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Shetty R, Mahendran K, Joshi PD, Jeyabalan N, Jayadev C, Das D. Corneal stromal regeneration-keratoconus cell therapy: a review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:3051-3065. [PMID: 37074409 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoconus is a corneal ectatic disease caused by stromal thinning leading to astigmatism and progressive loss of vision. Loss of the keratocytes and excessive degradation of collagen fibres by matrix metalloproteinases are the molecular signatures of the disease. Despite several limitations, corneal collagen cross-linking and keratoplasty are the most widely used treatment options for keratoconus. In the pursuit of alternative treatment modalities, clinician scientists have explored cell therapy paradigms for treating the condition. METHODS Articles pertaining to keratoconus cell therapy with relevant key words were used to search in PubMed, Researchgate, and Google Scholar. The articles were selected based on their relevance, reliability, publication year, published journal, and accessibility. RESULTS Various cellular abnormalities have been reported in keratoconus. Diverse cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells, dental pulp cells, bone marrow stem cells, haematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells apart from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can be used for keratoconus cell therapy. The results obtained show that there is a potential for these cells from various sources as a viable treatment option. CONCLUSION There is a need for consensus with respect to the source of cells, mode of delivery, stage of disease, and duration of follow-up, to establish a standard operating protocol. This would eventually widen the cell therapy options for corneal ectatic diseases beyond keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Krithikaa Mahendran
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Parth D Joshi
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Chaitra Jayadev
- Department of Vitreo-Retina, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Debashish Das
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India.
- Stem Cell Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Narayana Health City, 258/A Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Khasnavis A, Fernandes M. Peters anomaly: An overview. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 13:434-442. [PMID: 38249502 PMCID: PMC10798386 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-23-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Peters anomaly (PA) is a rare, often bilateral, congenital corneal opacity, usually with a sporadic inheritance pattern, characterized by corneal opacities and irido-corneal or lenticular-corneal adhesions with a defect in the Descemet's membrane, occurring due to anterior segment dysgenesis during fetal development. Due to other ocular and systemic comorbidities, a team comprising pediatric cornea, glaucoma, and strabismus specialists in addition to a pediatrician and geneticist is necessary for the appropriate management of these children. Since the outcome of pediatric penetrating keratoplasty is variable and has a higher chance of failure when accompanied by additional procedures, such as lensectomy and vitrectomy, minimally invasive alternatives are increasingly being offered to these patients. Of note is the recently reported novel procedure: selective endothelialectomy for PA, which avoids the need for a corneal transplant and results in gradual clearing of the corneal opacity over time. In this overview, we aimed to describe the etiology, classification, pathophysiology, histopathology, clinical features, and management of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Khasnavis
- Academy for Eye Care Education, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Service, Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Merle Fernandes
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Service, Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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3
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Ng XY, Peh GSL, Yam GHF, Tay HG, Mehta JS. Corneal Endothelial-like Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12433. [PMID: 37569804 PMCID: PMC10418878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial dysfunction is one of the leading causes of corneal blindness, and the current conventional treatment option is corneal transplantation using a cadaveric donor cornea. However, there is a global shortage of suitable donor graft material, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. A stem cell-based regenerative medicine approach using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a promising solution, as they possess self-renewal capabilities, can be derived from adult somatic cells, and can be differentiated into all cell types including corneal endothelial cells (CECs). This review discusses the progress and challenges in developing protocols to induce iPSCs into CECs, focusing on the different media formulations used to differentiate iPSCs to neural crest cells (NCCs) and subsequently to CECs, as well as the characterization methods and markers that define iPSC-derived CECs. The hurdles and solutions for the clinical application of iPSC-derived cell therapy are also addressed, including the establishment of protocols that adhere to good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines. The potential risks of genetic mutations in iPSC-derived CECs associated with long-term in vitro culture and the danger of potential tumorigenicity following transplantation are evaluated. In all, this review provides insights into the advancement and obstacles of using iPSC in the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu Ng
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (X.Y.N.); (G.S.L.P.); (G.H.-F.Y.)
| | - Gary S. L. Peh
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (X.Y.N.); (G.S.L.P.); (G.H.-F.Y.)
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (X.Y.N.); (G.S.L.P.); (G.H.-F.Y.)
- Corneal Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 6614, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hwee Goon Tay
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
- Centre for Vision Research, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (X.Y.N.); (G.S.L.P.); (G.H.-F.Y.)
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
- Centre for Vision Research, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
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4
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Kumar R, Sinha NR, Mohan RR. Corneal gene therapy: Structural and mechanistic understanding. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:279-297. [PMID: 37244594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cornea, a dome-shaped and transparent front part of the eye, affords 2/3rd refraction and barrier functions. Globally, corneal diseases are the leading cause of vision impairment. Loss of corneal function including opacification involve the complex crosstalk and perturbation between a variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors generated by corneal keratocytes, epithelial cells, lacrimal tissues, nerves, and immune cells. Conventional small-molecule drugs can treat mild-to-moderate traumatic corneal pathology but requires frequent application and often fails to treat severe pathologies. The corneal transplant surgery is a standard of care to restore vision in patients. However, declining availability and rising demand of donor corneas are major concerns to maintain ophthalmic care. Thus, the development of efficient and safe nonsurgical methods to cure corneal disorders and restore vision in vivo is highly desired. Gene-based therapy has huge potential to cure corneal blindness. To achieve a nonimmunogenic, safe and sustained therapeutic response, the selection of a relevant genes, gene editing methods and suitable delivery vectors are vital. This article describes corneal structural and functional features, mechanistic understanding of gene therapy vectors, gene editing methods, gene delivery tools, and status of gene therapy for treating corneal disorders, diseases, and genetic dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; One-health One-medicine Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow campus, UP, 226028, India
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; One-health One-medicine Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; One-health One-medicine Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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5
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Swamynathan SK, Swamynathan S. Corneal epithelial development and homeostasis. Differentiation 2023; 132:4-14. [PMID: 36870804 PMCID: PMC10363238 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium (CE), the most anterior cellular structure of the eye, is a self-renewing stratified squamous tissue that protects the rest of the eye from external elements. Each cell in this exquisite three-dimensional structure needs to have proper polarity and positional awareness for the CE to serve as a transparent, refractive, and protective tissue. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the molecular and cellular events involved in the embryonic development, post-natal maturation, and homeostasis of the CE, and how they are regulated by a well-coordinated network of transcription factors. This review summarizes the status of related knowledge and aims to provide insight into the pathophysiology of disorders caused by disruption of CE development, and/or homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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6
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Reduced OPA1, Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Increased Susceptibility to Apoptosis in Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2 Corneal Fibroblasts. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030566. [PMID: 36980838 PMCID: PMC10048436 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive degeneration of granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) corneal fibroblasts is associated with altered mitochondrial function, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We investigated whether an imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction of GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. Transmission electron microscopy revealed several small, structurally abnormal mitochondria with altered cristae morphology in GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. Confocal microscopy showed enhanced mitochondrial fission and fragmented mitochondrial tubular networks. Western blotting revealed higher levels of MFN1, MFN2, and pDRP1 and decreased levels of OPA1 and FIS1 in GCD2. OPA1 reduction by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in fragmented mitochondrial tubular networks and increased susceptibility to mitochondrial stress-induced apoptosis. A decrease in the mitochondrial biogenesis-related transcription factors NRF1 and PGC1α was observed, while there was an increase in the mitochondrial membrane proteins TOM20 and TIM23. Additionally, reduced levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were exhibited in GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. These observations suggest that altered mitochondrial fission/fusion and biogenesis are the critical molecular mechanisms that cause mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to the degeneration of GCD2 corneal fibroblasts.
