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Tang W, Liu L, Yan Y, Xia Y. Sodium houttuyfonate exerts its neuroprotection effect by inhibiting the M1 microglia polarization in a TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Brain Res 2023; 1809:148358. [PMID: 37011720 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI) and may aggravate neurological dysfunction. Several studies have indicated that sodium houttuyfonate (SH) can significantly inhibit macrophage- mediated inflammation; however, its effects on SCI still needs to be elucidated. We found that SH improved Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores and performance in the inclined plane test of SCI model rats. The injured spinal cord exhibited less neuronal loss, cell apoptosis, and M1 microglial polarization after SH treatment. In vitro, SH reduced TLR4/NF-κB expression in cultured primary microglia and decreased M1 microglial polarization and cell apoptosis in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-pretreated microglia and neuron coculture system. These results indicated that SH may exert a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting M1 microglial polarization after SCI via the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yongzhi Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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2
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Preininger MK, Kaufer D. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Astrocyte Senescence as Reciprocal Drivers of Neuropathology in Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116217. [PMID: 35682895 PMCID: PMC9180977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant cell types in the brain, astrocytes form a tissue-wide signaling network that is responsible for maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating various brain activities. Here, we review some of the essential functions that astrocytes perform in supporting neurons, modulating the immune response, and regulating and maintaining the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Given their importance in brain health, it follows that astrocyte dysfunction has detrimental effects. Indeed, dysfunctional astrocytes are implicated in age-related neuropathology and participate in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review two mechanisms by which astrocytes mediate neuropathology in the aging brain. First, age-associated blood–brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) causes the hyperactivation of TGFβ signaling in astrocytes, which elicits a pro-inflammatory and epileptogenic phenotype. Over time, BBBD-associated astrocyte dysfunction results in hippocampal and cortical neural hyperexcitability and cognitive deficits. Second, senescent astrocytes accumulate in the brain with age and exhibit a decreased functional capacity and the secretion of senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, which contribute to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Both BBBD and senescence progressively increase during aging and are associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative disease, but the relationship between the two has not yet been established. Thus, we discuss the potential relationship between BBBD, TGFβ hyperactivation, and senescence with respect to astrocytes in the context of aging and disease and identify future areas of investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela K. Preininger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Zhou H, Chen T. An integrated analysis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy-related cell sequencing outcomes via genes network construction. IBRAIN 2022; 8:78-92. [PMID: 37786415 PMCID: PMC10529176 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the main causes of morbidity and severe neurological deficits in neonates. This study aimed to find core genes and their potential roles in HIE with the help of single-cell sequencing (SCS) technology and genes network construction. We collected and screened an HIE genes data set from the Pubmed database to analyze differential expression, and the differential values of genes were ≥3 or ≤-3 in gene expression. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network by the string, which was also verified by Cytoscape 3.8.2. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to determine the characteristics and pathways of the core genes. We examined two meaningful papers and integrated all genes by SCS, which were classified into 12,093 genes without duplicates, 217 shared genes, and 11,876 distinct genes. Among 217 genes, the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family was the most targeted gene in the PPI network. Moreover, Gene Ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genome analysis showed that the process in response to virus and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway play significant roles in HIE. We also found that 54 screened genes were highly expressed, while three genes (B2M, VIM, and MRPS30) were different in the heat map and differential genes expression exhibition. VIM, as an essential portion of the brain's cytoskeleton, is closely linked to STAT and neurologic development. From the findings of SCS and bioinformatics predictive analytics model, our outcomes provided a better understanding of the roles of STAT, the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and VIM, which can pave an alternative avenue for further studies on HIE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Su Zhou
- Department of Laboratory ZoologyKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Ting‐Bao Chen
- Department of Laboratory ZoologyKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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4
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Luo W, Yang Z, Zhang W, Zhou D, Guo X, Wang S, He F, Wang Y. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Pathophysiology Across Different Stages in a Rat Model of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:785938. [PMID: 35145378 PMCID: PMC8821658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.785938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a global health problem and causes a vast worldwide societal burden. However, distinct mechanisms between acute and subacute stages have not been systemically revealed. The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins in severe TBI from the acute to subacute phase. Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham surgery and model groups. The severe TBI models were induced by the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. We evaluated the neurological deficits through the modified neurological severity score (NSS). Meanwhile, H&E staining and immunofluorescence were performed to assess the injured brain tissues. The protein expressions of the hippocampus on the wounded side of CCI groups and the same side of Sham groups were analyzed by the tandem mass tag-based (TMT) quantitative proteomics on the third and fourteenth days. Then, using the gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), and protein–protein interaction (PPI), the shared and stage-specific differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened, analyzed, and visualized. Eventually, target proteins were further verified by Western blotting (WB). Results In the severe TBI, the neurological deficits always exist from the acute stage to the subacute stage, and brain parenchyma was dramatically impaired in either period. Of the significant DEPs identified, 312 were unique to the acute phase, 76 were specific to the subacute phase, and 63 were shared in both. Of the 375 DEPs between Sham-a and CCI-a, 240 and 135 proteins were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Of 139 DEPs, 84 proteins were upregulated, and 55 were downregulated in the Sham-s and CCI-s. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differential pathophysiology across both stages. One of the most critical shared pathways is the complement and coagulation cascades. Notably, three pathways associated with gastric acid secretion, insulin secretion, and thyroid hormone synthesis were only enriched in the acute phase. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was significantly enriched in the subacute stage. WB experiments confirmed the reliability of the TMT quantitative proteomics results. Conclusion Our findings highlight the same and different pathological processes in the acute and subacute phases of severe TBI at the proteomic level. The results of potential protein biomarkers might facilitate the design of novel strategies to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Luo
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Periodical Office, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohang Guo
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shunshun Wang
- Postpartum Health Care Department, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Wang,
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5
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Abstract
The overarching objective is to review how early exposure to adversity interacts with inflammation to alter brain maturation. Both adversity and inflammation are significant risk factors for psychopathology. Literature relevant to the effects of adversity in children and adolescents on brain development is reviewed. These studies are supported by research in animals exposed to species-relevant stressors during development. While it is known that exposure to adversity at any age increases inflammation, the effects of inflammation are exacerbated at developmental stages when the immature brain is uniquely sensitive to experiences. Microglia play a vital role in this process, as they scavenge cellular debris and prune synapses to optimize performance. In essence, microglia modify the synapse to match environmental demands, which is necessary for someone with a history of adversity. Overall, by piecing together clinical and preclinical research areas, what emerges is a picture of how adversity uniquely sculpts the brain. Microglia interactions with the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (specifically, the subtype expressing parvalbumin) are discussed within contexts of development and adversity. A review of inflammation markers in individuals with a history of abuse is combined with preclinical studies to describe their effects on maturation. Inconsistencies within the literature are discussed, with a call for standardizing methodologies relating to the age of assessing adversity effects, measures to quantify stress and inflammation, and more brain-based measures of biochemistry. Preclinical studies pave the way for interventions using anti-inflammation-based agents (COX-2 inhibitors, CB2 agonists, meditation/yoga) by identifying where, when, and how the developmental trajectory goes awry.
