the zinc coordination residues in the protein structural network. This was also confirmed by Principal Component Analysis, Free Energy Landscape and residue contact maps. Both mutations lead to broadening of the AngI binding cavity. The H992D mutation in sACE-C is likely to be favorable for cardiovascular health, but may lead to renal abnormalities with secondary impact on the heart. H418D in tACE is potentially associated with male infertility.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Kulshreshtha
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Neuparth T, Alves N, Machado AM, Pinheiro M, Montes R, Rodil R, Barros S, Ruivo R, Castro LFC, Quintana JB, Santos MM. Neuroendocrine pathways at risk? Simvastatin induces inter and transgenerational disruption in the keystone amphipod Gammarus locusta. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 244:106095. [PMID: 35121565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The primary focus of environmental toxicological studies is to address the direct effects of chemicals on exposed organisms (parental generation - F0), mostly overlooking effects on subsequent non-exposed generations (F1 and F2 - intergenerational and F3 transgenerational, respectively). Here, we addressed the effects of simvastatin (SIM), one of the most widely prescribed human pharmaceuticals for the primary treatment of hypercholesterolemia, using the keystone crustacean Gammarus locusta. We demonstrate that SIM, at environmentally relevant concentrations, has significant inter and transgenerational (F1 and F3) effects in key signaling pathways involved in crustaceans' neuroendocrine regulation (Ecdysteroids, Catecholamines, NO/cGMP/PKG, GABAergic and Cholinergic signaling pathways), concomitantly with changes in apical endpoints, such as depressed reproduction and growth. These findings are an essential step to improve hazard and risk assessment of biological active compounds, such as SIM, and highlight the importance of studying the transgenerational effects of environmental chemicals in animals' neuroendocrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Neuparth
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - N Alves
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A M Machado
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pinheiro
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Barros
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Quinta de Prados - Ed. Blocos Laboratoriais C1.10, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R Ruivo
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M M Santos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Erban T, Klimov PB, Harant K, Talacko P, Nesvorna M, Hubert J. Label-free proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed Wolbachia proteins in Tyrophagus putrescentiae: Mite allergens and markers reflecting population-related proteome differences. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104356. [PMID: 34438106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrophagus putrescentiae is an astigmatid mite of great economic, medical and veterinary importance. The microbiome, especially intracellular bacteria, may affect allergy/allergen expression. We targeted Wolbachia proteins, allergen comparisons and markers in Wolbachia-mite interactions in three mite populations. A decoy database was constructed by proteogenomics using the T. putrescentiae draft genome, Wolbachia transcriptome assembly and current T. putrescentiae-related sequences in GenBank. Among thousands of mite-derived proteins, 18 Wolbachia proteins were reliably identified. We suggest that peroxiredoxin, bacterioferritin, ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein and DegQ family serine endoprotease indicate a higher-level bacterium-bacterium-host interaction. We produced evidence that the host-Wolbachia interaction is modulated through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mannose-binding lectins/mannose receptors, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with TNF-α, and others. We observed Tyr p 3 suppression in mites with Wolbachia, linking trypsin to PRR modulation. Nine out of the 12 current WHO/IUIS official allergens were reliably identified, but the remaining three allergens, Tyr p 1, 8 and 35, were detected as only trace hits. This study provides numerous markers for further Wolbachia-host interaction research. For accuracy, mite allergens should be considered according to abundance in species, but mite populations/strains, as well as their microbiome structure, may be key factors. SIGNIFICANCE: The astigmatid mites occurring in homes are significant producers of allergens that are highly dangerous to humans and domesticated animals. Mites are tightly associated with microorganisms that affect their biology and consequently allergy signatures. Mite populations were found to be infected with certain intracellular bacteria, but some populations lacked an intracellular bacterium. Our previous research showed that some populations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae are infected with Wolbachia, but some populations host additional bacteria of interest. Thus, there are not only interactions between the mites and Wolbachia but also likely an additional level of interaction that can be found in the interaction between different bacteria in the mites. These "higher-level" signatures and consequences that bacteria affect, including allergen production, are not understood in mites. In this study, we identified Wolbachia-specific proteins in mites for the first time. This study provides Wolbachia- and mite-derived markers that can be clues for describing "higher-level" mite-bacterium-bacterium interactions. Indeed, the microbiome contribution to allergies can potentially be derived directly from bacterial proteins, especially if they are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne CZ-16106, Czechia.