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7
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Ibrahim N, Hifny A, Elhanbaly R, El-Desoky SMM, Gaber W. Morphogenetic events influencing corneal maturation, development, and transparency: Light and electron microscopic study. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:539-555. [PMID: 36695458 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of the cornea is a fascinating process. Its dual origin involves the differentiation of surface ectoderm cells and the migration of mesenchymal cells of neural crest origin. This research aimed to demonstrate the morphogenesis of the rabbit cornea from fetal to postnatal life using light- and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis. There were 27 rabbit embryos and nine rabbits used. The rabbit cornea begins its prenatal development on the twelfth day of gestation. The surface ectoderm differentiates into the corneal epithelium on day 13. Intriguingly, telocytes were visible within the epithelium. The secondary stroma develops on the sixteenth day of gestation by differentiation of keratocytes. At the age of 2 weeks, the lamellae of collagenous fibers become highly organized, and the stroma becomes avascular, indicating that the cornea has become transparent. Bowman's membrane appears on day 23 of pregnancy and disappears on day 30. The Descemet's membrane appears at this time and continues to thicken postnatally. The corneal endothelium appears on the twentieth gestational day as double layer of flattened cells and becomes a single layer of cuboidal cells on day 30. The spaces between the endothelial cells resemble craters. VEGF immunohistochemical expression increases over the course of development, reaching its peak in the first week after birth before decreasing in all corneal layers and becoming negative in the stroma. In conclusion, numerous morphogenetic events contribute to corneal maturation and transparency, allowing the cornea to perform its vital functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdalla Hifny
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ruwaida Elhanbaly
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sara M M El-Desoky
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Gaber
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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8
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Guo L, Wang Z, Zhu C, Li J, Cui L, Dong J, Meng X, Zhu G, Li J, Wang H. MCC950 inhibits the inflammatory response and excessive proliferation of canine corneal stromal cells induced by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:162-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Farhat W, Yeung V, Kahale F, Parekh M, Cortinas J, Chen L, Ross AE, Ciolino JB. Doxorubicin-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Tumor Cell Death in Retinoblastoma. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110671. [PMID: 36354582 PMCID: PMC9687263 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is often used to treat retinoblastoma; however, this treatment method has severe systemic adverse effects and inadequate therapeutic effectiveness. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important biological information carriers that mediate local and systemic cell-to-cell communication under healthy and pathological settings. These endogenous vesicles have been identified as important drug delivery vehicles for a variety of therapeutic payloads, including doxorubicin (Dox), with significant benefits over traditional techniques. In this work, EVs were employed as natural drug delivery nanoparticles to load Dox for targeted delivery to retinoblastoma human cell lines (Y-79). Two sub-types of EVs were produced from distinct breast cancer cell lines (4T1 and SKBR3) that express a marker that selectively interacts with retinoblastoma cells and were loaded with Dox, utilizing the cells’ endogenous loading machinery. In vitro, we observed that delivering Dox with both EVs increased cytotoxicity while dramatically lowering the dosage of the drug. Dox-loaded EVs, on the other hand, inhibited cancer cell growth by activating caspase-3/7. Direct interaction of EV membrane moieties with retinoblastoma cell surface receptors resulted in an effective drug delivery to cancer cells. Our findings emphasize the intriguing potential of EVs as optimum methods for delivering Dox to retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Farhat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (J.B.C.)
| | - Vincent Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francesca Kahale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohit Parekh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John Cortinas
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Amy E. Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph B. Ciolino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (J.B.C.)
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10
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Maiti G, Monteiro de Barros MR, Hu N, Dolgalev I, Roshan M, Foster JW, Tsirigos A, Wahlin KJ, Chakravarti S. Single cell RNA-seq of human cornea organoids identifies cell fates of a developing immature cornea. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac246. [PMID: 36712326 PMCID: PMC9802453 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is a protective and refractive barrier in the eye crucial for vision. Understanding the human cornea in health, disease, and cell-based treatments can be greatly advanced with cornea organoids developed in culture from induced pluripotent stem cells. While a limited number of studies have investigated the single-cell transcriptomic composition of the human cornea, its organoids have not been examined similarly. Here, we elucidated the transcriptomic cell fate map of 4-month-old human cornea organoids and human donor corneas. The organoids harbor cell clusters that resemble cells of the corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium, with subpopulations that capture signatures of early developmental states. Unlike the adult cornea where the largest cell population is stromal, the organoids contain large proportions of epithelial and endothelial-like cells. These corneal organoids offer a 3D model to study corneal diseases and integrated responses of different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, Fifth Floor 435 E 30th, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maithê Rocha Monteiro de Barros
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, Fifth Floor 435 E 30th, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, Fifth Floor 435 E 30th, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Igor Dolgalev
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, Eighth Floor, 435 E 30th, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mona Roshan
- University of California San Diego, ACTRI Building Rm Lower level 3E419, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James W Foster
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins school of Medicine, Smith M037, 400 Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, Eighth Floor, 435 E 30th, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Science Building, Fifth Floor 435 E 30th, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Karl J Wahlin
- University of California San Diego, ACTRI Building Rm Lower level 3E419, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sunny SS, Lachova J, Dupacova N, Kozmik Z. Multiple roles of Pax6 in postnatal cornea development. Dev Biol 2022; 491:1-12. [PMID: 36049534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian corneal development is a multistep process, including formation of the corneal epithelium (CE), endothelium and stroma during embryogenesis, followed by postnatal stratification of the epithelial layers and continuous renewal of the epithelium to replace the outermost corneal cells. Here, we employed the Cre-loxP system to conditionally deplete Pax6 proteins in two domains of ocular cells, i.e., the ocular surface epithelium (cornea, limbus and conjunctiva) (OSE) or postnatal CE via K14-cre or Aldh3-cre, respectively. Earlier and broader inactivation of Pax6 in the OSE resulted in thickened OSE with CE and limbal cells adopting the conjunctival keratin expression pattern. More restricted depletion of Pax6 in postnatal CE resulted in an abnormal cornea marked by reduced epithelial thickness despite increased epithelial cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence studies revealed loss of intermediate filament Cytokeratin 12 and diffused expression of adherens junction components, together with reduced tight junction protein, Zonula occludens-1. Furthermore, the expression of Cytokeratin 14, a basal cell marker in apical layers, indicates impaired differentiation of CE cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Pax6 is essential for maintaining proper differentiation and strong intercellular adhesion in postnatal CE cells, whereas limbal Pax6 is required to prevent the outgrowth of conjunctival cells to the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweetu Susan Sunny
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Lachova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Naoko Dupacova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic.
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12
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Demographics and histopathological characteristics of enucleated microphthalmic globes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5283. [PMID: 35347187 PMCID: PMC8960817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia is a rare ocular anomaly with a poorly understood etiology that is most likely related to heritable and/or environmental factors. Many papers have been published pertaining to the clinical manifestations and management of this condition; however, few reports have reported detailed histopathological findings, which are the focus of this study, in addition to highlighting the basic demographics in these cases. This was a retrospective, observational study of all consecutive enucleated microphthalmic globes (with or without cysts) at 2 tertiary eye hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Globes were classified into 2 groups: severe microphthalmos (axial length or mean diameter less than 10 mm in infancy or 12 mm after age 1 year) and mild microphthalmos based on larger measurements. Clinical and demographic data collected included sex, age at enucleation, eye involvement, nationality/region, consanguinity, family history of eye anomaly, pregnancy, systemic disease, or syndromes. For histopathological data, a descriptive analysis was mostly performed. For correlations of some of our qualitative data, Fisher's exact test was used. Eleven cases (6 mild and 5 severe microphthalmos) were initially identified with a female to male ratio of 4:7. Ten patients were Saudis, 7 of whom were from the central region. Consanguinity was found in 36% (4/11), and 3 of them had other ocular or systemic abnormalities (duodenal atresia, microcephaly, kidney agenesis, cryptophthalmos, and dysmorphic facial features). Histopathological data were available for 10 cases, half of which showed a coloboma and/or anterior segment anomaly. There was no significant correlation among gender, severity of microphthalmos or the presence of coloboma, although severe microphthalmic globes had a higher median of abnormal intraocular structures (9-interquartile range = 2 compared to 6-interquartile range = 1 in the mild group). Aphakia was found in half of the globes with associated anterior segment dysgenesis. We have concluded that microphthalmos is a visually disabling congenital anomaly that can be isolated or associated with other periocular or systemic anomalies, possibly in relation to consanguinity in our cases. Congenital aphakia was found in half of these cases and was mostly associated with absent Descemet's membrane and agenesis of anterior chamber angle structures, supporting previously suggested embryological concepts. These findings necessitate further wider genetic testing and proper premarital counseling in Saudi Arabia.