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Liu C, Ying Z, Li Z, Zhang L, Li X, Gong W, Sun J, Fan X, Yang K, Wang X, Wei S, Dong N. Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder Promotes Neuronal Regeneration by Downregulating Notch Signaling Pathway in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:772576. [PMID: 34912225 PMCID: PMC8666953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.772576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common types of anxiety disorders with unclear pathogenesis. Our team's previous research found that extensive neuronal apoptosis and neuronal regeneration disorders occur in the hippocampus of GAD rats. Danzhi Xiaoyao (DZXYS) Powder can improve the anxiety behavior of rats, but its molecular mechanism is not well understood. Objective: This paper discusses whether the pathogenesis of GAD is related to the abnormal expression of Notch signal pathway, and whether the anti-anxiety effect of DZXYS promotes nerve regeneration in the hippocampus by regulating the Notch signaling pathway. Methods: The animal model of GAD was developed by the chronic restraint stress and uncertain empty bottle stimulation method. After the model was successfully established, the rats in the model preparation group were divided into the buspirone, DZXYS, DZXYS + DAPT, and model groups, and were administered the corresponding drug intervention. The changes in body weight and food intake of rats were continuously monitored throughout the process. The changes in anxiety behavior of rats were measured by open field experiment and elevated plus-maze test, and morphological changes and regeneration of neurons in the rat hippocampus were observed by HE staining and double immunofluorescence staining. Changes in the expression of key targets of the Notch signaling pathway in the hippocampus were monitored by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blotting. Results: In this study, we verified that the GAD model was stable and reliable, and found that the key targets of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch1, Hes1, Hes5, etc.) in the hippocampus of GAD rats were significantly upregulated, leading to the increased proliferation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus and increased differentiation into astrocytes, resulting in neuronal regeneration. DZXYS intervention in GAD rats can improve appetite, promote weight growth, and significantly reverse the anxiety behavior of GAD rats, which can inhibit the upregulation of key targets of the Notch signaling pathway, promote the differentiation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus into neurons, and inhibit their differentiation into astrocytes, thus alleviating anxiety behavior. Conclusion: The occurrence of GAD is closely related to the upregulation of the Notch signaling pathway, which hinders the regeneration of normal neurons in the hippocampus, while DZXYS can downregulate the Notch signaling pathway and promote neuronal regeneration in the hippocampus, thereby relieving anxiety behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zhenhao Ying
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zifa Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Long Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Wenbo Gong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xuejing Fan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Ke Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Ning Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
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7
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Vilpoux C, Fouquet G, Deschamps C, Lefebvre E, Gosset P, Antol J, Zabijak L, Marcq I, Naassila M, Pierrefiche O. Astrogliosis and compensatory neurogenesis after the first ethanol binge drinking-like exposure in the adolescent rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 46:207-220. [PMID: 34862633 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple ethanol binge drinking-like exposures during adolescence in the rat induce neuroinflammation, loss of neurogenesis, and cognitive deficits in adulthood. Interestingly, the first ethanol binge drinking-like exposure during adolescence also induces short- term impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus though the cellular mechanisms of these effects are unclear. Here, we sought to determine which of the cellular effects of ethanol might play a role in the disturbances in cognition and synaptic plasticity observed in the adolescent male rat after two binge-like ethanol exposures. METHODS Using immunochemistry, we measured neurogenesis, neuronal loss, astrogliosis, neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus of adolescent rats 48 h after two binge-like ethanol exposures (3 g/kg, i.p., 9 h apart). We used flow cytometry to analyze activated microglia and identify the TLR4-expressing cell types. RESULTS We detected increased hippocampal doublecortin immunoreactivity in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG), astrogliosis in the SGZ, and a reduced number of mature neurons in the DG and in CA3, suggesting compensatory neurogenesis. Synaptic density decreased in the stratum oriens of CA1 revealing structural plasticity. There was no change in microglial TLR4 expression or in the number of activated microglia, suggesting a lack of neuroinflammatory processes, although neuronal TLR4 was decreased in CA1 and DG. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the cognitive deficits associated with hippocampal synaptic plasticity alterations that we previously characterized 48 h after the first binge-like ethanol exposures are associated with hippocampal structural plasticity, astrogliosis, and decreased neuronal TLR4 expression, but not with microglia reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Vilpoux
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Gregory Fouquet
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Chloe Deschamps
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Elise Lefebvre
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Johann Antol
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Luciane Zabijak
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire & Analyses des Protéines (ICAP), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Ingrid Marcq
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Mickael Naassila
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Pierrefiche
- UMR1247 INSERM, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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8
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Wang X, Li T, Liu Y, Jia S, Liu X, Jiang Y, Wang P, Parpura V, Wang Y. Aquaporin 4 differentially modulates osmotic effects on vasopressin neurons in rat supraoptic nucleus. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13672. [PMID: 33978309 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) molecularly associates with aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in astrocytic plasticity. Here, we further examined how AQP4 modulates osmotic effects on vasopressin (VP) neurons in rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) through interactions with GFAP in astrocytes. METHODS Brain slices from adult male rats were kept under osmotic stimulation. Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp recordings were used for analysis of expressions and interactions between GFAP and AQP4, astrocyte-specific proteins in the SON, as well as their influence on VP neuronal activity. Data were analysed using SPSS software. RESULTS Hyposmotic challenge (HOC) of acute SON slices caused an early (within 5 minutes) and transient increase in the colocalization of AQP4 with GFAP filaments. This effect was prominent at astrocytic processes surrounding VP neuron somata and was accompanied by inhibition of VP neuronal activity. Similar HOC effect was seen in the SON isolated from rats subjected to in vivo HOC, wherein a transiently increased molecular association between GFAP and AQP4 was detected using co-immunoprecipitation. The late stage rebound excitation (10 minutes) of VP neurons in brain slices subjected to HOC and the associated astrocytic GFAP's 'return to normal' were both hampered by 2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, a specific AQP4 channel blocker that itself did not influence VP neuronal activity. Moreover, this agent prevented hyperosmotic stress-evoked excitation of VP neurons and associated reduction in GFAP filaments. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that osmotically driven increase in VP neuronal activity requires the activation of AQP4, which determines a retraction of GFAP filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Wang