| | - Pavel B Klimov
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2 UW, UK; Institute of Biology, University of Tyumen, Pirogova 3, 625043 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec CZ-25242, Czechia; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague 2 CZ-128 01, Czechia
| | - Pavel Talacko
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec CZ-25242, Czechia
| | - Marta Nesvorna
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne CZ-16106, Czechia
| | - Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507/73, Prague 6-Ruzyne CZ-16106, Czechia
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Chuang PS, Mitarai S. Genetic changes involving the coral gastrovascular system support the transition between colonies and bailed-out polyps: evidence from a Pocillopora acuta transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:694. [PMID: 34563133 PMCID: PMC8466926 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A coral colony is composed of physiologically integrated polyps. In stony corals, coloniality adopts a wide diversity of forms and involves complex ontogenetic dynamics. However, molecular mechanisms underlying coloniality have been little studied. To understand the genetic basis of coloniality and its contribution to coral ecology, we induced polyp bail-out in a colonial coral, Pocillopora acuta, and compared transcription profiles of bailed-out polyps and polyps in normal colonies, and their responses to heat shock and hyposalinity. Results Consistent with morphological formation of a gastrovascular system and its neural transmission and molecular transport functions, we found genetic activation of neurogenesis and development of tube-like structures in normal colonies that is absent in bailed-out polyps. Moreover, relative to bailed-out polyps, colonies showed significant overexpression of genes for angiotensin-converting enzymes and endothelin-converting enzymes. In response to hyperthermal and hyposaline treatments, a high proportion of genetic regulation proved specific to either bailed-out polyps or colonies. Elevated temperatures even activated NF-κB signaling in colonies. On the other hand, colonies showed no discernible advantage over bailed-out polyps in regard to hyposalinity. Conclusions The present study provides a first look at the genetic basis of coloniality and documents different responses to environmental stimuli in P. acuta colonies versus those in bailed-out polyps. Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzymes and endothelin-converting enzymes in colonies suggests possible involvement of these genes in development of the gastrovascular system in P. acuta. Functional characterization of these coral genes and further investigation of other forms of the transition to coloniality in stony corals should be fruitful areas for future research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08026-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Shun Chuang
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun , 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun , 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan
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Pérez-Sánchez R, Carnero-Morán Á, Soriano B, Llorens C, Oleaga A. RNA-seq analysis and gene expression dynamics in the salivary glands of the argasid tick Ornithodoros erraticus along the trophogonic cycle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:170. [PMID: 33743776 PMCID: PMC7980729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The argasid tick Ornithodoros erraticus is the main vector of tick-borne human relapsing fever (TBRF) and African swine fever (ASF) in the Mediterranean Basin. Tick salivary proteins secreted to the host at the feeding interface play critical roles for tick feeding and may contribute to host infection by tick-borne pathogens; accordingly, these proteins represent interesting antigen targets for the development of vaccines aimed at the control and prevention of tick infestations and tick-borne diseases. METHODS To identify these proteins, the transcriptome of the salivary glands of O. erraticus was de novo assembled and the salivary gene expression dynamics assessed throughout the trophogonic cycle using Illumina sequencing. The genes differentially upregulated after feeding were selected and discussed as potential antigen candidates for tick vaccines. RESULTS Transcriptome assembly resulted in 22,007 transcripts and 18,961 annotated transcripts, which represent 86.15% of annotation success. Most salivary gene expression took place during the first 7 days after feeding (2088 upregulated transcripts), while only a few genes (122 upregulated transcripts) were differentially expressed from day 7 post-feeding onwards. The protein families more abundantly overrepresented after feeding were lipocalins, acid and basic tail proteins, proteases (particularly metalloproteases), protease inhibitors, secreted phospholipases A2, 5'-nucleotidases/apyrases and heme-binding vitellogenin-like proteins. All of them are functionally related to blood ingestion and regulation of host defensive responses, so they can be interesting candidate protective antigens for vaccines. CONCLUSIONS The O. erraticus sialotranscriptome contains thousands of protein coding sequences-many of them belonging to large conserved multigene protein families-and shows a complexity and functional redundancy similar to those observed in the sialomes of other argasid and ixodid tick species. This high functional redundancy emphasises the need for developing multiantigenic tick vaccines to reach full protection. This research provides a set of promising candidate antigens for the development of vaccines for the control of O. erraticus infestations and prevention of tick-borne diseases of public and veterinary health relevance, such as TBRF and ASF. Additionally, this transcriptome constitutes a valuable reference database for proteomics studies of the saliva and salivary glands of O. erraticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ángel Carnero-Morán
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Beatriz Soriano