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Yeung V, Zhang TC, Yuan L, Parekh M, Cortinas JA, Delavogia E, Hutcheon AEK, Guo X, Ciolino JB. Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Corneal Myofibroblasts Promote Corneal Epithelial Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063136. [PMID: 35328555 PMCID: PMC8951135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal epithelial wound healing is a multifaceted process that encompasses cell proliferation, migration, and communication from the corneal stroma. Upon corneal injury, bidirectional crosstalk between the epithelium and stroma via extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been reported. However, the mechanisms by which the EVs from human corneal keratocytes (HCKs), fibroblasts (HCFs), and/or myofibroblasts (HCMs) exert their effects on the corneal epithelium remain unclear. In this study, HCK-, HCF-, and HCM-EVs were isolated and characterized, and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cell migration was assessed in a scratch assay following PKH26-labeled HCK-, HCF-, or HCM-EV treatment. HCE cells proliferative and apoptotic activity following EV treatment was assessed. HCF-/HCM-EVs were enriched for CD63, CD81, ITGAV, and THBS1 compared to HCK-EV. All EVs were negative for GM130 and showed minimal differences in biophysical properties. At the proteomic level, we showed HCM-EV with a log >two-fold change in CXCL6, CXCL12, MMP1, and MMP2 expression compared to HCK-/HCF-EVs; these proteins are associated with cellular movement pathways. Upon HCM-EV treatment, HCE cell migration, velocity, and proliferation were significantly increased compared to HCK-/HCF-EVs. This study concludes that the HCM-EV protein cargo influences HCE cell migration and proliferation, and understanding these elements may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (L.Y.); (M.P.); (A.E.K.H.); (X.G.); (J.B.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (L.Y.); (M.P.); (A.E.K.H.); (X.G.); (J.B.C.)
| | - Mohit Parekh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (L.Y.); (M.P.); (A.E.K.H.); (X.G.); (J.B.C.)
| | - John A. Cortinas
- Division of Newborn Medicine & Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.A.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleni Delavogia
- Division of Newborn Medicine & Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.A.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Audrey E. K. Hutcheon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (L.Y.); (M.P.); (A.E.K.H.); (X.G.); (J.B.C.)
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (L.Y.); (M.P.); (A.E.K.H.); (X.G.); (J.B.C.)
| | - Joseph B. Ciolino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (L.Y.); (M.P.); (A.E.K.H.); (X.G.); (J.B.C.)
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14
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Ma J, Bi L, Spurlin J, Lwigale P. Nephronectin-Integrin α8 signaling is required for proper migration of periocular neural crest cells during chick corneal development. eLife 2022; 11:74307. [PMID: 35238772 PMCID: PMC8916771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cells aggregate at tissue boundaries to form normal tissue architecture of organs. However, how cells are segregated into tissue precursors remains largely unknown. Cornea development is a perfect example of this process whereby neural crest cells aggregate in the periocular region prior to their migration and differentiation into corneal cells. Our recent RNA-seq analysis identified upregulation of nephronectin (Npnt) transcripts during early stages of corneal development where its function has not been investigated. We found that Npnt mRNA and protein are expressed by various ocular tissues, including the migratory periocular neural crest (pNC), which also express the integrin alpha 8 (Itgα8) receptor. Knockdown of either Npnt or Itgα8 attenuated cornea development, whereas overexpression of Npnt resulted in cornea thickening. Moreover, overexpression of Npnt variants lacking RGD-binding sites did not affect corneal thickness. Neither the knockdown nor augmentation of Npnt caused significant changes in cell proliferation, suggesting that Npnt directs pNC migration into the cornea. In vitro analyses showed that Npnt promotes pNC migration from explanted periocular mesenchyme, which requires Itgα8, focal adhesion kinase, and Rho kinase. Combined, these data suggest that Npnt augments cell migration into the presumptive cornea extracellular matrix by functioning as a substrate for Itgα8-positive pNC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ma
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Lian Bi
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - James Spurlin
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Peter Lwigale
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
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15
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The Communication between Ocular Surface and Nasal Epithelia in 3D Cell Culture Technology for Translational Research: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312994. [PMID: 34884799 PMCID: PMC8657734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between the ocular and nasal epithelia. This narrative review focuses on conjunctival, corneal, ultrastructural corneal stroma, and nasal epithelia as well as an introduction into their interconnections. We describe in detail the morphology and physiology of the ocular surface, the nasolacrimal ducts, and the nasal cavity. This knowledge provides a basis for functional studies and the development of relevant cell culture models that can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases related to these complex structures. Moreover, we also provide a state-of-the-art overview regarding the development of 3D culture models, which allow for addressing research questions in models resembling the in vivo situation. In particular, we give an overview of the current developments of corneal 3D and organoid models, as well as 3D cell culture models of epithelia with goblet cells (conjunctiva and nasal cavity). The benefits and shortcomings of these cell culture models are discussed. As examples for pathogens related to ocular and nasal epithelia, we discuss infections caused by adenovirus and measles virus. In addition to pathogens, also external triggers such as allergens can cause rhinoconjunctivitis. These diseases exemplify the interconnections between the ocular surface and nasal epithelia in a molecular and clinical context. With a final translational section on optical coherence tomography (OCT), we provide an overview about the applicability of this technique in basic research and clinical ophthalmology. The techniques presented herein will be instrumental in further elucidating the functional interrelations and crosstalk between ocular and nasal epithelia.
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16
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Eghtedari Y, Oh LJ, Girolamo ND, Watson SL. The role of topical N-acetylcysteine in ocular therapeutics. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:608-622. [PMID: 34339721 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was first discovered as a mucolytic agent in 1960. We investigate the role of topical NAC in ocular therapeutics, including its mechanism of action, current applications, and adverse effects. A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles identified 106 references including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on the use of NAC in the treatment of ocular diseases. NAC can be synthetically manufactured, and its mechanisms of action include mucolysis, scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and modulation of inflammatory cascades. These unique properties contribute to the diverse applications of NAC, including its steroid-sparing potential. NAC has been used topically in the treatment of corneal wounds, chemical injuries, keratitis, dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction. The clinical benefits of NAC are evident over a wide range of concentrations, the most common being 5-10% topical NAC applied four times daily. Adverse effects such as corneal necrosis are rare, but have been reported with higher doses. NAC also has potential applications in laser epithelial keratomileusis, diabetic eye disease, retinitis pigmentosa, senile nuclear cataracts, macular degeneration, and cigarette smoke-induced corneal damage. Recently, chitosan-NAC has been used as a nanocarrier for the topical administration of medications to the ocular surface. Owing to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic properties, topical NAC has had extensive use in the treatment of ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yas Eghtedari
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lawrence J Oh
- Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Watson
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Augustine-Rauch K, Liaw JJ, Graziano M. T4-mediated rescue of aortic malformations in hypothyroid rats indicates maternal thyroid status can affect great vessel development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 411:115367. [PMID: 33340518 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pexacerfont is a corticotrophin-releasing factor subtype 1 receptor (CRF-1) antagonist developed for potential treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders. In male rats, pexacerfont caused hepatic enzyme induction leading to increased thyroxine (T4) clearance. When administered to pregnant rats on gestation day 6 to 15, pexacerfont at 300 mg/kg/day (30× mean AUC in humans at 100 mg/day) produced similar effects on thyroid homeostasis with serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels that were 0.3-0.5× and 3.3-3.7× of controls, respectively. At this dose, fetuses of pexacerfont-treated dams presented findings associated with maternal hypothyroidism including growth retardation and increased skeletal alterations. Additionally, there were unexpected great vessel malformations that were mostly derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch artery in 5 (4.3%) fetuses from 3 (15.8%) litters. The etiology was unclear whether the vascular malformations were related to insufficient thyroid hormones or another mechanism. To better understand this relationship, pregnant rats were implanted with a subcutaneous L-thyroxine pellet designed to provide a sustained release of T4 throughout organogenesis in rat embryos (GD 6 to 15; the dosing period of pexacerfont). T4 supplementation produced a near euthyroid state in pexacerfont-treated dams and completely prevented the fetal vascular malformations. These results suggest maternal T4 levels during organogenesis may have a role in great vessel morphogenesis associated with patterning and/or regression of pharyngeal arch arteries. Although previous clinical reports have speculated a potential relationship between thyroid hormone homeostasis and early cardiovascular development, this is the first report to experimentally demonstrate this relationship in great vessel morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiin-Jia Liaw
- Non Clinical Safety, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Graziano
- Non Clinical Safety, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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18
