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Fecal transplantation and butyrate improve neuropathic pain, modify immune cell profile, and gene expression in the PNS of obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26482-26493. [PMID: 33020290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006065117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects over 2 billion people worldwide and is accompanied by peripheral neuropathy (PN) and an associated poorer quality of life. Despite high prevalence, the molecular mechanisms underlying the painful manifestations of PN are poorly understood, and therapies are restricted to use of painkillers or other drugs that do not address the underlying disease. Studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiome is linked to metabolic health and its alteration is associated with many diseases, including obesity. Pathologic changes to the gut microbiome have recently been linked to somatosensory pain, but any relationships between gut microbiome and PN in obesity have yet to be explored. Our data show that mice fed a Western diet developed indices of PN that were attenuated by concurrent fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT). In addition, we observed changes in expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and calcium handling in cells of the peripheral nerve system (PNS). FMT also induced changes in the immune cell populations of the PNS. There was a correlation between an increase in the circulating short-chain fatty acid butyrate and pain improvement following FMT. Additionally, butyrate modulated gene expression and immune cells in the PNS. Circulating butyrate was also negatively correlated with distal pain in 29 participants with varied body mass index. Our data suggest that the metabolite butyrate, secreted by the gut microbiome, underlies some of the effects of FMT. Targeting the gut microbiome, butyrate, and its consequences may represent novel viable approaches to prevent or relieve obesity-associated neuropathies.
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2
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Early Phase of Type 1 Diabetes Decreases the Responsiveness of C-Fiber Nociceptors in the Temporomandibular Joint of Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 416:229-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Timmins HC, Li T, Kiernan MC, Horvath LG, Goldstein D, Park SB. Quantification of Small Fiber Neuropathy in Chemotherapy-Treated Patients. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 21:44-58. [PMID: 31325646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major, dose-limiting side effect of treatment with neurotoxic cancer treatments which can result in long-term impairment. Deficits often reflect a large fiber polyneuropathy, however small fiber involvement resulting in neuropathic pain and autonomic dysfunction can occur. Quantification of both CIPN and small fiber neuropathy (SFN) remains a challenge. Accordingly, the prevalence and pathophysiology of small fiber neuropathy amongst cancer survivors remains poorly understood. This review will provide an overview of the clinical features of SFN associated with neurotoxic cancer treatments as well as a summary of current assessment tools for evaluating small fiber function, and their use in patients treated with neurotoxic chemotherapies. The continued development and utilization of novel measures quantifying small fiber involvement will help elucidate the pathophysiology underlying symptoms of CIPN and assist in informing treatment approaches. Accurately identifying subgroups of patients with neuropathic symptoms which may respond to existing pain medication may reduce the impact of CIPN and improve long-term quality of life as well as provide better categorization of patients for future clinical trials of neuroprotective and treatment strategies for CIPN. PERSPECTIVE: This review provides a critical analysis of SFN associated with neurotoxic cancer treatments and the assessment tools for evaluating small fiber dysfunction in cancer patients. Quantification of small fiber involvement in CIPN will assist in identifying subgroups of patients with neuropathic symptoms which may respond to existing pain medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Timmins
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Tiffany Li
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- The Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia; Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Susanna B Park
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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Landowski LM, Dyck PJB, Engelstad J, Taylor BV. Axonopathy in peripheral neuropathies: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for regeneration. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 76:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ward RE, Caserotti P, Cauley JA, Boudreau RM, Goodpaster BH, Vinik AI, Newman AB, Strotmeyer ES. Mobility-Related Consequences of Reduced Lower-Extremity Peripheral Nerve Function with Age: A Systematic Review. Aging Dis 2015; 7:466-78. [PMID: 27493833 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to systematically review the relationship between lower-extremity peripheral nerve function and mobility in older adults. The National Library of Medicine (PubMed) was searched on March 23, 2015 with no limits on publication dates. One reviewer selected original research studies of older adults (≥65 years) that assessed the relationship between lower-extremity peripheral nerve function and mobility-related outcomes. Participants, study design and methods of assessing peripheral nerve impairment were evaluated and results were reported and synthesized. Eight articles were identified, including 6 cross-sectional and 2 longitudinal studies. These articles investigated 6 elderly cohorts (4 from the U.S. and 2 from Italy): 3 community-dwelling (including 1 with only disabled women and 1 without mobility limitations at baseline), 1 with both community-dwelling and institutionalized residents, 1 from a range of residential locations, and 1 of patients with peripheral arterial disease. Mean ages ranged from 71-82 years. Nerve function was assessed by vibration threshold (n=2); sensory measures and clinical signs and symptoms of neuropathy (n=2); motor nerve conduction (n=1); and a combination of both sensory measures and motor nerve conduction (n=3). Each study found that worse peripheral nerve function was related to poor mobility, although relationships varied based on the nerve function measure and mobility domain assessed. Six studies found that the association between nerve function and mobility persisted despite adjustment for diabetes. Evidence suggests that peripheral nerve function impairment at various levels of severity is related to poor mobility independent of diabetes. Relationships varied depending on peripheral nerve measure, which may be particularly important when investigating specific biological mechanisms. Future research needs to identify risk factors for peripheral nerve decline beyond diabetes, especially those common in late-life and modifiable. Interventions to preserve nerve function should be investigated with regard to their effect on postponing or preventing disability in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Ward
- 1Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; 2School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 00218, USA
| | - Paolo Caserotti
- 3Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern, Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane A Cauley
- 4Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- 4Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Aaron I Vinik
- 6Department of Neurobiology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- 4Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- 4Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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6
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Pham M, Oikonomou D, Hornung B, Weiler M, Heiland S, Bäumer P, Kollmer J, Nawroth PP, Bendszus M. Magnetic resonance neurography detects diabetic neuropathy early and with Proximal Predominance. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:939-48. [PMID: 26381658 PMCID: PMC5132066 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this work was to localize and quantify alterations of nerve microstructure in diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) by magnetic resonance (MR) neurography with large anatomical coverage. Methods Patients (N = 25) with mild‐to‐moderate (Neuropathy‐Symptom‐Score [NSS]/Neuropathy Deficit Score [NDS] 3.8 ± 0.3/2.6 ± 0.5) and patients (n = 10) with severe DPN (6.2 ± 0.6/7.4 ± 0.5) were compared to patients (n = 15) with diabetes but no DPN and to age‐/sex‐matched nondiabetic controls (n = 25). All subjects underwent MR neurography with large spatial coverage and high resolution from spinal nerve to ankle level: four slabs per leg, each with 35 axial slices (T2‐ and proton‐density–weighted two dimensional turbo‐spin‐echo sequences; voxel size: 0.4 × 0.3 × 3.5 mm3) and a three‐dimensional T2‐weighted sequence to cover spinal nerves and plexus. Nerve segmentation was performed on a total of 280 slices per subject. Nerve lesion voxels were determined independently from operator input by statistical classification against the nondiabetic cohort. At the site with highest lesion‐voxel burden, signal quantification was performed by calculating nerve proton spin density and T2 relaxation time. Results Total burden of nerve lesion voxels was significantly increased in DPN (p = 0.003) with strong spatial predominance at thigh level, where average lesion voxel load was significantly higher in severe (57 ± 18.4; p = 0.0022) and in mild‐to‐moderate DPN (35 ± 4.0; p < 0.001) than in controls (18 ± 3.6). Signal quantification at the site of predominant lesion burden (thigh) revealed a significant increase of nerve proton spin density in severe (360 ± 22.9; p = 0.043) and in mild‐to‐moderate DPN (365 ± 15.2; p = 0.001) versus controls (288 ± 13.4), but not of T2 relaxation time (p = 0.49). Nerve proton spin density predicted severity of DPN with an odds ratio of 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.4–3.5; p < 0.001) per 100 proton spins. Interpretation In DPN, the predominant site of microstructural nerve alteration is at the thigh level with a strong proximal‐to‐distal gradient. Nerve proton spin density at the thigh level is a novel quantitative imaging biomarker of early DPN and increases with neuropathy severity. Ann Neurol 2015;78:939–948