- Department of Physiology Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Physiology Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Physiology Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Shuwei Jia
- Department of Physiology Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Physiology Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Yunhao Jiang
- Department of Physiology Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics Harbin Medical University Harbin China
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Yu‐Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology Harbin Medical University Harbin China
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9
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Höchsmann B, Körper S, Schrezenmeier H. Komplementinhibitoren: neue Therapeutika – neue Indikationen. TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1145-5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDas Komplementsystem, ein klassisch transfusionsmedizinisches Thema, hat in den letzten Jahren in allen Bereichen der Medizin an Bedeutung gewonnen. Komplementinhibitoren werden aufgrund eines besseren Verständnisses der Pathophysiologie unterschiedlicher Erkrankungen in einem sich stetig erweiternden Krankheitsspektrum eingesetzt. Dieses reicht von typisch komplementassoziierten Erkrankungen wie der PNH (paroxysmale nächtliche Hämoglobinurie) bis hin zu akuten Krankheitsbildern mit einer Fehlregulation des Komplementsystems, wie COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Höchsmann
- Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik Ulm, DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg-Hessen und Universitätsklinikum Ulm; Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Ulm
| | - Sixten Körper
- Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik Ulm, DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg-Hessen und Universitätsklinikum Ulm; Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Ulm
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik Ulm, DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg-Hessen und Universitätsklinikum Ulm; Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universität Ulm
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10
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Dolenec P, Pilipović K, Janković T, Župan G. Pattern of Neuronal and Axonal Damage, Glial Response, and Synaptic Changes in Rat Cerebellum within the First Week following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1163-1182. [PMID: 33057716 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined damage and repair processes in the rat cerebellum within the first week following moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) over the left parietal cortex. Rats were killed 1, 3, or 7 days after the injury or sham procedure. Fluoro-Jade B staining revealed 2 phases of neurodegenerative changes in the cell bodies and fibers: first, more focal, 1 day after the LFPI, and second, widespread, starting on post-injury day 3. Purkinje cell loss was detected in posterior lobule IX 1 day following LFPI. Apoptosis was observed in the cerebellar cortex, on days 1 and 7 following LFPI, and was not caspase- or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated. AIF immunostaining indicated axonal damage in the cerebellar white matter tracts 3- and 7-days post-injury. Significant astrocytosis and microgliosis were noticed on day 7 following LFPI at the sites of neuronal damage and loss. Immunohistochemical labeling with the presynaptic markers synaptophysin and growth-associated protein-43 revealed synaptic perturbations already on day 1 that were more pronounced at later time points following LFPI. These results provide new insights into pathophysiological alterations in the cerebellum and their mechanisms following cerebral TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dolenec
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Janković
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Župan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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11
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Sekiya T, Holley MC. Cell Transplantation to Restore Lost Auditory Nerve Function is a Realistic Clinical Opportunity. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211035076. [PMID: 34498511 PMCID: PMC8438274 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211035076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing is one of our most important means of communication. Disabling hearing loss (DHL) is a long-standing, unmet problem in medicine, and in many elderly people, it leads to social isolation, depression, and even dementia. Traditionally, major efforts to cure DHL have focused on hair cells (HCs). However, the auditory nerve is also important because it transmits electrical signals generated by HCs to the brainstem. Its function is critical for the success of cochlear implants as well as for future therapies for HC regeneration. Over the past two decades, cell transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for restoring lost auditory nerve function, and two independent studies on animal models show that cell transplantation can lead to functional recovery. In this article, we consider the approaches most likely to achieve success in the clinic. We conclude that the structure and biochemical integrity of the auditory nerve is critical and that it is important to preserve the remaining neural scaffold, and in particular the glial scar, for the functional integration of donor cells. To exploit the natural, autologous cell scaffold and to minimize the deleterious effects of surgery, donor cells can be placed relatively easily on the surface of the nerve endoscopically. In this context, the selection of donor cells is a critical issue. Nevertheless, there is now a very realistic possibility for clinical application of cell transplantation for several different types of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Sekiya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hikone Chuo Hospital, Hikone, Japan
- Tetsuji Sekiya, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan,.
| | - Matthew C. Holley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, England
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12
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Wang SC, Parpura V, Wang YF. Astroglial Regulation of Magnocellular Neuroendocrine Cell Activities in the Supraoptic Nucleus. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:2586-2600. [PMID: 33216313 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the interactions between astrocytes and neurons in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system have significantly facilitated our understanding of the regulation of neural activities. This has been exemplified in the interactions between astrocytes and magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), specifically during osmotic stimulation and lactation. In response to changes in neurochemical environment in the SON, astrocytic morphology and functions change significantly, which further modulates MNC activity and the secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin. In osmotic regulation, short-term dehydration or water overload causes transient retraction or expansion of astrocytic processes, which increases or decreases the activity of SON neurons, respectively. Prolonged osmotic stimulation causes adaptive change in astrocytic plasticity in the SON, which allows osmosensory neurons to reserve osmosensitivity at new levels. During lactation, changes in neurochemical environment cause retraction of astrocytic processes around oxytocin neurons, which increases MNC's ability to secrete oxytocin. During suckling by a baby/pup, astrocytic processes in the mother/dams exhibit alternative retraction and expansion around oxytocin neurons, which mirrors intermittently synchronized activation of oxytocin neurons and the post-excitation inhibition, respectively. The morphological and functional plasticities of astrocytes depend on a series of cellular events involving glial fibrillary acidic protein, aquaporin 4, volume regulated anion channels, transporters and other astrocytic functional molecules. This review further explores mechanisms underlying astroglial regulation of the neuroendocrine neuronal activities in acute processes based on the knowledge from studies on the SON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephani C Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35242, USA.