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Weigele J, Bohnsack BL. Genetics Underlying the Interactions between Neural Crest Cells and Eye Development. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8040026. [PMID: 33182738 PMCID: PMC7712190 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a unique, transient stem cell population that is critical for craniofacial and ocular development. Understanding the genetics underlying the steps of neural crest development is essential for gaining insight into the pathogenesis of congenital eye diseases. The neural crest cells play an under-appreciated key role in patterning the neural epithelial-derived optic cup. These interactions between neural crest cells within the periocular mesenchyme and the optic cup, while not well-studied, are critical for optic cup morphogenesis and ocular fissure closure. As a result, microphthalmia and coloboma are common phenotypes in human disease and animal models in which neural crest cell specification and early migration are disrupted. In addition, neural crest cells directly contribute to numerous ocular structures including the cornea, iris, sclera, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and aqueous outflow tracts. Defects in later neural crest cell migration and differentiation cause a constellation of well-recognized ocular anterior segment anomalies such as Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome and Peters Anomaly. This review will focus on the genetics of the neural crest cells within the context of how these complex processes specifically affect overall ocular development and can lead to congenital eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brenda L. Bohnsack
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-227-6180; Fax: +1-312-227-9411
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19
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Walker H, Akula M, West-Mays JA. Corneal development: Role of the periocular mesenchyme and bi-directional signaling. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108231. [PMID: 33039457 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is a highly specialized transparent tissue located at the anterior most surface of the eye. It consists of three main layers, the outer stratified squamous epithelium, the inner endothelium, and the intermediate stroma. Formation of these layers during development involves a complex interaction between ectodermal-derived structures, such as the overlying head ectoderm with the periocular mesenchyme (POM), the latter of which is comprised of neural crest cells (NCC) and mesoderm-derived progenitor cells. Regulation of corneal epithelial development, including both epithelial cell fate and stratification, has been shown to depend on numerous bi-directional mesenchymal-epithelial signaling pathways. In this review we pay particular attention to the genes and signaling pathways that involve the POM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydn Walker
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W., L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Monica Akula
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W., L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Judith A West-Mays
- McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 1280 Main St. W., L8S 4L8, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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20
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Tidu A, Schanne-Klein MC, Borderie VM. Development, structure, and bioengineering of the human corneal stroma: A review of collagen-based implants. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108256. [PMID: 32971095 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bio-engineering technologies are currently used to produce biomimetic artificial corneas that should present structural, chemical, optical, and biomechanical properties close to the native tissue. These properties are mainly supported by the corneal stroma which accounts for 90% of corneal thickness and is mainly made of collagen type I. The stromal collagen fibrils are arranged in lamellae that have a plywood-like organization. The fibril diameter is between 25 and 35 nm and the interfibrillar space about 57 nm. The number of lamellae in the central stroma is estimated to be 300. In the anterior part, their size is 10-40 μm. They appear to be larger in the posterior part of the stroma with a size of 60-120 μm. Their thicknesses also vary from 0.2 to 2.5 μm. During development, the acellular corneal stroma, which features a complex pattern of organization, serves as a scaffold for mesenchymal cells that invade and further produce the cellular stroma. Several pathways including Bmp4, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, retinoic acid, and TGF-β, in addition to EFTFs including the mastering gene Pax-6, are involved in corneal development. Besides, retinoic acid and TGF- β seem to have a crucial role in the neural crest cell migration in the stroma. Several technologies can be used to produce artificial stroma. Taking advantage of the liquid-crystal properties of acid-soluble collagen, it is possible to produce transparent stroma-like matrices with native-like collagen I fibrils and plywood-like organization, where epithelial cells can adhere and proliferate. Other approaches include the use of recombinant collagen, cross-linkers, vitrification, plastically compressed collagen or magnetically aligned collagen, providing interesting optical and mechanical properties. These technologies can be classified according to collagen type and origin, presence of telopeptides and native-like fibrils, structure, and transparency. Collagen matrices feature transparency >80% for the appropriate 500-μm thickness. Non-collagenous matrices made of biopolymers including gelatin, silk, or fish scale have been developed which feature interesting properties but are less biomimetic. These bioengineered matrices still need to be colonized by stromal cells to fully reproduce the native stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Tidu
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier, National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, 75571, Paris, France; Groupe de Recherche Clinique 32, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claire Schanne-Klein
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, LOB, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Vincent M Borderie
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre Hospitalier, National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, 75571, Paris, France; Groupe de Recherche Clinique 32, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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21
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Kao WWY. Keratin expression by corneal and limbal stem cells during development. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108206. [PMID: 32882212 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Keratins are the forming units of intermediate filaments (IF) that provide mechanical support, and formation of desmosomes between cells and hemi desmosomes with basement membranes for epithelium integrity. Keratin IF are polymers of obligate heterodimer consisting one type I keratin and one type II keratin molecules. There are 54 functional keratin genes in human genome, which are classified into three major groups, i.e., epithelial keratins, hair follicle cell-specific epithelial keratins and hair keratins. Their expression is cell type-specific and developmentally regulated. Corneal epithelium expresses a subgroup of keratins similar to those of epidermal epithelium. Limbal basal stem cells express K5/K14, and K8/K18 and K8/K19 IF suggesting that there probably are two populations of limbal stem cells (LSCs). In human, LSCs at limbal basal layer can directly stratify and differentiate to limbal suprabasal cells that express K3/K12 IF, or centripetally migrate then differentiate to corneal basal transient amplifying cells (TAC) that co-express both K3/K12 and K5/K14 prior to moving upward and assuming suprabasal cells phenotype of only K3/K12 expression that signifies corneal type epithelium differentiation. In rodent, the differentiated cornea epithelial cells express K5/K12 in lieu of K3/K12, because K3 allele exists as a pseudogene and does not encode a functional K3 protein. The basal corneal cells of new-born mice originate from surface ectoderm during embryonic development slowly commit to differentiation of becoming TAC co-expressing K5/K12 and K5/K14 IF. However, the centripetal migration may still occur at a slower rate in young mice, which is accelerated during wound healing. In this review, we will discuss and compare the cornea-specific keratins expression patterns between corneal and epidermal epithelial cells during mouse development, and between human and mouse during development and homeostasis in adult, and pathology caused by a mutation of keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston W-Y Kao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0838, USA.
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22
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Babushkina A, Lwigale P. Periocular neural crest cell differentiation into corneal endothelium is influenced by signals in the nascent corneal environment. Dev Biol 2020; 465:119-129. [PMID: 32697973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During ocular development, periocular neural crest cells (pNC) migrate into the region between the lens and presumptive corneal epithelium to form the corneal endothelium and stromal keratocytes. Although defects in neural crest cell development are associated with ocular dysgenesis, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. This study focuses on the corneal endothelium, a monolayer of specialized cells that are essential for maintaining normal hydration and transparency of the cornea. In avians, corneal endothelial cells are first to be specified from the pNC during their migration into the presumptive corneal region. To investigate the signals required for formation of the corneal endothelium, we utilized orthotopic and heterotopic injections of dissociated quail pNC into chick ocular regions. We find that pNC are multipotent and that the nascent cornea is competent to induce differentiation of ectopically injected pNC into corneal endothelium. Injected pNC downregulate expression of multipotency transcription factors and upregulate genes that are consistent with ontogenesis of the chick corneal endothelium. Importantly, we showed that TGFβ2 is expressed by the nascent lens and the corneal endothelium, and that TGFβ signaling plays a critical role in changing the molecular signature of pNC in vitro. Collectively, our results demonstrate the significance of the ocular environmental cues towards pNC differentiation, and have potential implications for clinical application of stem cells in the anterior segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Babushkina
- BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Lwigale
- BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, USA.
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23
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de Oliveira RC, Wilson SE. Descemet's membrane development, structure, function and regeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108090. [PMID: 32522478 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes are layers of extracellular matrix which anchor the epithelium or endothelium to connective tissues in most organs. Descemet's membrane- which is the basement membrane for the corneal endothelium- is a dense, thick, relatively transparent and cell-free matrix that separates the posterior corneal stroma from the underlying endothelium. It was historically named Descemet's membrane after Jean Descemet, a French physician, but it is also known as the posterior limiting elastic lamina, lamina elastica posterior, and membrane of Demours. Normal Descemet's membrane ultrastructure in humans has been shown to consist of an interfacial matrix that attaches to the overlying corneal stroma, an anterior banded layer and a posterior non-banded layer-upon which corneal endothelial cells attach. These layers have been shown to have unique composition and morphology, and to contribute to corneal homeostasis and clarity, participate in the control of corneal hydration and to modulate TGF-β-induced posterior corneal fibrosis. Pathophysiological alterations of Descemet's membrane are noted in ocular diseases such as Fuchs' dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, keratoconus, primary congenital glaucoma (Haab's striae), as well as in systemic conditions. Unrepaired extensive damage to Descemet's membrane results in severe corneal opacity and vision loss due to stromal fibrosis, which may require penetrating keratoplasty to restore corneal transparency. The purpose of this article is to highlight the current understanding of Descemet's membrane structure, function and potential for regeneration.