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Pham
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Oikonomou
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hornung
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Weiler
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Bäumer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kollmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kim KS, Song YS, Jin J, Joe JH, So BI, Park JY, Fang CH, Kim MJ, Cho YH, Hwang S, Ro YS, Kim H, Ahn YH, Sung HJ, Sung JJ, Park SH, Lipton SA. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor as a treatment for diabetic neuropathy in rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 414:64-72. [PMID: 26190836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment of diabetic neuropathy (DN) remains unsolved. We serendipitously observed dramatic relief of pain in several patients with painful DN receiving granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). The aim of this study was to determine if G-CSF could treat DN in an animal model and to ascertain its mechanism of action. In a rodent model of DN, G-CSF dramatically recovered nerve function, retarded histological nerve changes and increased the expression of neurotrophic factors within nerve. A sex-mismatched bone marrow transplantation (BMT) study revealed that G-CSF treatment increased the abundance of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in nerves damaged by DN. However, we did not observe evidence of transdifferentiation or cell fusion of BM-derived cells. The beneficial effects of G-CSF were dependent on the integrity of BM. In conclusion, G-CSF produced a therapeutic effect in a rodent model of DN, which was attributed, at least in part, to the actions of BM-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea.
| | - Yi-Sun Song
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Jiyong Jin
- Division of Cardiology, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Jun-Ho Joe
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Byung-Im So
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Cheng-Hu Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Youl-Hee Cho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Sejin Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Young-Suck Ro
- Department of Dermatology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Hyuck Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - You-Hern Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 133-792, South Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 351631 Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jung-Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA.
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8
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Ward RE, Boudreau RM, Caserotti P, Harris TB, Zivkovic S, Goodpaster BH, Satterfield S, Kritchevsky SB, Schwartz AV, Vinik AI, Cauley JA, Simonsick EM, Newman AB, Strotmeyer ES. Sensory and motor peripheral nerve function and incident mobility disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:2273-9. [PMID: 25482096 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between sensorimotor nerve function and incident mobility disability over 10 years. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with longitudinal analysis. SETTING Two U.S. clinical sites. PARTICIPANTS Population-based sample of community-dwelling older adults with no mobility disability at 2000/01 examination (N = 2,148 [Corrected]; mean age ± SD 76.5 ± 2.9, body mass index 27.1 ± 4.6; 50.2% female, 36.6% black, 10.7% with diabetes mellitus). MEASUREMENTS Motor nerve conduction amplitude (poor <1 mV) and velocity (poor <40 m/s) were measured on the deep peroneal nerve. Sensory nerve function was measured using 10- and 1.4-g monofilaments and vibration detection threshold at the toe. Lower extremity symptoms included numbness or tingling and aching or burning pain. Incident mobility disability assessed semiannually over 8.5 years (interquartile range 4.5-9.6 years) was defined as two consecutive self-reports of a lot of difficulty or inability to walk one-quarter of a mile or climb 10 steps. RESULTS Nerve impairments were detected in 55% of participants, and 30% developed mobility disability. Worse motor amplitude (HR = 1.29 per SD, 95% CI = 1.16-1.44), vibration detection threshold (HR = 1.13 per SD, 95% CI = 1.04-1.23), symptoms (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.26-2.17), two motor impairments (HR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.43-3.09), two sensory impairments (HR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.37-2.68), and three or more nerve impairments (HR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.54-3.53) predicted incident mobility disability after adjustment. Quadriceps strength mediated relationships between certain nerve impairments and mobility disability, although most remained significant. CONCLUSION Poor sensorimotor nerve function independently predicted mobility disability. Future work should investigate modifiable risk factors and interventions such as strength training for preventing disability and improving function in older adults with poor nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Ward
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts; School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ward RE, Boudreau RM, Caserotti P, Harris TB, Zivkovic S, Goodpaster BH, Satterfield S, Kritchevsky S, Schwartz AV, Vinik AI, Cauley JA, Newman AB, Strotmeyer ES. Sensory and motor peripheral nerve function and longitudinal changes in quadriceps strength. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:464-70. [PMID: 25320056 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor peripheral nerve function is common in older adults and may be a risk factor for strength decline, although this has not been assessed longitudinally. METHODS We assessed whether sensorimotor peripheral nerve function predicts strength longitudinally in 1,830 participants (age = 76.3 ± 2.8, body mass index = 27.2 ± 4.6kg/m(2), strength = 96.3 ± 34.7 Nm, 51.0% female, 34.8% black) from the Health ABC study. Isokinetic quadriceps strength was measured semiannually over 6 years. Peroneal motor nerve conduction amplitude and velocity were recorded. Sensory nerve function was assessed with 10-g and 1.4-g monofilaments and average vibration detection threshold at the toe. Lower-extremity neuropathy symptoms were self-reported. RESULTS Worse vibration detection threshold predicted 2.4% lower strength in men and worse motor amplitude and two symptoms predicted 2.5% and 8.1% lower strength, respectively, in women. Initial 10-g monofilament insensitivity predicted 14.2% lower strength and faster strength decline in women and 6.6% lower strength in men (all p < .05). CONCLUSION Poor nerve function predicted lower strength and faster strength decline. Future work should examine interventions aimed at preventing declines in strength in older adults with impaired nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Ward
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paolo Caserotti
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biometry, and Demography, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Aaron I Vinik
- Department of Neurobiology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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10
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Wang H, Romano G, Frustaci ME, Bohidar N, Ma H, Sanga P, Ness S, Russell LJ, Fedgchin M, Kelly KM, Thipphawong J. Fulranumab for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2014; 83:628-37. [PMID: 25008392 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess efficacy and safety of fulranumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor, in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). METHODS In this phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with moderate to severe DPNP were randomized to treatments with fulranumab (1, 3, or 10 mg) or placebo administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks. RESULTS Because of early study termination (clinical hold) by the US Food and Drug Administration, 77 (intent-to-treat) of the planned 200 patients were enrolled. The primary endpoint, the mean reduction of average daily pain at week 12 compared with baseline, showed a positive dose-response relationship (p = 0.014, 1-sided); the pair-wise comparison between the 10-mg group and placebo was significant (unadjusted p = 0.040, 2-sided). An exploratory responder analysis revealed that a greater proportion of patients in the 10-mg group reported ≥30% reduction in the average DPNP intensity compared with placebo at week 12 (p = 0.006). Although not statistically significant, several secondary endpoints showed directionally similar results to the primary efficacy dose-response relationship. During the combined efficacy and safety extension phases, the top 3 treatment-emergent adverse events in the combined fulranumab group were arthralgia (11%), edema peripheral (11%), and diarrhea (9%). No cases of joint replacement or death were reported. CONCLUSION Despite early study termination, fulranumab treatment resulted in dose-dependent efficacy and was generally well tolerated. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that in patients with DPNP, fulranumab 10 mg reduces pain by 1.2 points on an 11-point scale compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ.