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang, Harbin, 150086, China.
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13
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Reddaway J, Brydges NM. Enduring neuroimmunological consequences of developmental experiences: From vulnerability to resilience. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103567. [PMID: 33068720 PMCID: PMC7556274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is crucial for normal neuronal development and function (neuroimmune system). Both immune and neuronal systems undergo significant postnatal development and are sensitive to developmental programming by environmental experiences. Negative experiences from infection to psychological stress at a range of different time points (in utero to adolescence) can permanently alter the function of the neuroimmune system: given its prominent role in normal brain development and function this dysregulation may increase vulnerability to psychiatric illness. In contrast, positive experiences such as exercise and environmental enrichment are protective and can promote resilience, even restoring the detrimental effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system. This suggests the neuroimmune system is a viable therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of psychiatric illnesses, especially those related to stress. In this review we will summarise the main cells, molecules and functions of the immune system in general and with specific reference to central nervous system development and function. We will then discuss the effects of negative and positive environmental experiences, especially during development, in programming the long-term functioning of the neuroimmune system. Finally, we will review the sparse but growing literature on sex differences in neuroimmune development and response to environmental experiences. The immune system is essential for development and function of the central nervous system (neuroimmune system) Environmental experiences can permanently alter neuroimmune function and associated brain development Altered neuroimmune function following negative developmental experiences may play a role in psychiatric illnesses Positive experiences can promote resilience and rescue the effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system The neuroimmune system is therefore a viable therapeutic target for preventing and treating psychiatric illnesses
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nichola M Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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14
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Novel Functions of the Septin Cytoskeleton: Shaping Up Tissue Inflammation and Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:40-51. [PMID: 33039354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases cause profound alterations in tissue homeostasis, including unchecked activation of immune and nonimmune cells leading to disease complications such as aberrant tissue repair and fibrosis. Current anti-inflammatory therapies are often insufficient in preventing or reversing these complications. Remodeling of the intracellular cytoskeleton is critical for cell activation in inflamed and fibrotic tissues; however, the cytoskeleton has not been adequately explored as a therapeutic target in inflammation. Septins are GTP-binding proteins that self-assemble into higher order cytoskeletal structures. The septin cytoskeleton exhibits a number of critical cellular functions, including regulation of cell shape and polarity, cytokinesis, cell migration, vesicle trafficking, and receptor signaling. Surprisingly, little is known about the role of the septin cytoskeleton in inflammation. This article reviews emerging evidence implicating different septins in the regulation of host-pathogen interactions, immune cell functions, and tissue fibrosis. Targeting of the septin cytoskeleton as a potential future therapeutic intervention in human inflammatory and fibrotic diseases is also discussed.
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15
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Russo C, Patanè M, Russo A, Stanzani S, Pellitteri R. Effects of Ghrelin on Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Viability and Neural Marker Expression. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:963-971. [PMID: 32978692 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin (Ghre), a gut-brain peptide hormone, plays an important role in the entire olfactory system and in food behavior regulation. In the last years, it has aroused particular interest for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Our previous research showed that Ghre and its receptor are expressed by peculiar glial cells of the olfactory system: Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs). These cells are able to secrete different neurotrophic factors, promote axonal growth, and show stem cell characteristics. The aim of this work was to study, in an in vitro model, the effect of Ghre on both cell viability and the expression of some neural markers, such as Nestin (Ne), Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP), Neuregulin (Neu), and β-III-tubulin (Tuj1), in primary mouse OEC cultures. The MTT test and immunocytochemical procedures were used to highlight cell viability and marker expression, respectively. Our results demonstrate that Ghre, after 7 days of treatment, exerted a positive effect, stimulating OEC viability compared with cells without Ghre treatment. In addition, Ghre was able to modify the expression of some biomarkers, increasing Neu and Tuj1 expression, while GFAP was constant; on the contrary, the presence of positive Ne cells was drastically reduced after 7 days, and this showed a loss of stem cell characteristic and therefore the possible orientation towards an adult neural phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Patanè
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stanzani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126, Catania, Italy.
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16
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Brydges NM, Reddaway J. Neuroimmunological effects of early life experiences. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820953706. [PMID: 33015371 PMCID: PMC7513403 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820953706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adverse experiences during development increases the risk of psychiatric illness later in life. Growing evidence suggests a role for the neuroimmune system in this relationship. There is now substantial evidence that the immune system is critical for normal brain development and behaviour, and responds to environmental perturbations experienced early in life. Severe or chronic stress results in dysregulated neuroimmune function, concomitant with abnormal brain morphology and function. Positive experiences including environmental enrichment and exercise exert the opposite effect, promoting normal brain and immune function even in the face of early life stress. The neuroimmune system may therefore provide a viable target for prevention and treatment of psychiatric illness. This review will briefly summarise the neuroimmune system in brain development and function, and review the effects of stress and positive environmental experiences during development on neuroimmune function. There are also significant sex differences in how the neuroimmune system responds to environmental experiences early in life, which we will briefly review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola M Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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17