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Oleaga
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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Oleaga A, Soriano B, Llorens C, Pérez-Sánchez R. Sialotranscriptomics of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata along the trophogonic cycle. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009105. [PMID: 33544727 PMCID: PMC7891743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata is the main vector of human relapsing fever (HRF) and African swine fever (ASF) in Africa. Salivary proteins are part of the host-tick interface and play vital roles in the tick feeding process and the host infection by tick-borne pathogens; they represent interesting targets for immune interventions aimed at tick control. The present work describes the transcriptome profile of salivary glands of O. moubata and assesses the gene expression dynamics along the trophogonic cycle using Illumina sequencing. De novo transcriptome assembling resulted in 71,194 transcript clusters and 41,011 annotated transcripts, which represent 57.6% of the annotation success. Most salivary gene expression takes place during the first 7 days after feeding (6,287 upregulated transcripts), while a minority of genes (203 upregulated transcripts) are differentially expressed between 7 and 14 days after feeding. The functional protein groups more abundantly overrepresented after blood feeding were lipocalins, proteases (especially metalloproteases), protease inhibitors including the Kunitz/BPTI-family, proteins with phospholipase A2 activity, acid tail proteins, basic tail proteins, vitellogenins, the 7DB family and proteins involved in tick immunity and defence. The complexity and functional redundancy observed in the sialotranscriptome of O. moubata are comparable to those of the sialomes of other argasid and ixodid ticks. This transcriptome provides a valuable reference database for ongoing proteomics studies of the salivary glands and saliva of O. moubata aimed at confirming and expanding previous data on the O. moubata sialoproteome. The soft tick Ornithodoros moubata constitutes an important medical and veterinary problem in Africa because, in addition to being the vector of African swine fever, it transmits human relapsing fever (HRF), a hyper-endemic and lethal, but still neglected, tick-borne disease. Effective control of HRF requires eradicating its vector tick from domestic environments. As chemical acaricide application is ineffective against this tick, development of anti-tick vaccines seems the most promising method for tick control. Salivary proteins play essential functions for tick feeding and survival, which convert them in potential antigen targets for the development of tick vaccines. To know which these proteins are, we obtained the salivary transcriptome of O. moubata females and established, for the first time in a soft tick, the salivary gene transcription dynamics along its trophogonic cycle. Thereby, we have identified numerous genes encoding bioactive proteins essential for tick feeding. This information is essential to drive the selection of candidate antigens for anti-tick vaccine development and evaluate its protective potential in animal immunization trials. These data significantly enlarge the current repertory of known protein-coding sequences from soft tick salivary glands and establish a valuable reference database to improve our knowledge of the O. moubata salivary proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oleaga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatriz Soriano
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
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Are antibacterial effects of non-antibiotic drugs random or purposeful because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial and mammalian targets? Infection 2020; 49:569-589. [PMID: 33325009 PMCID: PMC7737717 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Advances in structural biology, genetics, bioinformatics, etc. resulted in the availability of an enormous pool of information enabling the analysis of the ancestry of pro- and eukaryotic genes and proteins. Methods This review summarizes findings of structural and/or functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic enzymes catalysing analogous biological reactions because of their highly conserved active centres so that non-antibiotics interacted with bacterial targets. Results Protease inhibitors such as staurosporine or camostat inhibited bacterial serine/threonine or serine/tyrosine protein kinases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and serine/threonine kinases, to which penicillin-binding-proteins are linked, so that these drugs synergized with β-lactams, reverted aminoglycoside-resistance and attenuated bacterial virulence. Calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine or verapamil blocked not only prokaryotic ion channels but interacted with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes thus disrupting membrane energetics and inducing membrane stress response resulting in inhibition of P-glycoprotein such as bacterial pumps thus improving anti-mycobacterial activities of rifampicin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, bedaquilin and imipenem-activity against Acinetobacter spp. Ciclosporine and tacrolimus attenuated bacterial virulence. ACE-inhibitors like captopril interacted with metallo-β-lactamases thus reverting carbapenem-resistance; prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited as well resulting in growth impairment. In general, non-antibiotics exerted weak antibacterial activities on their own but synergized with antibiotics, and/or reverted resistance and/or attenuated virulence. Conclusions Data summarized in this review support the theory that prokaryotic proteins represent targets for non-antibiotics because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial- and mammalian targets resulting in highly conserved active centres of both, pro- and eukaryotic proteins with which the non-antibiotics interact and exert antibacterial actions.