| | - Gary Romano
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Mary Ellen Frustaci
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Norm Bohidar
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Huizhong Ma
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Panna Sanga
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Seth Ness
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Lucille J Russell
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Margaret Fedgchin
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - Kathleen M Kelly
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
| | - John Thipphawong
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (H.W.), Bethesda, MD; and Janssen Research & Development, LLC (G.R., M.E.F., N.B., H.M., P.S., S.N., L.J.R., M.F., K.M.K., J.T.), NJ
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11
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Arezzo JC, Seto S, Schaumburg HH. Sensory-motor assessment in clinical research trials. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 115:265-78. [PMID: 23931786 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of changes in sensory-motor function in clinical research presents a unique set of difficulties. Clinimetrics is the science of measurement as related to the identification of a clinical disorder, the tracing of the progression of the condition under study, and calculation of its impact. The selection of appropriate measures for clinical studies of sensory-motor function must consider validity, sensitivity, specificity, responsiveness, reliability, and feasibility. Reasonable measures of motor function in clinical research include manual examination of muscle strength, electrophysiology, functional scales, patient-reported outcomes (e.g., quality of life), and for severe conditions such as ALS, survival. The assessment of sensory function includes targeted electrophysiology and QOL, as well as more focused measures such as quantitative sensory testing and the scoring of positive symptoms. Each individual measure and each combination of endpoints has its strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Arezzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.
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Abstract
More than half of all patients with diabetes develop neuropathic disorders affecting the distal sensory and/or motor nerves, or autonomic or cranial nerve functions. Glycemic control can decrease the incidence of neuropathy but is not adequate alone to prevent or treat the disease. This chapter introduces diabetic neuropathy with a morphological description of the disease then describes our current understanding of metabolic and molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurovascular dysfunctions. Key mechanisms include glucose and lipid imbalances and insulin resistance that are interconnected via oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered gene expression. These complex interactions should be considered for the development of new treatment strategies against the onset or progression of neuropathy. Advances in understanding the combined metabolic stressors and the novel study of epigenetics suggest new therapeutic targets to combat this morbid and intractable disease affecting millions of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
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AS1069562, the (+)-isomer of indeloxazine, but not duloxetine has a curative-like analgesic effect in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Neuropharmacology 2014; 79:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ward RE, Caserotti P, Faulkner K, Boudreau RM, Zivkovic S, Lee C, Goodpaster BH, Cawthon PM, Newman AB, Cauley JA, Strotmeyer ES. Peripheral nerve function and lower extremity muscle power in older men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95:726-33. [PMID: 24355427 PMCID: PMC3972273 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether sensorimotor peripheral nerve function is associated with muscle power in community-dwelling older men. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study with 2.3±0.3 years of follow-up. SETTING One clinical site. PARTICIPANTS Participants (n=372; mean age ± SD, 77.2±5.1y; 99.5% white; body mass index, 27.9±3.7kg/m(2); power, 1.88±0.6W/kg) at 1 site of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (N=5994). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A nerve function ancillary study was performed 4.6±0.4 years after baseline. Muscle power was measured using a power rig. Peroneal motor nerve conduction amplitude, distal motor latency, and mean f-wave latency were measured. Sensory nerve function was assessed using 10-g and 1.4-g monofilaments and sural sensory nerve conduction amplitude and distal latency. Peripheral neuropathy symptoms at the leg and feet were assessed by self-report. RESULTS After adjustments for age, height, and total body lean and fat mass, 1 SD lower motor (β=-.07, P<.05) and sensory amplitude (β=-.09, P<.05) and 1.4-g (β=-.11, P<.05) and 10-g monofilament insensitivity (β=-.17, P<.05) were associated with lower muscle power/kg. Compared with the effect of age on muscle power (β per year, -.05; P<.001), this was equivalent to aging 1.4 years for motor amplitude, 1.8 years for sensory amplitude, 2.2 years for 1.4-g monofilament detection, and 3.4 years for 10-g detection. Baseline 1.4-g monofilament detection predicted a greater decline in muscle power/kg. Short-term change in nerve function was not associated with concurrent short-term change in muscle power/kg. CONCLUSIONS Worse sensory and motor nerve function were associated with lower muscle power/kg and are likely important for impaired muscle function in older men. Monofilament sensitivity was associated with a greater decline in muscle power/kg, and screening may identify an early risk for muscle function decline in late life, which has implications for disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Ward
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paolo Caserotti
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kimberly Faulkner
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sasa Zivkovic
- VA Pittsburgh HCS and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christine Lee
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | | | - Peggy M Cawthon
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Zotova EG, Arezzo JC. NON-INVASIVE EVALUATION OF NERVE CONDUCTION IN SMALL DIAMETER FIBERS IN THE RAT. PHYSIOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 2013:254789. [PMID: 23580940 PMCID: PMC3620683 DOI: 10.1155/2013/254789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel non-invasive technique was applied to measure velocity within slow conducting axons in the distal extreme of the sciatic nerve (i.e., digital nerve) in a rat model. The technique is based on the extraction of rectified multiple unit activity (MUA) from in vivo whole nerve compound responses. This method reliably identifies compound action potentials in thinly myelinated fibers conducting at a range of 9-18 m/s (Aδ axons), as well as in a subgroup of unmylinated C fibers conducting at approximately 1-2 m/s. The sensitivity of the method to C-fiber conduction was confirmed by the progressive decrement of the responses in the 1-2 m/s range over a 20-day period following the topical application of capsaicin (ANOVA p<0.03). Increasing the frequency of applied repetitive stimulation over a range of 0.75 Hz to 6.0 Hz produced slowing of conduction and a significant decrease in the magnitude of the compound C-fiber response (ANOVA p<0.01). This technique offers a unique opportunity for the non-invasive, repeatable, and quantitative assessment of velocity in the subsets of Aδ and C fibers in parallel with evaluation of fast nerve conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Zotova
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Joseph C. Arezzo
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Richardson JK, Allet L, Kim H, Ashton-Miller JA. Fibular motor nerve conduction studies and ankle sensorimotor capacities. Muscle Nerve 2012; 47:497-503. [PMID: 23225524 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nerve conduction studies provide information regarding the status of peripheral nerves, but relationships with sensorimotor capacities that influence mobility have not been defined. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted on data from 41 older subjects (20 women and 21 men, age 69.1 ± 8.3 years), including 25 with diabetic neuropathy of varying severity and 16 without diabetes or neuropathy. Measurements included routine fibular motor nerve conduction studies and laboratory-based determination of ankle inversion/eversion proprioceptive thresholds and ankle inversion/eversion motor function. RESULTS Independent of age, fibular amplitude correlated robustly with ankle inversion/eversion proprioceptive thresholds (R(2) = 0.591, P < 0.001), moderately with ankle inversion and eversion rates of torque generation (R(2) = 0.216; P = 0.004 and R(2) = 0.200; P = 0.006, respectively), and more strongly when fibular motor amplitude was normalized for body mass index (R(2) = 0.350; P < 0.001 and R(2) = 0.275; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Fibular motor amplitude was strongly associated with ankle sensorimotor capacities that influence lateral balance and recovery from perturbations during gait. The results suggest that nerve conduction study measures have potential for an expanded clinical role in evaluating mobility function in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Richardson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, 325 East Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, USA.