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24
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Sunny SS, Lachova J, Dupacova N, Zitova A, Kozmik Z. Generation and characterization of Aldh3-Cre transgenic mice as a tool for conditional gene deletion in postnatal cornea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9083. [PMID: 32493941 PMCID: PMC7270111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene targeting in mice by means of Cre-loxP strategy represents a powerful approach to study mammalian gene function. This approach is however dependent on the availability of suitable strains of mice with a tissue or time restricted activity of the Cre recombinase. Here we describe Aldh3-Cre transgenic mice as a useful tool to conditionally delete genes in cornea, a specialized transparent tissue found on the anterior-most part of the eye, which acts as a protective barrier and contributes to the refractive power. Using a set of floxed alleles we demonstrate high Aldh3-Cre activity in corneal epithelial cells, corneal stroma and conjunctival epithelial cells at postnatal stages. Aldh3-Cre will thus be particularly beneficial for functional analysis of genes which are vital for postnatal development of cornea and conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweetu Susan Sunny
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Lachova
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Naoko Dupacova
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zitova
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Eye Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic. .,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 142 20, Czech Republic.
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25
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Ghoubay D, Borderie M, Grieve K, Martos R, Bocheux R, Nguyen TM, Callard P, Chédotal A, Borderie VM. Corneal stromal stem cells restore transparency after N 2 injury in mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:917-935. [PMID: 32379938 PMCID: PMC7381812 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal scarring associated with various corneal conditions is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that corneal stromal stem cells have a therapeutic effect and are able to restore the extracellular matrix organization and corneal transparency in vivo. We first developed a mouse model of corneal stromal scar induced by liquid nitrogen (N2) application. We then reversed stromal scarring by injecting mouse or human corneal stromal stem cells in injured cornea. To characterize the mouse model developed in this study and the therapeutic effect of corneal stromal stem cells, we used a combination of in vivo (slit lamp, optical coherence tomography, in vivo confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography shear wave elastography, and optokinetic tracking response) and ex vivo (full field optical coherence microscopy, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, and histology) techniques. The mouse model obtained features early inflammation, keratocyte apoptosis, keratocyte transformation into myofibroblasts, collagen type III synthesis, impaired stromal ultrastructure, corneal stromal haze formation, increased corneal rigidity, and impaired visual acuity. Injection of stromal stem cells in N2‐injured cornea resulted in improved corneal transparency associated with corneal stromal stem cell migration and growth in the recipient stroma, absence of inflammatory response, recipient corneal epithelial cell growth, decreased collagen type III stromal content, restored stromal ultrastructure, decreased stromal haze, decreased corneal rigidity, and improved vision. Our study demonstrates the ability of corneal stromal stem cells to promote regeneration of transparent stromal tissue after corneal scarring induced by liquid nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djida Ghoubay
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, Paris, France
| | - Marie Borderie
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Martos
- Laboratoire de Recherche Vasculaire Translationnelle, INSERM U1148, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Romain Bocheux
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences (LOB) École polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, INSERM U 1182, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Thu-Mai Nguyen
- Institut Langevin Ondes et images CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979 Physiques des ondes pour la médecine, ESPCI, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Callard
- Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Vincent M Borderie
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, Paris, France
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26
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Wilson SE. Bowman's layer in the cornea- structure and function and regeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 195:108033. [PMID: 32339517 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bowman's layer lies immediately posterior to the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and anterior to the stroma proper in humans, chickens, quail, zebra fish, deer, giraffe, antelope, California sea lions, guinea pig and several other species. It is not found in dog, wolf, cat, tiger, lions, rabbit, pigs, cows, goats, or horses. Developmental anomalies of Bowman's layer are rare, but acquired damage to Bowman's layer, or even complete destruction, is frequently seen in advanced bullous keratopathy or Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. No detrimental effects of removal of Bowman's layer over the central 6-7 mm of central cornea have been noted in millions of patients who've had photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Recent studies have suggested the randomly-oriented collagen fibrils that make up Bowman's layer do not have a significant barrier function in modulating the passage of moderate- to large-sized proteins. It is hypothesized that Bowman's layer develops in the corneas of those species that have one because of cytokine-mediated interactions occurring between corneal epithelial cells and underlying keratocytes, including negative chemotactic and apoptotic effects on the keratocytes by low levels of cytokines such as interleukin-1α that are gradually released as epithelial cells die and slough during their normal development. A "Bowman's like layer" can generate around stromal epithelial plugs after radial keratotomy, and possibly beneath the central corneal epithelial basement membrane many years after PRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, I-32, Cleveland Clinic, 9500, Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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27
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Revisiting Existing Evidence of Corneal Endothelial Progenitors and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications in Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction. Adv Ther 2020; 37:1034-1048. [PMID: 32002810 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A recent successful clinical trial demonstrated that a less invasive cell-injection procedure is a viable medical modality for treating corneal endothelial dystrophy. This medical advance still relies on human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) sources derived from rare cornea donations. The progenitor of the corneal endothelium, which has the characteristics of active proliferation and lineage restriction, will be an ideal cell source for expansion ex vivo. However, the distribution of progenitor-like cells in the corneal endothelial sheet has been under debate for more than a decade. METHODS This paper re-examines the scientific evidence of the existence of human corneal endothelial progenitors (HCEPs) from the aspects of (1) the origin of cornea formation during ocular development, (2) manifestations from clinical studies, and (3) the distinctive properties of ex vivo-cultured subpopulations. RESULTS The discrepancies regarding different types of progenitor-like cells in various locations of the cornea are based on the fact that the corneal endothelium is derived from different cell types with multiple origins during corneal formation. CONCLUSIONS Resolving this long-standing issue in corneal biology will enable various types of progenitors to be isolated and their potencies regarding the formation of functional endothelial cells to be examined. Additionally, an effective niche system for quantitatively producing therapeutic cells can be formulated to satisfy the burning need associated with corneal endothelial dystrophy in the future.