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Verkhivker G. Coevolution, Dynamics and Allostery Conspire in Shaping Cooperative Binding and Signal Transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218268. [PMID: 33158276 PMCID: PMC7672574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host receptor is a critical initial step for the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to enter into target cells and trigger virus transmission. A detailed dynamic and energetic view of the binding mechanisms underlying virus entry is not fully understood and the consensus around the molecular origins behind binding preferences of SARS-CoV-2 for binding with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host receptor is yet to be established. In this work, we performed a comprehensive computational investigation in which sequence analysis and modeling of coevolutionary networks are combined with atomistic molecular simulations and comparative binding free energy analysis of the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domains with the ACE2 host receptor. Different from other computational studies, we systematically examine the molecular and energetic determinants of the binding mechanisms between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 proteins through the lens of coevolution, conformational dynamics, and allosteric interactions that conspire to drive binding interactions and signal transmission. Conformational dynamics analysis revealed the important differences in mobility of the binding interfaces for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that are not confined to several binding hotspots, but instead are broadly distributed across many interface residues. Through coevolutionary network analysis and dynamics-based alanine scanning, we established linkages between the binding energy hotspots and potential regulators and carriers of signal communication in the virus-host receptor complexes. The results of this study detailed a binding mechanism in which the energetics of the SARS-CoV-2 association with ACE2 may be determined by cumulative changes of a number of residues distributed across the entire binding interface. The central findings of this study are consistent with structural and biochemical data and highlight drug discovery challenges of inhibiting large and adaptive protein-protein interfaces responsible for virus entry and infection transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Verkhivker
- Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; ; Tel.: +1-714-516-4586
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Moss S, Subramanian V, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of peptide-bound neprilysin reveals key binding interactions. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:327-336. [PMID: 31514225 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is a promiscuous zinc metalloprotease with broad substrate specificity and cleaves a remarkable diversity of substrates through endopeptidase action. Two of these - amyloid-β and natriuretic peptides - implicate the enzyme in both Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease, respectively. Here, we report the creation of a catalytically inactive NEP (E584D) to determine the first peptide-bound crystal structure at 2.6 Å resolution. The structure reveals key interactions involved in substrate binding which we have identified to be conserved in other known zinc metalloproteases. In addition, the structure provides evidence for a potential exosite within the central cavity that may play a critical role in substrate positioning. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular function of NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Moss
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, University of Bath, UK
| | - Vasanta Subramanian
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, University of Bath, UK
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, University of Bath, UK
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Duressa TF, Boonen K, Huybrechts R. A quantitative peptidomics approach to unravel immunological functions of angiotensin converting enzyme in Locusta migratoria. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:120-129. [PMID: 27320038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Locusta migratoria angiotensin converting enzyme (LmACE) is encoded by multiple exons displaying variable number of genomic duplications. Treatments of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as peptidoglycan but not β-1-3 glucan resulted in enhanced expression of angiotensin converting enzyme in hemocytes of Locusta migratoria. No such effect was observed in fat body cells. Differential peptidomics using locust plasma samples post infection with LPS in combination with both an LmACE transcript knockdown by RNAi and a functional knockdown using captopril allowed the identification of 5 circulating LPS induced peptides which only appear in the hemolymph of locust having full LmACE functionality. As these peptides originate from larger precursor proteins such as locust hemocyanin-like protein, having known antimicrobial properties, the obtained results suggest a possible direct or indirect role of LmACE in the release of these peptides from their precursors. Additionally, this experimental setup confirmed the role of LmACE in the clearance of multiple peptides from the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Firdissa Duressa