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Leishear K, Boudreau RM, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L, Rosano C, de Rekeneire N, Houston DK, Kritchevsky SB, Schwartz AV, Vinik AI, Hogervorst E, Yaffe K, Harris TB, Newman AB, Strotmeyer ES. Relationship between vitamin B12 and sensory and motor peripheral nerve function in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60:1057-63. [PMID: 22690982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether deficient B12 status or low serum B12 levels are associated with worse sensory and motor peripheral nerve function in older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand two hundred and eighty-seven adults aged 72 to 83 (mean 76.5 ± 2.9; 51.4% female; 38.3% black). MEASUREMENTS Low serum B12 was defined as serum B12 less than 260 pmol/L, and deficient B12 status was defined as B12 less than 260 pmol/L, methylmalonic acid (MMA) greater than 271 nmol/L, and MMA greater than 2-methylcitrate. Peripheral nerve function was assessed according to peroneal nerve conduction amplitude and velocity (NCV) (motor), 1.4 g/10 g monofilament detection, average vibration threshold detection, and peripheral neuropathy symptoms (numbness, aching or burning pain, or both) (sensory). RESULTS B12-deficient status was found in 7.0% of participants, and an additional 10.1% had low serum B12 levels. B12 deficient status was associated with greater insensitivity to light (1.4 g) touch (odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-2.13) and worse NCV (42.3 vs 43.5 m/s) (β = -1.16, P = .01) after multivariable adjustment for demographics, lifestyle factors, and health conditions. Associations were consistent for the alternative definition using low serum B12 only. No significant associations were found for deficient B12 status or the alternative low serum B12 definition and vibration detection, nerve conduction amplitude, or peripheral neuropathy symptoms. CONCLUSION Poor B12 (deficient B12 status and low serum B12) is associated with worse sensory and motor peripheral nerve function. Nerve function impairments may lead to physical function declines and disability in older adults, suggesting that prevention and treatment of low B12 levels may be important to evaluate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Leishear
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jack M, Wright D. Role of advanced glycation endproducts and glyoxalase I in diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy. Transl Res 2012; 159:355-65. [PMID: 22500508 PMCID: PMC3329218 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is the most common and debilitating complication of diabetes mellitus with more than half of all patients developing altered sensation as a result of damage to peripheral sensory neurons. Hyperglycemia results in altered nerve conduction velocities, loss of epidermal innervation, and development of painful or painless signs and symptoms in the feet and hands. Current research has been unable to determine whether a patient will develop insensate or painful neuropathy or be protected from peripheral nerve damage all together. One mechanism that has been recognized to have a role in the pathogenesis of sensory neuron damage is the process of reactive dicarbonyls forming advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) as a direct result of hyperglycemia. The glyoxalase system, composed of the enzymes glyoxalase I (GLO1) and glyoxalase II, is the main detoxification pathway involved in breaking down toxic reactive dicarbonyls before producing carbonyl stress and forming AGEs on proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. This review discusses AGEs, GLO1, their role in diabetic neuropathy, and potential therapeutic targets of the AGE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Jack
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Hempe J, Elvert R, Schmidts HL, Kramer W, Herling AW. Appropriateness of the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat as a model for diabetic microvascular late complications. Lab Anim 2012; 46:32-9. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Male obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats develop type 2 diabetes around eight weeks of age, and are widely used as a model for human diabetes and its complications. The objective of the study was to test whether the complications manifested in the kidney and nerves of ZDF rats really correspond to human diabetic complications in their being related to the hyperglycaemic state. Four groups of ZDF rats were used. One lean (Fa/?) and one obese (fa/fa) untreated group served as non-diabetic and diabetic controls. In two further groups of obese (fa/fa) rats, diabetes was prevented by pioglitazone or delayed by food restriction. All rats were monitored up to 35 weeks of age with respect to their blood glucose, HbA1c and insulin levels, their kidney function (urinary glucose excretion, renal glucose filtration, glomerular filtration rate, albumin/creatinine ratio), and their nerve function (tactile and thermal sensory threshold and nerve conduction velocity). Pioglitazone prevented the development of diabetes, while food restriction delayed its onset for 8–10 weeks. Accordingly, kidney function parameters were similar to lean non-diabetic rats in pioglitazone-treated rats and significantly improved in food-restricted rats compared with obese controls. Kidney histology paralleled the functional results. By contrast, nerve functional evaluations did not mirror the differing blood glucose levels. We conclude that the ZDF rat is a good model for diabetic nephropathy, while alterations in nerve functions were not diabetes-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hempe
- Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Elvert
- Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H-L Schmidts
- Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - W Kramer
- Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A W Herling
- Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, H821, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Leishear K, Ferrucci L, Lauretani F, Boudreau RM, Studenski SA, Rosano C, Abbate R, Gori AM, Corsi AM, Di Iorio A, Guralnik JM, Bandinelli S, Newman AB, Strotmeyer ES. Vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels and 6-year change in peripheral nerve function and neurological signs. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 67:537-43. [PMID: 22156506 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low vitamin B12 and high homocysteine (Hcy) levels are common in older adults and may be associated with worse neurological function. The aim of this study is to determine whether changes in B12 or Hcy levels are associated with longitudinal changes in peripheral nerve function and clinical neurological signs and symptoms. METHODS Participants aged 60 years and older at baseline (n = 678; 72.2 ± 6.2 years; 43.5% male) were from the InCHIANTI Study. Low B12 (<260 pmol/L) and high Hcy (≥13 μmol/L) were measured at baseline and 3-year follow-up. Neurological function was assessed by peroneal nerve conduction amplitude (compound motor action potential) and velocity, neurological examination, and peripheral neuropathy symptoms at baseline, 3-year, and 6-year follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, 43.8% had low B12 levels and 58.6% had high Hcy levels. Over 6 years, 12.4% declined to poor compound motor action potential (<1 mV) and 42.1% declined to poor nerve conduction velocity (<40 m/s). In mixed models analyses, sustained high Hcy was associated with worse compound motor action potential compared with sustained normal Hcy (p = .04), adjusting for demographics, diabetes, and folate level. Participants whose Hcy level became high at follow-up were more likely to become unable to detect monofilament at 6-year follow-up compared with those with sustained normal Hcy (odds ratio: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.5-19.0), adjusting for demographics, diabetes, body mass index, and peripheral arterial disease. There was no association with vitamin B12 level or with symptoms. CONCLUSIONS High Hcy may be associated with worse sensory and motor peripheral nerve function. Because poor nerve function has been associated with lower strength and physical performance, these results have important implications for disability in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Leishear