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Corrêa MG, Bittencourt LO, Nascimento PC, Ferreira RO, Aragão WAB, Silva MCF, Gomes-Leal W, Fernandes MS, Dionizio A, Buzalaf MR, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lima RR. Spinal cord neurodegeneration after inorganic mercury long-term exposure in adult rats: Ultrastructural, proteomic and biochemical damages associated with reduced neuronal density. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110159. [PMID: 31962214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury chloride (HgCl2) is a chemical pollutant widely found in the environment. This form of mercury is able to promote several damages to the Central Nervous System (CNS), however the effects of HgCl2 on the spinal cord, an important pathway for the communication between the CNS and the periphery, are still poorly understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of HgCl2 exposure on spinal cord of adult rats. For this, animals were exposed to a dose of 0.375 mg/kg/day, for 45 days. Then, they were euthanized, the spinal cord collected and we investigated the mercury concentrations in medullary parenchyma and the effects on oxidative biochemistry, proteomic profile and tissue structures. Our results showed that exposure to this metal promoted increased levels of Hg in the spinal cord, impaired oxidative biochemistry by triggering oxidative stress, mudulated antioxidant system proteins, energy metabolism and myelin structure; as well as caused disruption in the myelin sheath and reduction in neuronal density. Despite the low dose, we conclude that prolonged exposure to HgCl2 triggers biochemical changes and modulates the expression of several proteins, resulting in damage to the myelin sheath and reduced neuronal density in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Gonçalves Corrêa
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Priscila Cunha Nascimento
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Railson Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Freitas Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Walace Gomes-Leal
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Mileni Silva Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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18
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Kery R, Chen APF, Kirschen GW. Genetic targeting of astrocytes to combat neurodegenerative disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:199-211. [PMID: 31552885 PMCID: PMC6905329 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, glial cells that interact extensively with neurons and other support cells throughout the central nervous system, have recently come under the spotlight for their potential contribution to, or potential regenerative role in a host of neurodegenerative disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that astrocytes, in concert with microglial cells, activate intrinsic immunological pathways in the setting of neurodegenerative injury, although the direct and indirect consequences of such activation are still largely unknown. We review the current literature on the astrocyte’s role in several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as highlighting recent advances in genetic manipulation of astrocytes that may prove critical to modulating their response to neurological injury, potentially combatting neurodegenerative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kery
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Allen P F Chen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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19
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Meligy FY, Elgamal DA, Abd Allah ESH, Idriss NK, Ghandour NM, Bayoumy EMR, Khalil ASA, El Fiky MM, Elkhashab M. Testing alternatives: the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to slow neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5841-5858. [PMID: 31396803 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of anti-Parkinson treatments gradually diminishes owing to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic terminals. The research described here investigated the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) versus that of an anti-Parkinson drug in a rat model of Parkinsonism. Forty adult rats were divided into four equal groups, each group receiving a different treatment: vehicle, rotenone, rotenone + AD-MSC, or rotenone + carbidopa/levodopa. Behavioral tests were carried out before and at the end of the treatment and specimens harvested from the midbrain were processed for light and electron microscopy. Genetic expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Nestin mRNA was assessed. Expression of the Lamin-B1 and Vimentin genes was measured, along with plasma levels of Angiopoietin-2 and dopamine. Treatment with rotenone induced pronounced motor deficits, as well as neuronal and glial alterations. The AD-MSC group showed improvements in motor function in the live animals and in the microscopic picture presented by their tissues. The fold change of both genes (GFAP and Nestin) decreased significantly in the AD-MSC and carbidopa/levodopa groups compared to the group with Parkinson's disease. Plasma levels of Angiopoietin-2 and dopamine were significantly increased after treatment (P < 0.001) compared to levels in the rats with Parkinson's disease. AD-MSC reduced neuronal degeneration more efficiently than did the anti-Parkinson drug in a rat model of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Y Meligy
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Elgamal
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Eman S H Abd Allah
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Naglaa K Idriss
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Ghandour
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ehab M R Bayoumy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azza Sayed Abdelrehim Khalil
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M El Fiky
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Elkhashab
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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20
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Dragić M, Zarić M, Mitrović N, Nedeljković N, Grković I. Two Distinct Hippocampal Astrocyte Morphotypes Reveal Subfield-Different Fate during Neurodegeneration Induced by Trimethyltin Intoxication. Neuroscience 2019; 423:38-54. [PMID: 31682945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes comprise a heterogenic group of glial cells, which perform homeostatic functions in the central nervous system. These cells react to all kind of insults by changing the morphology and function that result in a transition from the quiescent to a reactive phenotype. Trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication, which reproduces pathological events in the hippocampus similar to those associated with seizures and cognitive decline, has been proven as a useful model for studying responses of the glial cells to neurodegeneration. In the present study, we have explored morphological varieties of astrocytes in the hippocampal subregions of ovariectomized female rats exposed to TMT. We have demonstrated an early loss of neurons in CA1 and DG subfields. Distinct morphotypes of protoplasmic astrocytes observed in CA1/CA3 and the hilus of control animals developed different responses to TMT intoxication, as assessed by GFAP-immunohistochemistry. In CA1 subregion, GFAP+ astrocytes preserved their domain organization and responded with typical hypertrophy, while the hilar GFAP+ astrocytes developed atrophy-like phenotype and increased expression of vimentin and nestin 7 days after the exposure. Both reactive and atrophied-like astrocytes expressed Kir4.1 in CA1/CA3 and the hilus of DG, respectively, indicating that these cells did not change their potential for normal activity at this time point of pathology. Together, the results demonstrate the persistence of two protoplasmic morphotypes of astrocytes, with distinct appearance, function, and fate after TMT-induced neurodegeneration, suggesting their pleiotropic roles in the hippocampal response to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Dragić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marina Zarić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Clément T, Lee JB, Ichkova A, Rodriguez-Grande B, Fournier ML, Aussudre J, Ogier M, Haddad E, Canini F, Koehl M, Abrous DN, Obenaus A, Badaut J. Juvenile mild traumatic brain injury elicits distinct spatiotemporal astrocyte responses. Glia 2019; 68:528-542. [PMID: 31670865 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mild-traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents ~80% of all emergency room visits and increases the probability of developing long-term cognitive disorders in children. To date, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying post-mTBI cognitive dysfunction are unknown. Astrogliosis has