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Rachamim T, Morgenstern D, Aharonovich D, Brekhman V, Lotan T, Sher D. The Dynamically Evolving Nematocyst Content of an Anthozoan, a Scyphozoan, and a Hydrozoan. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:740-53. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Braasch I, Schartl M. Evolution of endothelin receptors in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:21-34. [PMID: 25010382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin receptors are G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the β-group of rhodopsin receptors that bind to endothelin ligands, which are 21 amino acid long peptides derived from longer prepro-endothelin precursors. The most basal Ednr-like GPCR is found outside vertebrates in the cephalochordate amphioxus, but endothelin ligands are only present among vertebrates, including the lineages of jawless vertebrates (lampreys and hagfishes), cartilaginous vertebrates (sharks, rays, and chimaeras), and bony vertebrates (ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned vertebrates including tetrapods). A bona fide endothelin system is thus a vertebrate-specific innovation with important roles for regulating the cardiovascular system, renal and pulmonary processes, as well as for the development of the vertebrate-specific neural crest cell population and its derivatives. Expectedly, dysregulation of endothelin receptors and the endothelin system leads to a multitude of human diseases. Despite the importance of different types of endothelin receptors for vertebrate development and physiology, current knowledge on endothelin ligand-receptor interactions, on the expression of endothelin receptors and their ligands, and on the functional roles of the endothelin system for embryonic development and in adult vertebrates is very much biased towards amniote vertebrates. Recent analyses from a variety of vertebrate lineages, however, have shown that the endothelin system in lineages such as teleost fish and lampreys is more diverse and is divergent from the mammalian endothelin system. This diversity is mainly based on differential evolution of numerous endothelin system components among vertebrate lineages generated by two rounds of whole genome duplication (three in teleosts) during vertebrate evolution. Here we review current understanding of the evolutionary history of the endothelin receptor family in vertebrates supplemented with surveys on the endothelin receptor gene complement of newly available genome assemblies from phylogenetically informative taxa. Our assessment further highlights the diversity of the vertebrate endothelin system and calls for detailed functional and pharmacological analyses of the endothelin system beyond tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Braasch
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Safavi-Hemami H, Möller C, Marí F, Purcell AW. High molecular weight components of the injected venom of fish-hunting cone snails target the vascular system. J Proteomics 2013; 91:97-105. [PMID: 23872086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The venom of marine cone snails is a rich source of pharmacotherapeutic compounds with striking target specificity and functional diversity. Small, disulfide-rich peptide toxins are the most well characterized active compounds in cone snail venom. However, reports on the presence of larger polypeptides have recently emerged. The majority of these studies have focused on the content of the dissected venom gland rather than the injected venom itself. Recent breakthroughs in the sensitivity of protein and nucleotide sequencing techniques allow for the exploration of the proteomic diversity of injected venom. Using mass spectrometric analysis of injected venoms of the two fish-hunting cone snails Conus purpurascens and Conus ermineus, we demonstrate the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1) and endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), metalloproteases that activate potent vasoconstrictive peptides. ACE activity was confirmed in the venom of C. purpurascens and was significantly reduced in venom preincubated with the ACE inhibitor captopril. Reverse-transcription PCR demonstrated that these enzymes are expressed in the venom glands of other cone snail species with different prey preferences. These findings strongly suggest that cone snails employ compounds that cause disruption of cardiovascular function as part of their complex envenomation strategy, leading to the enhancement of neurotropic peptide toxin activity. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this is the first study to show the presence of ACE and ECE in the venom of cone snails. Identification of these vasoactive peptide-releasing proteases in the injected venoms of two fish-hunting cone snails highlights their role in envenomation and enhances our understanding of the complex hunting strategies utilized by these marine predators. Our findings on the expression of these enzymes in other cone snail species suggests an important biological role of ACE and ECE in these animals and points towards recruitment into venom from general physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Safavi-Hemami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Gene expression profiling of adult female tissues in feeding Rhipicephalus microplus cattle ticks. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:541-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Badisco L, Huybrechts J, Simonet G, Verlinden H, Marchal E, Huybrechts R, Schoofs L, De Loof A, Vanden Broeck J. Transcriptome analysis of the desert locust central nervous system: production and annotation of a Schistocerca gregaria EST database. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17274. [PMID: 21445293 PMCID: PMC3061863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) displays a fascinating type of phenotypic plasticity, designated as 'phase polyphenism'. Depending on environmental conditions, one genome can be translated into two highly divergent phenotypes, termed the solitarious and gregarious (swarming) phase. Although many of the underlying molecular events remain elusive, the central nervous system (CNS) is expected to play a crucial role in the phase transition process. Locusts have also proven to be interesting model organisms in a physiological and neurobiological research context. However, molecular studies in locusts are hampered by the fact that genome/transcriptome sequence information available for this branch of insects is still limited. METHODOLOGY We have generated 34,672 raw expressed sequence tags (EST) from the CNS of desert locusts in both phases. These ESTs were assembled in 12,709 unique transcript sequences and nearly 4,000 sequences were functionally annotated. Moreover, the obtained S. gregaria EST information is highly complementary to the existing orthopteran transcriptomic data. Since many novel transcripts encode neuronal signaling and signal transduction components, this paper includes an overview of these sequences. Furthermore, several transcripts being differentially represented in solitarious and gregarious locusts were retrieved from this EST database. The findings highlight the involvement of the CNS in the phase transition process and indicate that this novel annotated database may also add to the emerging knowledge of concomitant neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity events. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we met the need for novel sequence data from desert locust CNS. To our knowledge, we hereby also present the first insect EST database that is derived from the complete CNS. The obtained S. gregaria EST data constitute an important new source of information that will be instrumental in further unraveling the molecular principles of phase polyphenism, in further establishing locusts as valuable research model organisms and in molecular evolutionary and comparative entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Badisco
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Huybrechts
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Simonet
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnold De Loof
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Khimji AK, Rockey DC. Endothelin and hepatic wound healing. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:512-8. [PMID: 21421048 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver wound healing is a coordinated response to injury caused by infections (hepatitis) or toxins (alcohol) or other processes where activation of hepatic stellate cells are a central component. During stellate cell activation, a major phenotypic transformation occurs which leads to increased production of increased extracellular matrix proteins and smooth muscle α-actin the results is organ dysfunction due to gross architectural disruption and impaired blood flow. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is produced in increased amounts and the cellular source of ET-1 shifts from endothelial cells to stellate cells during liver injury thus setting a feedback loop which accentuates further activation, stellate cell proliferation, and production of extracellular matrix proteins. Therapy directed at intervening the ET-1 signaling pathway has significant therapeutic potential in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-karim Khimji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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17
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Lynch CC. Matrix metalloproteinases as master regulators of the vicious cycle of bone metastasis. Bone 2011; 48:44-53. [PMID: 20601294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a delicate balancing act between the bone matrix synthesizing osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Active bone metastases typically subvert this process to generate lesions that are comprised of extensive areas of pathological osteogenesis and osteolysis. The resultant increase in bone matrix remodeling enhances cytokine/growth factor bioavailability thus creating a vicious cycle that stimulates tumor progression. Given the extent of matrix remodeling occurring in the tumor-bone microenvironment, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) would be expected, since collectively they have the ability to degrade all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, in addition to being "matrix bulldozers", MMPs control the bioavailability and bioactivity of factors such as RANKL and TGFβ that have been described as crucial for tumor-bone interaction, thus implicating MMPs as key regulators of the vicious cycle of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Lynch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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18
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A conserved gene cluster as a putative functional unit in insect innate immunity. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4375-8. [PMID: 20951134 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Nimrod gene superfamily is an important component of the innate immune response. The majority of its member genes are located in close proximity within the Drosophila melanogaster genome and they lie in a larger conserved cluster ("Nimrod cluster"), made up of non-related groups (families, superfamilies) of genes. This cluster has been a part of the Arthropod genomes for about 300-350 million years. The available data suggest that the Nimrod cluster is a functional module of the insect innate immune response.