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28
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Gürdal M, Ercan G, Zeugolis DI. Formation of Corneal Stromal-Like Assemblies Using Human Corneal Fibroblasts and Macromolecular Crowding. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2145:119-141. [PMID: 32542604 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0599-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering by self-assembly allows for the formation of living tissue substitutes, using the cells' innate capability to produce and deposit tissue-specific extracellular matrix. However, in order to develop extracellular matrix-rich implantable devices, prolonged culture time is required in traditionally utilized dilute ex vivo microenvironments. Macromolecular crowding, by imitating the in vivo tissue density, dramatically accelerates biological processes, resulting in enhanced and accelerated extracellular matrix deposition. Herein, we describe the ex vivo formation of corneal stromal-like assemblies using human corneal fibroblasts and macromolecular crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gürdal
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülinnaz Ercan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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29
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Kumar B, Reilly MA. The Development, Growth, and Regeneration of the Crystalline Lens: A Review. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:313-326. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1681003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - M. A. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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30
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Williams AL, Bohnsack BL. What's retinoic acid got to do with it? Retinoic acid regulation of the neural crest in craniofacial and ocular development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23308. [PMID: 31157952 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active derivative of vitamin A (retinol), is an essential morphogen signaling molecule and major regulator of embryonic development. The dysregulation of RA levels during embryogenesis has been associated with numerous congenital anomalies, including craniofacial, auditory, and ocular defects. These anomalies result from disruptions in the cranial neural crest, a vertebrate-specific transient population of stem cells that contribute to the formation of diverse cell lineages and embryonic structures during development. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the RA-mediated regulation of cranial neural crest induction at the edge of the neural tube and the migration of these cells into the craniofacial region. Further, we discuss the role of RA in the regulation of cranial neural crest cells found within the frontonasal process, periocular mesenchyme, and pharyngeal arches, which eventually form the bones and connective tissues of the head and neck and contribute to structures in the anterior segment of the eye. We then review our understanding of the mechanisms underlying congenital craniofacial and ocular diseases caused by either the genetic or toxic disruption of RA signaling. Finally, we discuss the role of RA in maintaining neural crest-derived structures in postembryonic tissues and the implications of these studies in creating new treatments for degenerative craniofacial and ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antionette L Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brenda L Bohnsack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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31
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Gath N, Gross JM. Zebrafish mab21l2 mutants possess severe defects in optic cup morphogenesis, lens and cornea development. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:514-529. [PMID: 31037784 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in MAB21L2 result in severe ocular defects including microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma, microcornea, and cataracts. The molecular and cellular underpinnings of these defects are unknown, as is the normal cellular function of MAB21L2. Zebrafish mab21l2 au10 mutants possess ocular defects resembling those in humans with MAB21L2 mutations, providing an excellent model to characterize mab21l2 functions during eye development. RESULTS mab21l2 -/- mutants possessed a host of ocular defects including microphthalmia and colobomas as well as small, disorganized lenses and cornea dysgenesis. Decreased proliferation, increased cell death, and defects in marker gene expression were detected in the lens. Cell death in the optic stalk was elevated in mab21l2 -/- mutants and the basement membrane between the edges of the choroid fissure failed to break down. Neuronal differentiation in the retina was normal, however. mab21l2 -/- mutant corneas were disorganized, possessed an increased number of cells, some of which proliferated ectopically, and failed to differentiate the corneal stroma. CONCLUSIONS mab21l2 function is required for morphogenesis and cell survival in the lens and optic cup, and basement membrane breakdown in the choroid fissure. mab21l2 function also regulates proliferation in the lens and cornea; in its absence, the lens is small and mispatterned, and corneal morphogenesis and patterning are also disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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32
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Cui R, Lwigale P. Expression of the heparin-binding growth factors Midkine and pleiotrophin during ocular development. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 32:28-37. [PMID: 30825522 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MDK) and Pleiotrophin (PTN) belong to a group of heparin-binding growth factors that has been shown to have pleiotropic functions in various biological processes during development and disease. Development of the vertebrate eye is a multistep process that involves coordinated interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells, but very little is known about the potential function of MDK and PTN in these processes. In this study, we demonstrate by section in situ hybridization, the spatiotemporal expression of MDK and PTN during ocular development in chick and mouse. We show that MDK and PTN are expressed in dynamic patterns that overlap in a few non-neuronal tissues in the anterior eye and in neuronal cell layers of the posterior eye. We show that the expression patterns of MDK and PTN are only conserved in a few tissues in chick and mouse but they overlap with the expression of some of their receptors LRP1, RPTPZ, ALK, NOTCH2, ITGβ1, SDC1, and SDC3. The dynamic expression patterns of MDK, PTN and their receptors suggest that they function together during the multistep process of ocular development and they may play important roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration of neuronal and non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruda Cui
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Lwigale
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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33
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the early developmental origins of six ocular tissues: the cornea, lens, ciliary body, iris, neural retina, and retina pigment epithelium. Many of these tissue types are concurrently specified and undergo a complex set of morphogenetic movements that facilitate their structural interconnection. Within the context of vertebrate eye organogenesis, we also discuss the genetic hierarchies of transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate growth, patterning, cell type specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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34
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Yamashita K, Hatou S, Inagaki E, Higa K, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. A Rabbit Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction Model Using Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transformed Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16868. [PMID: 30442918 PMCID: PMC6237874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike humans, rabbit corneal endothelial wounds are known to spontaneously heal. The current study was aimed to develop a new rabbit bullous keratopathy model using corneal endothelial cells that were induced to undergo endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). EMT was induced in rabbit corneal endothelial cells (RCECs) by culturing with TGFβ and basic FGF Supplemented Medium. The corneal endothelia in recipient rabbits were mechanically scraped from the corneal endothelial surface inside an 8 mm mark. Then, a suspension of EMT-induced RCECs (EMT-RCECs) was injected into the anterior chamber. Eyes injected with freshly isolated RCECs (Fresh RCECs group) and eyes that were scraped without injection of cells (Scrape group) were used as controls. Immediately following operation, subepithelial and stromal edema was observed with increased central corneal thickness and corneal opacity in all groups. In the EMT-RCECs group, bullous keratopathy persisted for 42 days up to the end of the study. In the Fresh-RCECs and Scrape groups, corneal transparency and thickness recovered by 7 days after treatment and was maintained up to 42 days. The activated fibroblast marker, α-SMA, was observed spanning from corneal endothelium to corneal stroma in the EMT-RCECs group. Interestingly, α-SMA was upregulated in the Scrape-group as well. In all groups, there was no damage to other intraocular structures, and intraocular pressure was normal throughout the observation period. Transplanting a fresh donor cornea effectively treated corneal edema due to bullous keratopathy. This model is a promising tool for pre-clinical trials in the development of new therapies against corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Hatou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Inagaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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35
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Sharif R, Bak-Nielsen S, Hjortdal J, Karamichos D. Pathogenesis of Keratoconus: The intriguing therapeutic potential of Prolactin-inducible protein. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 67:150-167. [PMID: 29758268 PMCID: PMC6235698 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is the most common ectatic corneal disease, with clinical findings that include discomfort, visual disturbance and possible blindness if left untreated. KC affects approximately 1:400 to 1:2000 people worldwide, including both males and females. The aetiology and onset of KC remains a puzzle and as a result, the ability to treat or reverse the disease is hampered. Sex hormones are known to play a role in the maintenance of the structure and integrity of the human cornea. Hormone levels have been reported to alter corneal thickness, curvature, and sensitivity during different times of menstrual cycle. Surprisingly, the role of sex hormones in corneal diseases and KC has been largely neglected. Prolactin-induced protein, known to be regulated by sex hormones, is a new KC biomarker that has been recently proposed. Studies herein discuss the role of sex hormones as a control mechanism for KC onset and progression and evidence supporting the view that prolactin-induced protein is an important hormonally regulated biomarker in KC is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Sashia Bak-Nielsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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36
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Andrade AL, Campos MQ, Gomes JAP, Berto AGA, Michelacci YM. Effect of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation on Corneal Healing and Proteoglycan Expression in an Experimental Model of Limbal Deficiency in Rabbits. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 20:290-9. [DOI: 10.1177/112067211002000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre L. Andrade
- Department of Clinical Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba
| | - Mauro Q. Campos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - José A. P. Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| | | | - Yara M. Michelacci
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
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37