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Viader A, Golden JP, Baloh RH, Schmidt RE, Hunter DA, Milbrandt J. Schwann cell mitochondrial metabolism supports long-term axonal survival and peripheral nerve function. J Neurosci 2011; 31:10128-40. [PMID: 21752989 PMCID: PMC3147283 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0884-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common cause of peripheral neuropathies. While the role of neuron and axonal mitochondria in peripheral nerve disease is well appreciated, whether Schwann cell (SC) mitochondrial deficits contribute to peripheral neuropathies is unclear. Here, we examine how SC mitochondrial dysfunction affects axonal survival and contributes to the decline of peripheral nerve function by generating mice with SC-specific mitochondrial deficits. These mice (Tfam-SCKOs) were produced through the tissue-specific deletion of the mitochondrial transcription factor A gene (Tfam), which is essential for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and maintenance. Tfam-SCKOs were viable, but as they aged, they developed a progressive peripheral neuropathy characterized by nerve conduction abnormalities as well as extensive muscle denervation. Morphological examination of Tfam-SCKO nerves revealed early preferential loss of small unmyelinated fibers followed by prominent demyelination and degeneration of larger-caliber axons. Tfam-SCKOs displayed sensory and motor deficits consistent with this pathology. Remarkably, the severe mtDNA depletion and respiratory chain abnormalities in Tfam-SCKO mice did not affect SC proliferation or survival. Mitochondrial function in SCs is therefore essential for maintenance of axonal survival and normal peripheral nerve function, suggesting that SC mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to human peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert H. Baloh
- Department of Neurology
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and
| | | | - Daniel A. Hunter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Arezzo JC, Litwak MS, Zotova EG. Correlation and dissociation of electrophysiology and histopathology in the assessment of toxic neuropathy. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 39:46-51. [PMID: 21119050 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310390231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of neurotoxic damage involves a unique set of challenges. Vulnerable structures, such as neocortex, hippocampus, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve are complex and sharply differentiated; deficits can result from insults to one or more element(s) in the system (e.g., myelin, axon, soma, synapse, or glia). In-life assessment of neurotoxic damage is complicated by the relative inaccessibility of structures in the brain and spinal cord, and recovery is severely limited. Histopathology and electrophysiology represent two of the most commonly used and valuable techniques in this field. This review outlines the strengths and limitations of these procedures and focuses on circumstances in which findings from these measures are dissociated. Electrophysiology is noninvasive and affords a longitudinal view of onset and progression of deficits; however, measures are generally weighted to large-diameter myelinated axons and to regions of primary sensory and motor processing. Histology is a highly validated biomarker, but it is restricted by sampling issues and is insensitive to some elements of neurotoxicity (e.g., altered channel function) associated with profound functional consequences. The central tenet of the discussion is that histology and electrophysiology offer complementary views of neurotoxic damage and, whenever possible, they should be used in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Arezzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461, USA.
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Miralles-García JM, de Pablos-Velasco P, Cabrerizo L, Pérez M, López-Gómez V. Prevalence of distal diabetic polyneuropathy using quantitative sensory methods in a population with diabetes of more than 10 years' disease duration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 57:414-20. [PMID: 20638348 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Results of studies on the prevalence of distal diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) are contradictory. Conventional methods used for the diagnosis of DPN in clinical practice have limited effectiveness. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of DPN in a population with long-standing diabetes (more than 10 years disease duration) by measuring vibratory, thermal and tactile sensitivities with quantitative sensory devices, as well as their relationship with associated clinical risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 1011 diabetic patients were evaluated in a multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study. The three sensitivities were assessed by ultrabiothesiometer, aesthesiometer and thermoskin devices, respectively. The prevalence of neuropathic pain was validated by the DN4 questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 1011 cases included, 400 (39.6%) met the diagnostic criteria of DPN, while no DPN was found in the remaining 611 (60.4%). Of the 400 patients with DPN, 253 (63.2%) showed clinical manifestations, while 147 (36.8%) were diagnosed as subclinical DPN. The prevalence of DPN increased with disease duration. There was a progressive loss of the three sensitivities with increased disease duration, particularly thermal and vibratory sensitivities. This loss was statistically significant for the latter two sensitivities. Among patients with clinical DPN, 84.2% had painful neuropathic symptoms. The prevalence of DPN was positively related to micro- and macroangiopathic complications and with dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION This study reveals a high degree of underdiagnosis of DPN, most likely due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease in a considerable proportion of patients. Our observations provide evidence of the usefulness of specific equipment for quantitative and objective assessment of polyneuropathy.
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Clinical features and electrodiagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the dysvascular patient. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2010; 20:657-76. [PMID: 19781504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common disorder that can lead to limb loss and death. Up to 50% of DPN patients can be asymptomatic. This fact contributes to making DPN the leading cause of lower limb amputation. The degree of heterogeneity in the clinical manifestations of DPN makes diagnosing this condition difficult. This article reviews the characteristics, diagnosis, electrodiagnosis, classification, pathogenesis, and treatment of DPN.