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Abstract
Extensive β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in brain parenchyma
in the form of senile plaques and in blood vessels in the form of
amyloid angiopathy are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's
disease (AD). The mechanisms underlying Aβ deposition
remain unclear. Major efforts have focused on Aβ production,
but there is little to suggest that increased production of
Aβ plays a role in Aβ deposition, except for rare
familial forms of AD. Thus, other mechanisms must be involved in
the accumulation of Aβ in AD. Recent data shows that
impaired clearance may play an important role in Aβ
accumulation in the pathogenesis of AD. This review focuses on our
current knowledge of Aβ-degrading enzymes, including
neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE),
insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE), and the plasmin/uPA/tPA system as they relate to amyloid
deposition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Shun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- *Deng-Shun Wang:
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology) and Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - James S. Malter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center for Developmental Disabilities, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Abstract
Endothelins are important mediators of physiological and pathophysiologic processes including cardiovascular disorders, pulmonary disease, renal diseases and many others. Additionally, endothelins are involved in many other important processes such as development, cancer biology, wound healing, and even neurotransmission. Here, we review the cell and molecular biology as well as the prominent pathophysiological aspects of the endothelin system.
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21
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Nilsson P, Iwata N, Muramatsu SI, Tjernberg LO, Winblad B, Saido TC. Gene therapy in Alzheimer's disease - potential for disease modification. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:741-57. [PMID: 20158567 PMCID: PMC3823109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in the elderly, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline. The mechanism underlying onset of the disease has not been fully elucidated. However, characteristic pathological manifestations include extracellular accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) into plaques and intracellular accumulation and aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, forming neurofibrillary tangles. Despite extensive research worldwide, no disease modifying treatment is yet available. In this review, we focus on gene therapy as a potential treatment for AD, and summarize recent work in the field, ranging from proof-of-concept studies in animal models to clinical trials. The multifactorial causes of AD offer a variety of possible targets for gene therapy, including two neurotrophic growth factors, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Abeta-degrading enzymes, such as neprilysin, endothelin-converting enzyme and cathepsin B, and AD associated apolipoprotein E. This review also discusses advantages and drawbacks of various rapidly developing virus-mediated gene delivery techniques for gene therapy. Finally, approaches aiming at down-regulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 levels by means of siRNA-mediated knockdown are briefly summarized. Overall, the prospects appear hopeful that gene therapy has the potential to be a disease modifying treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Nilsson
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science InstituteWako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska InstitutetNovum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science InstituteWako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical SchoolShimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska InstitutetNovum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- KI-Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska InstitutetNovum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science InstituteWako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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22
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Divino JN, Chawla KS, da Silva CM, Bjorge AM, Brittingham A. Endothelin-1 production by the canine macrophage cell line DH82: enhanced production in response to microbial challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 136:127-32. [PMID: 20207425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide which plays an important role in regulating mammalian cardiovascular development and homeostasis. Originally identified as a factor released by vascular endothelial cells, ET-1 is now recognized as a product of numerous cells and tissues with demonstrated involvement in an array of physiological and pathological processes. An area of great interest is the production of ET-1 by mononuclear cells (monocytes and macrophages) and its role in inflammation. We report that the canine macrophage cell line, DH82, constitutively secretes both ET-1 and its biologically inactive precursor big ET-1. The production of both peptides was increased following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) from gram-negative bacteria. ET-1 production was also increased in response to stimulation with intact and viable gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In addition to producing ET-1, DH82 cells express transcripts encoding two receptors for the ET-1 peptide (ET(A) and ET(B) receptors) and an enzyme involved in the conversion of big ET-1 to ET-1. The constitutive secretion of ET-1 and the expression of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors may be related to the malignant origin of this cell line. Our results are the first report of ET-1 production by a canine cell line and provide the basis for further investigation into the role of ET-1 during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Divino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Des Moines University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Grand Ave., Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
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23
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Lambert DW, Clarke NE, Turner AJ. Not just angiotensinases: new roles for the angiotensin-converting enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:89-98. [PMID: 19763395 PMCID: PMC7079792 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Angiotensin II, the primary bioactive peptide of the RAS, is generated from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). A homologue of ACE, ACE2, is able to convert angiotensin II to a peptide with opposing effects, angiotensin-(1-7). It is proposed that disturbance of the balance of ACE and ACE2 expression and/or function is important in pathologies in which angiotensin II plays a role. These include cardiovascular and renal disease, lung injury and liver fibrosis. The critical roles of ACE and ACE2 in regulating angiotensin II levels have traditionally focussed attention on their activities as angiotensinases. Recent discoveries, however, have illuminated the roles of these enzymes and of the ACE2 homologue, collectrin, in intracellular trafficking and signalling. This paper reviews the key literature regarding both the catalytic and non-catalytic roles of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Lambert
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, S10 2TA, Sheffield, UK.