been shown to significantly alter astrocytes' properties following brain injury, potentially leading to significant brain dysfunction. However, such alterations have never been investigated in the context of juvenile mTBI (jmTBI). A closed-head injury model was used to study jmTBI on postnatal-day 17 mice. Astrogliosis was evaluated using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin immunolabeling in somatosensory cortex (SSC), dentate gyrus (DG), amygdala (AMY), and infralimbic area (ILA) of prefrontal cortex in both hemispheres from 1 to 30 days postinjury (dpi). In vivo T2-weighted-imaging (T2WI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed at 7 and 30 dpi to examine tissue level structural alterations. Increased GFAP-labeling was observed up to 30 dpi in the ipsilateral SSC, the initial site of the impact. However, vimentin and nestin expression was not perturbed by jmTBI. The morphology of GFAP positive cells was significantly altered in the SSC, DG, AMY, and ILA up to 7 dpi that some correlated with magnetic resonance imaging changes. T2WI and DTI values were significantly altered at 30 dpi within these brain regions most prominently in regions distant from the impact site. Our data show that jmTBI triggers changes in astrocytic phenotype with a distinct spatiotemporal pattern. We speculate that the presence and time course of astrogliosis may contribute to pathophysiological processes and long-term structural alterations following jmTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong B Lee
- Department of Physiology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Ogier
- Département des Neurosciences et Sciences Cognitives, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Elizabeth Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Frederic Canini
- Département des Neurosciences et Sciences Cognitives, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Muriel Koehl
- Neurocentre Magendie INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Physiology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Physiology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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22
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Li D, Liu X, Liu T, Liu H, Tong L, Jia S, Wang YF. Neurochemical regulation of the expression and function of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes. Glia 2019; 68:878-897. [PMID: 31626364 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a type III intermediate filament, is a marker of mature astrocytes. The expression of GFAP gene is regulated by many transcription factors (TFs), mainly Janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 cascade and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling. GFAP expression is also modulated by protein kinase and other signaling molecules that are elicited by neuronal activity and hormones. Abnormal expression of GFAP proteins occurs in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, brain edema-eliciting diseases, traumatic brain injury, psychiatric disorders and others. GFAP, mainly in α-isoform, is the major component of cytoskeleton and the scaffold of astrocytes, which is essential for the maintenance of astrocytic structure and shape. GFAP also has highly morphological plasticity because of its quick changes in assembling and polymerizing states in response to environmental challenges. This plasticity and its corresponding cellular morphological changes endow astrocytes the functions of physical barrier between adjacent neurons and stabilizer of extracellular environment. Moreover, GFAP colocalizes and even molecularly associates with many functional molecules. This feature allows GFAP to function as a platform for direct interactions between different molecules. Last, GFAP involves transportation and localization of other functional proteins and thus serves as a protein transport guide in astrocytes. This guiding role of GFAP involves an elastic retraction and extension cytoskeletal network that couples with GFAP reassembling, transporting, and membrane protein recycling machinery. This paper reviews our current understanding of the expression and functions of GFAP as well as their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Li
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuwei Jia
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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23
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Sailuotong Capsule Prevents the Cerebral Ischaemia-Induced Neuroinflammation and Impairment of Recognition Memory through Inhibition of LCN2 Expression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8416105. [PMID: 31565154 PMCID: PMC6745154 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8416105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Astrogliosis can result in astrocytes with hypertrophic morphology after injury, indicated by extended processes and swollen cell bodies. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, has been reported to play a detrimental role in ischaemic brains and neurodegenerative diseases. Sailuotong (SLT) capsule is a standardized three-herb preparation composed of ginseng, ginkgo, and saffron for the treatment of vascular dementia. Although recent clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effect of SLT on vascular dementia, its potential cellular mechanism has not been fully explored. Methods Male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to microsphere-embolized cerebral ischaemia. Immunostaining and Western blotting were performed to assess astrocytic reaction. Human astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to elucidate the effects of SLT-induced inflammation and astrocytic reaction. Results A memory recovery effect was found to be associated with the cerebral ischaemia-induced expression of inflammatory proteins and the suppression of LCN2 expression in the brain. Additionally, SLT reduced the astrocytic reaction, LCN2 expression, and the phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2. For in vitro experiments, OGD-induced expression of inflammation and LCN2 was also decreased in human astrocyte by the SLT treatment. Moreover, LCN2 overexpression significantly enhanced the above effects. SLT downregulated these effects that were enhanced by LCN2 overexpression. Conclusions SLT mediates neuroinflammation, thereby protecting against ischaemic brain injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and suppressing neuroinflammation via the LCN2-JAK2/STAT3 pathway, providing a new idea for the treatment strategy of ischaemic stroke.
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Elevated Serum Melatonin under Constant Darkness Enhances Neural Repair in Spinal Cord Injury through Regulation of Circadian Clock Proteins Expression. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020135. [PMID: 30678072 PMCID: PMC6406284 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of environmental lighting conditions regulating endogenous melatonin production on neural repair, following experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were divided into three groups randomly: the SCI + L/D (12/12-h light/dark), SCI + LL (24-h constant light), and SCI + DD (24-h constant dark) groups. Controlled light/dark cycle was pre-applied 2 weeks before induction of spinal cord injury. There was a significant increase in motor recovery as well as body weight from postoperative day (POD) 7 under constant darkness. However, spontaneous elevation of endogenous melatonin in cerebrospinal fluid was seen at POD 3 in all of the SCI rats, which was enhanced in SCI + DD group. Augmented melatonin concentration under constant dark condition resulted in facilitation of neuronal differentiation as well as inhibition of primary cell death. In the rostrocaudal region, elevated endogenous melatonin concentration promoted neural remodeling in acute phase including oligodendrogenesis, excitatory synaptic formation, and axonal outgrowth. The changes were mediated via NAS-TrkB-AKT/ERK signal transduction co-regulated by the circadian clock mechanism, leading to rapid motor recovery. In contrast, exposure to constant light exacerbated the inflammatory responses and neuroglial loss. These results suggest that light/dark control in the acute phase might be a considerable environmental factor for a favorable prognosis after SCI.