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Melman A, Zotova E, Kim M, Arezzo J, Davies K, DiSanto M, Tar M. Longitudinal studies of time-dependent changes in both bladder and erectile function after streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Fischer 344 male rats. BJU Int 2009; 104:1292-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Strotmeyer ES, de Rekeneire N, Schwartz AV, Resnick HE, Goodpaster BH, Faulkner KA, Shorr RI, Vinik AI, Harris TB, Newman AB. Sensory and motor peripheral nerve function and lower-extremity quadriceps strength: the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57:2004-10. [PMID: 19793163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether sensory and motor nerve function is associated cross-sectionally with quadriceps or ankle dorsiflexion strength in an older community-based population. DESIGN Cross-sectional analyses within a longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Two U.S. clinical sites. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand fifty-nine Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (Health ABC) participants (49.5% male, 36.7% black, aged 73-82) in 2000/01. MEASUREMENTS Quadriceps and ankle strength were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Sensory and motor peripheral nerve function in the legs and feet was assessed using 10-g and 1.4-g monofilaments, vibration threshold, and peroneal motor nerve conduction amplitude and velocity. RESULTS Monofilament insensitivity, poorest vibration threshold quartile (>60 mu), and poorest motor nerve conduction amplitude quartile (<1.7 mV) were associated with 11%, 7%, and 8% lower quadriceps strength (all P<.01), respectively, than in the best peripheral nerve function categories in adjusted linear regression models. Monofilament insensitivity and lowest amplitude quartile were both associated with 17% lower ankle strength (P<.01). Multivariate analyses were adjusted for demographic characteristics, diabetes mellitus, body composition, lifestyle factors, and chronic health conditions and included all peripheral nerve measures in the same model. Monofilament insensitivity (beta=-7.19), vibration threshold (beta=-0.097), and motor nerve conduction amplitude (beta=2.01) each contributed independently to lower quadriceps strength (all P<.01). Monofilament insensitivity (beta=-5.29) and amplitude (beta=1.17) each contributed independently to lower ankle strength (all P<.01). Neither diabetes mellitus status nor lean mass explained the associations between peripheral nerve function and strength. CONCLUSION Reduced sensory and motor peripheral nerve function is related to poorer lower extremity strength in older adults, suggesting a mechanism for the relationship with lower extremity disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Arezzo JC, Rosenstock J, Lamoreaux L, Pauer L. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin 600 mg/d for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2008; 8:33. [PMID: 18796160 PMCID: PMC2565674 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent consensus guidelines recommend pregabalin as a first-tier treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We evaluated the efficacy of pregabalin 600 mg/d (300 mg dosed BID) versus placebo for relieving DPN-associated neuropathic pain, and assessed its safety using objective measures of nerve conduction (NC). Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the primary efficacy measure was endpoint mean pain score (MPS) from daily pain diaries (11-point scale). NC velocity and sensory and motor amplitudes were assessed at baseline, endpoint, and end of follow-up (2 weeks post-treatment). At each timepoint, the median-motor, median-sensory, ulnar-sensory, and peroneal-motor nerves were evaluated. Secondary efficacy measures included weekly MPS and proportion of responders (patients achieving ≥50% reduction in MPS from baseline to endpoint). After 1-weeks' dosage escalation, pregabalin-treated patients received 300 mg BID for 12 weeks. Results Eighty-two patients received pregabalin and 85 placebo. Mean durations were 10 years for diabetes and ~5 years for painful DPN. Pregabalin-treated patients had lower MPS than controls (mean difference, -1.28; p <.001). For all four nerves, 95% CIs for median differences in amplitude and velocity from baseline to endpoint and baseline to follow-up included 0 (ie, no significant difference vs. placebo). Significant pain improvement among pregabalin-treated patients was evident at week 1 and sustained at every weekly timepoint. More pregabalin-treated patients (49%) than controls (23%) were responders (p <.001). Conclusion Pregabalin 600 mg/d (300 mg BID) effectively reduced pain, was well tolerated, and had no statistically significant or clinically meaningful effect on NC in patients with painful DPN. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00159679
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Strotmeyer ES, de Rekeneire N, Schwartz AV, Faulkner KA, Resnick HE, Goodpaster BH, Shorr RI, Vinik AI, Harris TB, Newman AB. The relationship of reduced peripheral nerve function and diabetes with physical performance in older white and black adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1767-72. [PMID: 18535192 PMCID: PMC2518342 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poor peripheral nerve function is prevalent in diabetes and older populations, and it has great potential to contribute to poor physical performance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were done for the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study participants (n = 2,364; 48% men; 38% black; aged 73-82 years). Sensory and motor peripheral nerve function in legs/feet was assessed by 10- and 1.4-g monofilament perception, vibration detection, and peroneal motor nerve conduction amplitude and velocity. The Health ABC lower-extremity performance battery was a supplemented version of the Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly battery (chair stands, standing balance, and 6-m walk), adding increased stand duration, single foot stand, and narrow walk. RESULTS Diabetic participants had fewer chair stands (0.34 vs. 0.36 stands/s), shorter standing balance time (0.69 vs. 0.75 ratio), slower usual walking speed (1.11 vs. 1.14 m/s), slower narrow walking speed (0.80 vs. 0.90 m/s), and lower performance battery score (6.43 vs. 6.93) (all P < 0.05). Peripheral nerve function was associated with each physical performance measure independently. After addition of peripheral nerve function in fully adjusted models, diabetes remained significantly related to a lower performance battery score and slower narrow walking speed but not to chair stands, standing balance, or usual walking speed. CONCLUSIONS Poor peripheral nerve function accounts for a portion of worse physical performance in diabetes and may be directly associated with physical performance in older diabetic and nondiabetic adults. The impact of peripheral nerve function on incident disability should be evaluated in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Zotova EG, Schaumburg HH, Raine CS, Cannella B, Tar M, Melman A, Arezzo JC. Effects of hyperglycemia on rat cavernous nerve axons: a functional and ultrastructural study. Exp Neurol 2008; 213:439-47. [PMID: 18687329 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored parallel changes in the physiology and structure of myelinated (Adelta) and unmyelinated (C) small diameter axons in the cavernous nerve of rats associated with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Damage to these axons is thought to play a key role in diabetic autonomic neuropathy and erectile dysfunction, but their pathophysiology has been poorly studied. Velocities in slow conducting fibers were measured by applying multiple unit procedures; histopathology was evaluated with both light and electron microscopy. To our knowledge, these are the initial studies of slow nerve conduction velocities in the distal segments of the cavernous nerve. We report that hyperglycemia is associated with a substantial reduction in the amplitude of the slow conducting response, as well as a slowing of velocities within this very slow range (< 2.5 m/s). Even with prolonged hyperglycemia (> 4 months), histopathological abnormalities were mild and limited to the distal segments of the cavernous nerve. Structural findings included dystrophic changes in nerve terminals, abnormal accumulations of glycogen granules in unmyelinated and preterminal axons, and necrosis of scattered smooth muscle fibers. The onset of slowing of velocity in the distal cavernous nerve occurred subsequent to slowing in somatic nerves in the same rats. The functional changes in the cavernous nerve anticipated and exceeded the axonal degeneration detected by morphology. The physiologic techniques outlined in these studies are feasible in most electrophysiologic laboratories and could substantially enhance our sensitivity to the onset and progression of small fiber diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Zotova