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24
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Lemeire E, Vanholme B, Van Leeuwen T, Van Camp J, Smagghe G. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in Spodoptera littoralis: molecular characterization, expression and activity profile during development. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 38:166-175. [PMID: 18207078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the full-length angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) cDNA sequence of the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis is reported in this study. The predicted open reading frame encodes a 647 amino acids long protein (SlACE) and shows 63.6% identity with the Bombyx mori ACE sequence. A 3D-model, consisting of 26 alpha-helices and three beta-sheets, was predicted for the sequence. SlACE expression was studied in the embryonic, larval and pupal stages of S. littoralis and in different tissues of the last larval stage by reverse-transcribed PCR. This revealed that the gene is expressed throughout the life cycle and especially in brain, gut and fat body tissue of the last stage. These results are in agreement with a role of ACE in the metabolism of neuropeptides and gut hormones. In addition, ACE activity has been studied in more detail during development, making use of a fluorescent assay. High ACE peptidase activity coincides with every transition state, from embryo to larva, from larva to larva and from larva to pupa. A peak value in activity occurs during the early pupal stage. These results indicate the importance of SlACE during metamorphosis and reveal the high correlation of ACE activity with the insect's development, which is regulated by growth and developmental hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Lemeire
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Kamech N, Simunic J, Franklin SJ, Francis S, Tabitsika M, Soyez D. Evidence for an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism in the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Peptides 2007; 28:1368-74. [PMID: 17628211 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was initiated to characterize angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in Crustaceans. Using degenerate DNA primers deduced from consensus sequences located upward and downward from the active site of ACEs from different arthropod species, several tissues from the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus were screened by RT-PCR. Amplicons were obtained from hepatopancreas, testis and hemocytes. Analysis of the predicted protein sequences after cloning and Northern blot experiments revealed an original and complex polymorphism of the ACE-like active site. Two variants were obtained in the hepatopancreas, one displaying a 6.4 kb size transcript, probably corresponding to a double domain ACE, with an unusual active site structure while the other had a transcript size of 2.5 kb, close to the size of the transcript obtained in testis and hemocytes (2 and 3kb, respectively), likely representing single domain enzymes. Functional assays using a synthetic substrate were performed from the different tissues and showed a maximal ACE-like activity associated to membrane fraction from testis and hepatopancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nédia Kamech
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, FRE CNRS 2852, Protéines, Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Equipe Biogenèse des Peptides Isomères, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75251 Paris cedex 05, France.
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26
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Lemeire E, Van Camp J, Smagghe G. Presence of angiotensin converting enzyme isoforms in larval lepidoptera (Spodoptera littoralis). Peptides 2007; 28:119-26. [PMID: 17161503 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this research the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in larvae of the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis was evaluated. Making use of the substrate Abz-FRK-(Dnp)P-OH and the specific inhibitor captopril at 10 microM, ACE activity was determined in a fluorescence assay for intact larvae, hemolymph, head, midgut and dorsal tissue. In dorsal tissue and hemolymph, ACE activity was highest. These data are consistent with a possible role for ACE in contractions of the dorsal vessel and metabolism of circulating peptide hormones in the hemolymph. After the presence of ACE was confirmed, a sequential procedure of anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography was applied to purify ACE from whole wandering larvae (last stage). With this procedure, three different ACE pools were collected that cleaved the fluorogenic substrate Abz-FRK-(Dnp)P-OH. Activity could be inhibited by a final concentration of 2.5 microM captopril. In addition, two out of three samples eluted at different salt concentration and thus ACE 1, 2 and 3 represent at least two different ACE isoforms. These data reveal that ACE is present in S. littoralis and that at least two out of three isolated ACE forms are truly isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemeire
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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