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Oliveira ADAB, Melo NDFM, Vieira ÉDS, Nogueira PAS, Coope A, Velloso LA, Dezonne RS, Ueira-Vieira C, Botelho FV, Gomes JDAS, Zanon RG. Palmitate treated-astrocyte conditioned medium contains increased glutathione and interferes in hypothalamic synaptic network in vitro. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Hoyk Z, Tóth ME, Lénárt N, Nagy D, Dukay B, Csefová A, Zvara Á, Seprényi G, Kincses A, Walter FR, Veszelka S, Vígh J, Barabási B, Harazin A, Kittel Á, Puskás LG, Penke B, Vígh L, Deli MA, Sántha M. Cerebrovascular Pathology in Hypertriglyceridemic APOB-100 Transgenic Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:380. [PMID: 30410436 PMCID: PMC6209654 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is not only a serious risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases, but it is linked to neurodegeneration, too. Previously, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing the human APOB-100 protein, a mouse model of human atherosclerosis. In this model we observed high plasma levels of triglycerides, oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, increased neural apoptosis and neurodegeneration. Neurovascular dysfunction is recognized as a key factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, but the cellular and molecular events linking cerebrovascular pathology and neurodegeneration are not fully understood. Our aim was to study cerebrovascular changes in APOB-100 transgenic mice. We described the kinetics of the development of chronic hypertriglyceridemia in the transgenic animals. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability was found in the hippocampus of APOB-100 transgenic mice which was accompanied by structural changes. Using transmission electron microscopy, we detected changes in the brain capillary endothelial tight junction structure and edematous swelling of astrocyte endfeet. In brain microvessels isolated from APOB-100 transgenic animals increased Lox-1, Aqp4, and decreased Meox-2, Mfsd2a, Abcb1a, Lrp2, Glut-1, Nos2, Nos3, Vim, and in transgenic brains reduced Cdh2 and Gfap-σ gene expressions were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. We confirmed the decreased P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and vimentin expression related to the neurovascular unit by immunostaining in transgenic brain sections using confocal microscopy. We conclude that in chronic hypertriglyceridemic APOB-100 transgenic mice both functional and morphological cerebrovascular pathology can be observed, and this animal model could be a useful tool to study the link between cerebrovascular pathology and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Hoyk
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Dukay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Csefová
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Zvara
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Core Facilities, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Seprényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Vígh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Barabási
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Harazin
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László G Puskás
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Core Facilities, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Umezawa M, Onoda A, Korshunova I, Jensen ACØ, Koponen IK, Jensen KA, Khodosevich K, Vogel U, Hougaard KS. Maternal inhalation of carbon black nanoparticles induces neurodevelopmental changes in mouse offspring. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:36. [PMID: 30201004 PMCID: PMC6131790 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered nanoparticles are smaller than 100 nm and designed to improve or creating even new physico-chemical properties. Consequently, toxicological properties of materials may change as size reaches the nm size-range. We examined outcomes related to the central nervous system in the offspring following maternal inhalation exposure to nanosized carbon black particles (Printex 90). Methods Time-mated mice (NMRI) were exposed by inhalation, for 45 min/day to 0, 4.6 or 37 mg/m3 aerosolized carbon black on gestation days 4–18, i.e. for a total of 15 days. Outcomes included maternal lung inflammation (differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and Saa3 mRNA expression in lung tissue), offspring neurohistopathology and behaviour in the open field test. Results Carbon black exposure did not cause lung inflammation in the exposed females, measured 11 or 28–29 days post-exposure. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression levels were dose-dependently increased in astrocytes around blood vessels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in six weeks old offspring, indicative of reactive astrogliosis. Also enlarged lysosomal granules were observed in brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) in the prenatally exposed offspring. The number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons and the expression levels of parvalbumin were decreased in the motor and prefrontal cortices at weaning and 120 days of age in the prenatally exposed offspring. In the open field test, behaviour was dose-dependently altered following maternal exposure to Printex 90, at 90 days of age. Prenatally exposed female offspring moved a longer total distance, and especially males spent significantly longer time in the central zone of the maze. In the offspring, the described effects were long-lasting as they were present at all time points investigated. Conclusion The present study reports for the first time that maternal inhalation exposure to Printex 90 carbon black induced dose-dependent denaturation of PVM and reactive astrocytes, similarly to the findings observed following maternal exposure to Printex 90 by airway instillation. Of note, some of the observed effects have striking similarities with those observed in mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0272-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Umezawa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuto Onoda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Irina Korshunova
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Alexander C Ø Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ismo K Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karin S Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. .,Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Tida JA, Catalão CHR, Garcia CAB, Dos Santos AC, Salmon CEG, Lopes LDS. Acupuncture at ST36 exerts neuroprotective effects via inhibition of reactive astrogliosis in infantile rats with hydrocephalus. Acupunct Med 2018; 36:386-393. [PMID: 30143513 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2017-011515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acupuncture has been associated with improved cerebral circulation, analgesia, neuromodulatory function and neurogenesis. In particular, acupuncture at ST36 has been widely used in several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effects on hydrocephalus have not been studied. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of acupuncture at ST36 on behaviour, motor development and reactive astrogliosis in infantile rats with hydrocephalus. METHODS Hydrocephalus was induced in sixteen 7-day-old pup rats by injection of 20% kaolin into the cisterna magna. One day after hydrocephalus induction, acupuncture was applied once daily (for 30 min) for a total of 21 days in eight randomly selected animals (HAc group) while the remaining eight remained untreated (H group). An additional eight healthy animals were included as controls (C group). All animals were weighed daily and, from the fifth day after hydrocephalus induction, underwent MRI to determine the ventricular ratio (VR). Rats were also exposed to modified open-field tests every 3 days until the end of the experiment. After 21 days all the animals were euthanased and their brains removed for histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Hydrocephalic rats showed an increase in VR when compared with control rats (P<0.01). In addition, these animals exhibited delayed weight gain, which was attenuated with acupuncture treatment. Hydrocephalic animals treated with acupuncture performed better in open field tests (P<0.05), and had a reduction in reactive astrocyte cell density in the corpus callosum and external capsule, as assessed by GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunohistochemistry (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that acupuncture at ST36 has a neuroprotective potential mediated, in part, by inhibition of astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Atsuko Tida
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Minas Gerais State University, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Araújo Bernardino Garcia
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Languages of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza da Silva Lopes