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Strotmeyer ES, Cauley JA, Schwartz AV, de Rekeneire N, Resnick HE, Zmuda JM, Shorr RI, Tylavsky FA, Vinik AI, Harris TB, Newman AB. Reduced peripheral nerve function is related to lower hip BMD and calcaneal QUS in older white and black adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1803-10. [PMID: 17002569 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone tissue is innervated, and peripheral nerve function may impact BMD. Older black and white men and women (N = 2200) in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study with worse sensory and motor peripheral nerve function had lower hip BMD and calcaneal BUA independent of lean mass, strength, physical ability, and diabetes. Poor peripheral nerve function may directly affect bone. INTRODUCTION Bone tissue is innervated, yet little is known about the impact of nerve function on BMD. Poor peripheral nerve function may contribute to lower BMD and higher fracture risk, particularly in those with diabetic neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study included annual exams in white and black men and women 70-79 years of age recruited from Pittsburgh and Memphis. Nerve function in legs/feet was assessed by 1.4- and 10-g monofilament detection, vibration threshold, and peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and amplitude (CMAP). Total hip BMD, heel broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and total fat and lean mass were measured 1 year later (QDR 4500A, Sahara QUS; Hologic). RESULTS Participants (N = 2200) were 48% men and 37% black. Poor nerve function (lower monofilament detection, higher vibration threshold, lower CMAP, lower NCV) was associated with 1.4-5.7% lower BUA and significant for all but NCV, adjusted for demographics, diabetes, body composition, and physical ability. Results were similar for adjusted hip BMD, with 1.0-2.9% lower BMD, significant for monofilament and CMAP testing. When considering the components of BMD, total hip area was 1.8-4.9% higher in those with the worst nerve function, although BMC showed little difference. Lower monofilament detection and CMAP were independently associated with lower heel BUA (p < 0.01), and monofilament detection was associated with lower hip BMD (p < 0.05) in regression additionally adjusted for lifestyle factors, bone-active medications, and diabetes-related complications. CONCLUSIONS Poor peripheral nerve function may directly related to lower BMD, likely through an increase in bone area in older adults, independent of lean mass, strength, physical ability, and diabetes. Whether those with impaired nerve function are at higher risk for fracture independent of falls needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa S Strotmeyer
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Price SA, Zeef LAH, Wardleworth L, Hayes A, Tomlinson DR. Identification of changes in gene expression in dorsal root ganglia in diabetic neuropathy: correlation with functional deficits. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:722-32. [PMID: 16825959 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000228199.89420.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to correlate the onset of functional deficits in diabetic neuropathy with changes in gene expression in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). After 1, 4, or 8 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities (NCV) were measured as an indicator of neuropathy and changes in gene expression were measured using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays. No significant changes in NCV were found after 1 week of diabetes, but after 4 and 8 weeks, there was a significant reduction in both sensory and motor NCV. Global gene expression changes in diabetic rat DRG were evident from principal component analysis of microarray data after 1, 4, and 8 weeks. Expression changes in individual genes were relatively small in line with a gradual degenerative neuropathy indirectly resulting from diabetes. Sets of differentially expressed genes have been identified and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction has been used to confirm the microarray data for several genes. Gene ontology overrepresentation analysis was performed on the microarray data to identify biologic processes altered in diabetic DRG. The genes identified in this study may be responsible for causing the functional deficits and suggest pathways/processes that require further investigation as possible targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Amanda Price
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Andriambeloson E, Baillet C, Vitte PA, Garotta G, Dreano M, Callizot N. Interleukin-6 attenuates the development of experimental diabetes-related neuropathy. Neuropathology 2006; 26:32-42. [PMID: 16521477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy is the most severe and the least understood complication of diabetes. We investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of IL-6 therapy in an experimental model of diabetic neuropathy. A single i.v. injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg) was used to induce experimental diabetes in adult males. IL-6 (1, 10 or 30 microg/kg) was administrated either intraperitoneally on a daily basis or subcutaneously (s.c.) on a daily, on a three times or one time per week basis, starting at day 10 post-STZ. A decrease in sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), indicative of neuropathy, is seen in STZ rats as early as day 10 post-STZ, a time at which blood glycaemia is already maximal. At later time points, this electrophysiological impairment became severe and clinically apparent by affecting tail flick latency. Motor dysfunction defined by a significant increase in compound muscle action potential (CMAP) latency was also recorded. At the completion of the study (day 40 post-STZ), histological examination revealed significant axonopathy and myelin loss, along with an increase in the proportion of fibers with abnormal appearance in sciatic nerves of STZ rats. These changes were not observed in non-diabetic rats and were significantly prevented by IL-6 treatment. The optimal dose appeared to be 10 microg/kg s.c. three injections per week, which showed a better effect in most of the parameters studied than 4-methylcatechol, a NGF-like neuroprotective compound. Once weekly and three times weekly administrations of IL-6 were as effective as daily treatment. Taken together, these results support the potential neuroprotective actions of IL-6. The fact that the half-life of IL-6 is only approximately 5 h while weekly dosing was neuroprotective strongly suggests activation by IL-6 of effector molecule(s) with longer duration of action.
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Abstract
Feline diabetes mellitus (FDM) closely resembles human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in many respects including clinical, physiological, and pathological features of the disease. These features include age of onset of FDM in middle age, association with obesity, residual but declining insulin secretion, development of islet amyloid deposits, loss of approximately 50% of beta-cell mass, and development of complications in several organ systems including peripheral polyneuropathy and retinopathy. Many of the pathological aspects of the disease are also experimentally inducible, facilitating study of the pathogenesis of these lesions. Physiological aspects of FDM and obesity are also well studied in the cat and provide an excellent basis for comparative studies of human T2DM. The relatively short generation time of cats along with breed predispositions to development of FDM may allow for more rapid screening and identification of genetic markers for diabetes susceptibility. FDM, in both spontaneous and inducible forms, therefore provides a good animal model of human T2DM and may provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of this important condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Henson
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Yeomans DC, Lu Y, Laurito CE, Peters MC, Vota-Vellis G, Wilson SP, Pappas GD. Recombinant herpes vector-mediated analgesia in a primate model of hyperalgesia. Mol Ther 2005; 13:589-97. [PMID: 16288901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some chronic pain syndromes are characterized by episodes of intense burning and hyperalgesia in localized areas of skin. These sensations are thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the activity of damaged, unmyelinated C nociceptors. These phenomena were modeled by assaying responses of macaques to thermal and chemical stimuli that produced periodic activation and sensitization of C nociceptors. Upon validation of this method, a recombinant herpes simplex vector encoding human preproenkephalin was topically applied to the dorsal surface of the feet of the monkeys. Immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay revealed that enkephalin peptides were being produced in releasable pools in sensory neurons innervating the treated skin area. Behavioral responses evoked by periodic sensitization and activation of C nociceptors innervating the vector-treated skin area revealed a substantial and long-lasting (at least 20 weeks) antihyperalgesic and analgesic effect limited to the areas to which the virus was applied. This approach may be a viable means of treating localized cutaneous burning pain and hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesia and Stanford Pain and Analgesia Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5117, USA.