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Kamarudin TA, Bojic S, Collin J, Yu M, Alharthi S, Buck H, Shortt A, Armstrong L, Figueiredo FC, Lako M. Differences in the Activity of Endogenous Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Impact on the Ability of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Differentiate to Corneal Epithelial-Like Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 36:337-348. [PMID: 29226476 PMCID: PMC5839253 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cornea is a clear outermost layer of the eye which enables transmission of light onto the retina. The transparent corneal epithelium is regenerated by limbal stem cells (LSCs), whose loss/dysfunction results in LSCs deficiency (LSCD). Ex vivo expansion of autologous LSCs obtained from patient's healthy eye followed by transplantation onto the LSCs damaged/deficient eye, has provided a successful treatment for unilateral LSCD. However, this is not applicable to patient with total bilateral LSCD, where LSCs are lost/damaged from both eyes. We investigated the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) to differentiate into corneal epithelial‐like cells as a source of autologous stem cell treatment for patients with total bilateral LSCD. Our study showed that combined addition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), all trans‐retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor for the first 9 days of differentiation followed by cell‐replating on collagen‐IV‐coated surfaces with a corneal‐specific‐epithelial cell media for an additional 11 days, resulted in step wise differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to corneal epithelial progenitors and mature corneal epithelial‐like cells. We observed differences in the ability of hiPSC lines to undergo differentiation to corneal epithelial‐like cells which were dependent on the level of endogenous BMP signaling and could be restored via the activation of this signaling pathway by a specific transforming growth factor β inhibitor (SB431542). Together our data reveal a differential ability of hiPSC lines to generate corneal epithelial cells which is underlined by the activity of endogenous BMP signaling pathway. Stem Cells2018;36:337–348
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Affiliation(s)
- Taty Anna Kamarudin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sanja Bojic
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Collin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Min Yu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer Alharthi
- Princess Al Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harley Buck
- UCL Institute of Immunology and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Shortt
- UCL Institute of Immunology and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco C Figueiredo
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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38
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Soiberman U, Foster JW, Jun AS, Chakravarti S. Pathophysiology of Keratoconus: What Do We Know Today. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11:252-261. [PMID: 28932341 PMCID: PMC5585454 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101711010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus is a common corneal ectasia that leads to progressive visual impairment. Numerous studies have shown abnormal protein expression patterns in keratoconic corneas. However, the specific mechanisms causing this disease remain ambiguous. This review aims to provide an update on morphological studies of the keratoconic cornea, relate these early studies with current findings from proteomic, biochemical and cell culture studies and to postulate possible pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Soiberman
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - James W Foster
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Albert S Jun
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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39
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Seo S, Chen L, Liu W, Zhao D, Schultz KM, Sasman A, Liu T, Zhang HF, Gage PJ, Kume T. Foxc1 and Foxc2 in the Neural Crest Are Required for Ocular Anterior Segment Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1368-1377. [PMID: 28253399 PMCID: PMC5361455 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The large Forkhead (Fox) transcription factor family has essential roles in development, and mutations cause a wide range of ocular and nonocular disease. One member, Foxc2 is expressed in neural crest (NC)-derived periocular mesenchymal cells of the developing murine eye; however, its precise role in the development, establishment, and maintenance of the ocular surface has yet to be investigated. Methods To specifically delete Foxc2 from NC-derived cells, conditional knockout mice for Foxc2 (NC-Foxc2−/−) were generated by crossing Foxc2F mice with Wnt1-Cre mice. Similarly, we also generated compound NC-specific mutations of Foxc2 and a closely related gene, Foxc1 (NC-Foxc1−/−;NC-Foxc2−/−) in mice. Results Neural crest-Foxc2−/− mice show abnormal thickness in the peripheral-to-central corneal stroma and limbus and displaced pupils with irregular iris. The neural crest-specific mutation in Foxc2 also leads to ectopic neovascularization in the cornea, as well as impaired ocular epithelial cell identity and corneal conjunctivalization. Compound, NC-specific Foxc1; Foxc2 homozygous mutant mice have more severe defects in structures of the ocular surface, such as the cornea and eyelids, accompanied by significant declines in the expression of another key developmental factor, Pitx2, and its downstream effector Dkk2, which antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling. Conclusions The neural crest-Foxc2 mutation is associated with corneal conjunctivalization, ectopic corneal neovascularization, and disrupted ocular epithelial cell identity. Furthermore, Foxc2 and Foxc1 cooperatively function in NC-derived mesenchymal cells to ensure proper morphogenesis of the ocular surface via the regulation of Wnt signaling. Together, Foxc2 is required in the NC lineage for mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in corneal and ocular surface development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoon Seo
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lisheng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Demin Zhao
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Kathryn M Schultz
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Amy Sasman
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ting Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Philip J Gage
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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40
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Foster JW, Wahlin K, Adams SM, Birk DE, Zack DJ, Chakravarti S. Cornea organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41286. [PMID: 28128337 PMCID: PMC5269590 DOI: 10.1038/srep41286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the transparent outermost surface of the eye, consisting of a stratified epithelium, a collagenous stroma and an innermost single-cell layered endothelium and providing 2/3 of the refractive power of the eye. Multiple diseases of the cornea arise from genetic defects where the ultimate phenotype can be influenced by cross talk between the cell types and the extracellular matrix. Cell culture modeling of diseases can benefit from cornea organoids that include multiple corneal cell types and extracellular matrices. Here we present human iPS cell-derived organoids through sequential rounds of differentiation programs. These organoids share features of the developing cornea, harboring three distinct cell types with expression of key epithelial, stromal and endothelial cell markers. Cornea organoid cultures provide a powerful 3D model system for investigating corneal developmental processes and their disruptions in diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Foster
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karl Wahlin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology &Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology &Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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41
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Wight TN. Provisional matrix: A role for versican and hyaluronan. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:38-56. [PMID: 27932299 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan and versican are extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are enriched in the provisional matrices that form during the early stages of development and disease. These two molecules interact to create pericellular "coats" and "open space" that facilitate cell sorting, proliferation, migration, and survival. Such complexes also impact the recruitment of leukocytes during development and in the early stages of disease. Once thought to be inert components of the ECM that help hold cells together, it is now quite clear that they play important roles in controlling cell phenotype, shaping tissue response to injury and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Conversion of hyaluronan-/versican-enriched provisional matrix to collagen-rich matrix is a "hallmark" of tissue fibrosis. Targeting the hyaluronan and versican content of provisional matrices in a variety of diseases including, cardiovascular disease and cancer, is becoming an attractive strategy for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
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42
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Eghtedari Y, Richardson A, Mai K, Heng B, Guillemin GJ, Wakefield D, Di Girolamo N. Keratin 14 Expression in Epithelial Progenitor Cells of the Developing Human Cornea. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:699-711. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yas Eghtedari
- Ocular Diseases Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Richardson
- Ocular Diseases Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kelly Mai
- Ocular Diseases Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Denis Wakefield
- Ocular Diseases Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- Ocular Diseases Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Kwiatkowski SC, Ojeda AF, Lwigale PY. PlexinD1 is required for proper patterning of the periocular vascular network and for the establishment of corneal avascularity during avian ocular development. Dev Biol 2016; 411:128-39. [PMID: 26783882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anterior eye is comprised of an avascular cornea surrounded by a dense periocular vascular network and therefore serves as an excellent model for angiogenesis. Although signaling through PlexinD1 underlies various vascular patterning events during embryonic development, its role during the formation of the periocular vascular network is yet to be determined. Our recent study showed that PlexinD1 mRNA is expressed by periocular angioblasts and blood vessels during ocular vasculogenesis in patterns that suggest its involvement with Sema3 ligands that are concurrently expressed in the anterior eye. In this study, we used in vivo knockdown experiments to determine the role of PlexinD1 during vascular patterning in the anterior eye of the developing avian embryos. Knockdown of PlexinD1 in the anterior eye caused mispatterning of the vascular network in the presumptive iris, which was accompanied by lose of vascular integrity and profuse hemorrhaging in the anterior chamber. We also observed ectopic vascularization of the cornea in PlexinD1 knockdown eyes, which coincided with the formation of the limbal vasculature in controls. Finally we show that Sema3E and Sema3C transcripts are expressed in ocular tissue that is devoid of vasculature. These results indicate that PlexinD1 plays a critical role during vascular patterning in the iris and limbus, and is essential for the establishment of corneal avascularity during development. We conclude that PlexinD1 is involved in vascular response to antiangiogenic Sema3 signaling that guides the formation of the iris and limbal blood vessels by inhibiting VEGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Kwiatkowski
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77025, United States
| | - Ana F Ojeda
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77025, United States
| | - Peter Y Lwigale
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77025, United States.