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Galloway KM, Greathouse DG. Dual innervation in first dorsal interosseous: Reply to Amoiridis and Ameridou's Letter to the Editor. Clin Anat 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.20076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Malik RA, Tesfaye S, Newrick PG, Walker D, Rajbhandari SM, Siddique I, Sharma AK, Boulton AJM, King RHM, Thomas PK, Ward JD. Sural nerve pathology in diabetic patients with minimal but progressive neuropathy. Diabetologia 2005; 48:578-85. [PMID: 15729579 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The early pathological features of human diabetic neuropathy are not clearly defined. Therefore we quantified nerve fibre and microvascular pathology in sural nerve biopsies from diabetic patients with minimal neuropathy. METHODS Twelve diabetic patients underwent detailed assessment of neuropathy and fascicular sural nerve biopsy at baseline, with repeat assessment of neuropathy 8.7+/-0.6 years later. RESULTS At baseline, neuropathic symptoms, neurological deficits, quantitative sensory testing, cardiac autonomic function and peripheral nerve electrophysiology showed minimal abnormality, which deteriorated at follow-up. Myelinated fibre density, fibre and axonal area, and g-ratio were normal but teased fibre studies showed paranodal abnormalities (p<0.001), segmental demyelination (p<0.01) and remyelination (p<0.01) without axonal degeneration. Unassociated Schwann cell profile density (p<0.04) and unmyelinated axon density (p<0.001) were increased and axon diameter was decreased (p<0.007). Endoneurial capillaries demonstrated basement membrane thickening (p<0.006), endothelial cell hyperplasia (p<0.004) and a reduction in luminal area (p<0.007). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The early pathological features of human diabetic neuropathy include an abnormality of the myelinated fibre Schwann cell and unmyelinated fibre degeneration with regeneration. These changes are accompanied by a significant endoneurial microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Malik
- Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
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Davis ID, Kiers L, MacGregor L, Quinn M, Arezzo J, Green M, Rosenthal M, Chia M, Michael M, Bartley P, Harrison L, Daly M. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase II trial of recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (rhuLIF, emfilermin, AM424) to prevent chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1890-8. [PMID: 15756015 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (rhuLIF, AM424, emfilermin) can prevent or ameliorate the development of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) after treatment with carboplatin (AUC 6) and paclitaxel (175 mg/m(2) over 3 hours). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial. Eligible patients had solid tumors for which treatment with carboplatin/paclitaxel was appropriate. The primary end point was a standardized composite peripheral nerve electrophysiology (CPNE) score, based on nerve velocities and amplitudes, measured at baseline and after four cycles of chemotherapy. Secondary efficacy end points included CPNE score at last cycle and at exit evaluation, vibration perception threshold, H-reflex latency, symptom scores, and quantitative assessment of neurologic signs. Study drug was given s.c. daily for 7 days starting the day before chemotherapy. Patients were randomized to receive low-dose rhuLIF (2 microg/kg), high-dose rhuLIF (4 microg/kg), or placebo. RESULTS Patients (n = 117) were randomized across seven neurology test centers. Thirty-six patients received low dose rhuLIF (2 microg/kg), 39 received high dose rhuLIF (4 microg/kg) and 42 received placebo. rhuLIF was well tolerated with 95% compliance and no adverse effects on quality of life. No differences between groups in CPNE or any of the individual neurologic testing variables were observed between baseline and cycle 4 or by the secondary efficacy variables. CONCLUSIONS rhuLIF is not effective in preventing CIPN caused by carboplatin and paclitaxel. CPNE is a reliable and valid tool that was sensitive to the onset and progression of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Davis
- Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Krämer HH, Rolke R, Hecht M, Bickel A, Birklein F. Follow-up of advanced diabetic neuropathy. J Neurol 2005; 252:315-20. [PMID: 15726269 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The course of advanced diabetic neuropathy (DN) is largely unknown. AIM To find variables allowing the follow-up of late stages of DN. METHODS Thirty diabetic patients with DN were observed. Patients were examined at intervals of 6 months over a period of 2 years. The compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were recorded in extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) muscles. Clinical severity of DN, nerve conduction studies (NCS), quantitative sensory testing (QST) and heart rate variability (HRV) were evaluated. The data were compared with age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS All measures were sensitive to the detection of DN. Significant deterioration during follow-up was exclusively found in CMAP analysis of the EDB (p<0.05) and FHB muscles (p<0.03). NCS, QST and HRV remained unchanged within the 2 years of observation. Coincidental changes might occur, if only two time points are chosen for followup. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ongoing axonopathy predominates in advanced DN. Repeated testing helps to minimize the impact of coincidental or chance changes in DN follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Krämer
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes that often is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The epidemiology and natural history of DN is clouded with uncertainty because of confusion regarding the definition and measurement of this disorder. The recent resurgence of interest in the vascular hypothesis, oxidative stress, the neurotrophic hypothesis,and the possibility of the role of autoimmunity has opened up new avenues of investigation for therapeutic intervention. The ability to manage successfully the many different manifestations of diabetic neuropathy depends ultimately on success in uncovering the pathogenic processes underlying this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Vinik
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Strelitz Diabetes Institutes, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J M Boulton
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960 (D-110), Miami, Florida, USA.
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Marchettini P, Teloni L, Formaglio F, Lacerenza M. Pain in diabetic neuropathy case study: whole patient management. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11 Suppl 1:12-21. [PMID: 15061820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0552.2004.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is described as a superficial burning pain associated with other positive and/or negative sensory systems affecting the feet and lower extremities. It is one of the most commonly encountered neuropathic pain syndromes in clinical practice. Presentation may be complicated by multiple symptoms, including allodynia, hyperalgesia, other less well characterized dysesthesias, and serious disruption of social functioning and mood. Peripheral nerve function may deteriorate, which can account for patient reports of diminution of pain after several years of follow-up. Although current understanding holds that the pathogenesis of DPN is multifactorial in nature, long-term studies have shown that rigorous glycemic control is the most relevant factor in clinical intervention and can delay the onset and slow the progression of neuropathy. In addition to glycemic control, other treatment approaches must be examined in order to restore quality of life for patients experiencing painful DPN. Differential diagnosis is required to isolate DPN from other unexplained chronic pain. Neurologic testing in painful DPN is an area of active research and is used to assess the neurologic pathways giving rise to the pain, the degree of neural damage and the degree of subclinical damage. Current treatment options for DPN include mainly antidepressants and anticonvulsants, with other agents such as tramadol, dextromethorphan and memantine being employed or studied. This review article includes a case study of a patient with painful DPN to demonstrate the current management strategies for this neuropathic pain syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marchettini
- Pain Medicine Center, Scientific Institute and Hospital San Raffaele, Milano, Italy. marchettini.paolo@
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