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44
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Delp EE, Swamynathan S, Kao WW, Swamynathan SK. Spatiotemporally Regulated Ablation of Klf4 in Adult Mouse Corneal Epithelial Cells Results in Altered Epithelial Cell Identity and Disrupted Homeostasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3549-58. [PMID: 26047041 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In previous studies, conditional disruption of Klf4 in the developing mouse ocular surface from embryonic day 10 resulted in corneal epithelial fragility, stromal edema, and loss of conjunctival goblet cells, revealing the importance of Klf4 in ocular surface maturation. Here, we use spatiotemporally regulated ablation of Klf4 to investigate its functions in maintenance of adult corneal epithelial homeostasis. METHODS Expression of Cre was induced in ternary transgenic (Klf4(LoxP/LoxP)/Krt12(rtTA/rtTA)/Tet-O-Cre) mouse corneal epithelium by doxycycline administered through intraperitoneal injections and drinking water, to generate corneal epithelium-specific deletion of Klf4 (Klf4(Δ/ΔCE)). Corneal epithelial barrier function was tested by fluorescein staining. Expression of selected Klf4-target genes was determined by quantitative PCR (QPCR), immunoblotting, and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Klf4 was efficiently ablated within 5 days of doxycycline administration in adult Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelium. The Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelial barrier function was disrupted, and the basal cells were swollen and rounded after 15 days of doxycycline treatment. Increased numbers of cell layers and Ki67-positive proliferating cells suggested deregulated Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelial homeostasis. Expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, desmosomal Dsg and Dsp, basement membrane laminin-332, and corneal epithelial-specific keratin-12 was decreased, while that of matrix metalloproteinase Mmp9 and noncorneal keratin-17 increased, suggesting altered Klf4(Δ/ΔCE) corneal epithelial cell identity. CONCLUSIONS Ablation of Klf4 in the adult mouse corneas resulted in the absence of characteristic corneal epithelial cell differentiation, disrupted barrier function, and squamous metaplasia, revealing that Klf4 is essential for maintenance of the adult corneal epithelial cell identity and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili E Delp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Winston W Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Cell Biology, U
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45
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Zasadkevich YM, Brilliant AA, Sazonov SV. [Role of cadherins in health and in developing breast cancer]. Arkh Patol 2015; 77:57-64. [PMID: 26226783 DOI: 10.17116/patol201577357-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The review gives data on the structure of cadherin cell adhesion molecules, their role in the body's development and malignant tumor progression. It describes cadherins that are considered to play the most important role in the development of a tumor process: E-, P-, and N-cadherins that belong to type I classical cadhedrins and VE-cadhedrin that does to type II cadherins. Particular emphasis is placed on the signal mechanisms with involvement of cadherins and cadherin-related molecules, which are realized in the body in health and in tumor transformation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu M Zasadkevich
- Institute of Medical Cell Technologies; Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg
| | | | - S V Sazonov
- Institute of Medical Cell Technologies; Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg
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Dash S, Dang CA, Beebe DC, Lachke SA. Deficiency of the RNA binding protein caprin2 causes lens defects and features of Peters anomaly. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1313-27. [PMID: 26177727 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was recently demonstrated that deficiency of a conserved RNA binding protein (RBP) and RNA granule (RG) component Tdrd7 causes ocular defects including cataracts in human, mouse and chicken, indicating the importance of posttranscriptional regulation in eye development. Here we investigated the function of a second conserved RBP/RG component Caprin2 that is identified by the eye gene discovery tool iSyTE. RESULTS In situ hybridization, Western blotting and immunostaining confirmed highly enriched expression of Caprin2 mRNA and protein in mouse embryonic and postnatal lens. To gain insight into its function, lens-specific Caprin2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse mutants were generated using a lens-Cre deleter line Pax6GFPCre. Phenotypic analysis of Caprin2(cKO/cKO) mutants revealed distinct eye defects at variable penetrance. Wheat germ agglutinin staining and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that Caprin2(cKO/cKO) mutants have an abnormally compact lens nucleus, which is the core of the lens comprised of centrally located terminally differentiated fiber cells. Additionally, Caprin2(cKO/cKO) mutants also exhibited at 8% penetrance a developmental defect that resembles a human condition called Peters anomaly, wherein the lens and the cornea remain attached by a persistent stalk. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a conserved RBP Caprin2 functions in distinct morphological events in mammalian eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Christine A Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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47
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Słoniecka M, Le Roux S, Boman P, Byström B, Zhou Q, Danielson P. Expression Profiles of Neuropeptides, Neurotransmitters, and Their Receptors in Human Keratocytes In Vitro and In Situ. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214847 PMCID: PMC4516240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratocytes, the quiescent cells of the corneal stroma, play a crucial role in corneal wound healing. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters are usually associated with neuronal signaling, but have recently been shown to be produced also by non-neuronal cells and to be involved in many cellular processes. The aim of this study was to assess the endogenous intracellular and secreted levels of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), and of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine (ACh), catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine), and glutamate, as well as the expression profiles of their receptors, in human primary keratocytes in vitro and in keratocytes of human corneal tissue sections in situ. Cultured keratocytes expressed genes encoding for SP and NKA, and for catecholamine and glutamate synthesizing enzymes, as well as genes for neuropeptide, adrenergic and ACh (muscarinic) receptors. Keratocytes in culture produced SP, NKA, catecholamines, ACh, and glutamate, and expressed neurokinin-1 and -2 receptors (NK-1R and NK-2R), dopamine receptor D2, muscarinic ACh receptors, and NDMAR1 glutamate receptor. Human corneal sections expressed SP, NKA, NK-1R, NK-2R, receptor D2, choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic ACh receptors, glutamate, and NMDAR1, but not catecholamine synthesizing enzyme or the α1 and β2 adrenoreceptors, nor M1 receptor. In addition, expression profiles assumed significant differences between keratocytes from the peripheral cornea as compared to those from the central cornea, as well as differences between keratocytes cultured under various serum concentrations. In conclusion, human keratocytes express an array of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. The cells furthermore express receptors for neuropeptides/neurotransmitters, which suggests that they are susceptible to stimulation by these substances in the cornea, whether of neuronal or non-neuronal origin. As it has been shown that neuropeptides/neurotransmitters are involved in cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, it is possible that they play a role in corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Słoniecka
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandrine Le Roux
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Boman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Berit Byström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Patrik Danielson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Corneal Development: Different Cells from a Common Progenitor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:43-59. [PMID: 26310148 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of the vertebrate cornea is a multistep process that involves cellular interactions between various ectodermal-derived tissues. Bilateral interactions between the neural ectoderm-derived optic vesicles and the cranial ectoderm give rise to the presumptive corneal epithelium and other epithelia of the ocular surface. Interactions between the neural tube and the adjacent ectoderm give rise to the neural crest cells, a highly migratory and multipotent cell population. Neural crest cells migrate between the lens and presumptive corneal epithelium to form the corneal endothelium and the stromal keratocytes. The sensory nerves that abundantly innervate the corneal stroma and epithelium originate from the neural crest- and ectodermal placode-derived trigeminal ganglion. Concomitant with corneal innervation is the formation of the limbal vascular plexus and the establishment of corneal avascularity. This review summarizes historical and current research to provide an overview of the genesis of the cellular layers of the cornea, corneal innervation, and avascularity.
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Williams AL, Bohnsack BL. Neural crest derivatives in ocular development: discerning the eye of the storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:87-95. [PMID: 26043871 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are vertebrate-specific transient, multipotent, migratory stem cells that play a crucial role in many aspects of embryonic development. These cells emerge from the dorsal neural tube and subsequently migrate to different regions of the body, contributing to the formation of diverse cell lineages and structures, including much of the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton, smooth muscle, skin pigmentation, and multiple ocular and periocular structures. Indeed, abnormalities in neural crest development cause craniofacial defects and ocular anomalies, such as Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and primary congenital glaucoma. Thus, understanding the molecular regulation of neural crest development is important to enhance our knowledge of the basis for congenital eye diseases, reflecting the contributions of these progenitors to multiple cell lineages. Particularly, understanding the underpinnings of neural crest formation will help to discern the complexities of eye development, as these NCCs are involved in every aspect of this process. In this review, we summarize the role of ocular NCCs in eye development, particularly focusing on congenital eye diseases associated with anterior segment defects and the interplay between three prominent molecules, PITX2, CYP1B1, and retinoic acid, which act in concert to specify a population of neural crest-derived mesenchymal progenitors for migration and differentiation, to give rise to distinct anterior segment tissues. We also describe recent findings implicating this stem cell population in ocular coloboma formation, and introduce recent evidence suggesting the involvement of NCCs in optic fissure closure and vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antionette L Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan
| | - Brenda L Bohnsack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan
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50
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Regulation of corneal stroma extracellular matrix assembly. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:69-80. [PMID: 25819456 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The transparent cornea is the major refractive element of the eye. A finely controlled assembly of the stromal extracellular matrix is critical to corneal function, as well as in establishing the appropriate mechanical stability required to maintain corneal shape and curvature. In the stroma, homogeneous, small diameter collagen fibrils, regularly packed with a highly ordered hierarchical organization, are essential for function. This review focuses on corneal stroma assembly and the regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis. Corneal collagen fibrillogenesis involves multiple molecules interacting in sequential steps, as well as interactions between keratocytes and stroma matrix components. The stroma has the highest collagen V:I ratio in the body. Collagen V regulates the nucleation of protofibril assembly, thus controlling the number of fibrils and assembly of smaller diameter fibrils in the stroma. The corneal stroma is also enriched in small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) that cooperate in a temporal and spatial manner to regulate linear and lateral collagen fibril growth. In addition, the fibril-associated collagens (FACITs) such as collagen XII and collagen XIV have roles in the regulation of fibril packing and inter-lamellar interactions. A communicating keratocyte network contributes to the overall and long-range regulation of stromal extracellular matrix assembly, by creating micro-domains where the sequential steps in stromal matrix assembly are controlled. Keratocytes control the synthesis of extracellular matrix components, which interact with the keratocytes dynamically to coordinate the regulatory steps into a cohesive process. Mutations or deficiencies in stromal regulatory molecules result in altered interactions and deficiencies in both transparency and refraction, leading to corneal stroma pathobiology such as stromal dystrophies, cornea plana and keratoconus.
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