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Boukouaci W, Oliveira J, Etain B, Bennabi M, Mariaselvam C, Hamdani N, Manier C, Bengoufa D, Bellivier F, Henry C, Kahn JP, Charron D, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M, Tamouza R. Association between CRP genetic diversity and bipolar disorder comorbid complications. Int J Bipolar Disord 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29352395 PMCID: PMC6161963 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-017-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic low-grade inflammation is believed to contribute, at least in a subset of patients, to the development of bipolar disorder (BD). In this context, the most investigated biological marker is the acute phase response molecule, C-reactive protein (CRP). While the genetic diversity of CRP was amply studied in various pathological settings, little is known in BD. Methods 568 BD patients along with 163 healthy controls (HC) were genotyped for the following single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the CRP gene: intron rs1417938 (+ 29) T/A, 3′-UTR rs1130864 (+ 1444) G/A, and downstream rs1205 (+ 1846) (C/T). The statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square testing and consisted of comparisons of allele/genotype frequencies between patients and controls and within patient sub-groups according to BD clinical phenotypes and the presence of thyroid disorders. Results We found that the frequencies of the studied SNPs were similar in BD and HC groups. However, the CRP rs1130864 A allele carrier state was significantly more frequent: (i) in BD patients with thyroid disorders than in those without (pc = 0.046), especially among females (pc = 0.01) and independently of lithium treatment, (ii) in BD patients with rapid cycling than in those without (pc = 0.004). Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest the possibility that CRP genetic diversity may contribute to the development of auto-immune comorbid disorders and rapid cycling, both proxy of BD severity. Such findings, if replicated, may allow to predict complex clinical presentations of the disease, a possible step towards precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Oliveira
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Département de psychiatrie et de medicine addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S1144-VariaPsy, Hôpital Fernand Widal, 75010, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Bennabi
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | | | - Nora Hamdani
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, 94000, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, 94000, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Céline Manier
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Djaouida Bengoufa
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Département de psychiatrie et de medicine addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S1144-VariaPsy, Hôpital Fernand Widal, 75010, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Henry
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, 94000, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, 94000, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Kahn
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France.,Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, CHU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, 54500, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - Dominique Charron
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, 94000, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, 94000, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France. .,Fondation FondaMental, 94000, Créteil, France. .,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75013, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Onoda A, Takeda K, Umezawa M. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine suppresses chronic reactive astrogliosis following maternal nanoparticle exposure during gestational period. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:1012-1025. [PMID: 29046125 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1388864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early pregnant employees are potentially and unintendedly exposed to industrial chemicals including nanoparticles. Developmental toxicity of nanoparticle exposure has been concerned because exposure to fine particle including carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP) during the brain developmental stage enhances the risk of brain disorders. Maternal CB-NP exposure dose-dependently induces astrogliosis, which is an abnormal increase in the reactive astrocytes with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4 overexpression due to the destruction of nearby neurons and blood vessels. The present study aimed to investigate protective effects of antioxidants on the histopathological denaturation with astrogliosis following maternal CB-NP exposure in offspring mice, thereby to evaluate the role of oxidative stress on the developmental toxicity. Pregnant ICR mice were treated with CB-NP by intranasal instillation on gestational days 5 and 9. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or ascorbic acid was intraperitoneally administered to the pregnant mice 1 h prior to CB-NP instillation. The brains were collected from 6- to 12-week-old offspring mice and analyzed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. NAC suppressed GFAP overexpression in 6- and 12-week-old offspring mice following maternal CB-NP exposure. However, NAC did not suppress aquaporin-4 overexpression following maternal CB-NP exposure. Ascorbic acid did not suppress, but rather slightly and significantly enhanced the expression of GFAP and aquaporin-4. These results indicate that astrogliosis by maternal CB-NP exposure is partially prevented by NAC pretreatment. Oxidative stress is a possible key factor of developmental neurotoxicity of maternal NP exposure. This study will contribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying the effects of developmental neurotoxicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuto Onoda
- a Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan.,b The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology , Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan.,c Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Chiyoda-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- b The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology , Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- b The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology , Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science , Noda , Chiba , Japan.,d Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Katsushika , Tokyo , Japan
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Choi JH, Riew TR, Kim HL, Jin X, Lee MY. Desmin expression profile in reactive astrocytes in the 3-nitropropionic acid-lesioned striatum of rat: Characterization and comparison with glial fibrillary acidic protein and nestin. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:795-803. [PMID: 29054283 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Desmin, a muscle-specific, type-III intermediate-filament protein, is reportedly expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system. These cells become reactive astrocytes in response to brain injuries. To elucidate whether desmin is involved in this process, we examined the spatiotemporal expression profiles of desmin and their relationship with two astroglial intermediate filaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin, in the striatum of rats treated with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Weak, constitutive immunoreactivity for desmin was observed in astrocytes generally, and in reactive astrocytes in the peri-lesional area, its expression increased in parallel with that of GFAP over 3 d post-lesion and was maintained until at least day 28. Desmin, GFAP, and nestin showed characteristic time-dependent expression patterns in reactive astrocytes forming the astroglial scar; delayed and long-lasting induction of desmin and GFAP, and rapid but transient induction of nestin. In the lesion core, desmin was expressed in two categories of perivascular cells: nestin-negative and nestin-positive. These findings show that desmin, together with GFAP and nestin, is a dynamic component of intermediate filaments in activated astroglia, which may account for the dynamic structural changes seen in these cells in response to brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Heon Choi
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ryong Riew
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuyan Jin
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
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Wang P, Qin D, Wang YF. Oxytocin Rapidly Changes Astrocytic GFAP Plasticity by Differentially Modulating the Expressions of pERK 1/2 and Protein Kinase A. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:262. [PMID: 28860967 PMCID: PMC5559427 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of astrocytes to normal brain functions and neurological diseases has been extensively recognized; however, cellular mechanisms underlying functional and structural plasticities of astrocytes remain poorly understood. Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that can rapidly change astrocytic plasticity in association with lactation, as indicated in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Here, we used OT-evoked changes in GFAP expression in astrocytes of male rat SON as a model to explore the cellular mechanisms underlying GFAP plasticity. The results showed that OT significantly reduced the expression of GFAP filaments and proteins in SON astrocytes in brain slices. In lysates of the SON, OT receptors (OTRs) were co-immunoprecipitated with GFAP; vasopressin (VP), a neuropeptide structurally similar to OT, did not significantly change GFAP protein level; OT-evoked depolarization of astrocyte membrane potential was sensitive to a selective OTR antagonist (OTRA) but not to tetanus toxin, a blocker of synaptic transmission. The effects of OT on GFAP expression and on astrocyte uptake of Bauer-Peptide, an astrocyte-specific dye, were mimicked by isoproterenol (IPT; β-adrenoceptor agonist), U0126 or PD98059, inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 kinase and blocked by the OTRA or KT5720, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. The effect of OT on GFAP expressions and its association with these kinases were simulated by mSIRK, an activator of Gβγ subunits. Finally, suckling increased astrocytic expression of the catalytic subunit of PKA (cPKA) at astrocytic processes while increasing the molecular associations of GFAP with cPKA and phosphorylated ERK (pERK) 1/2. Upon the occurrence of the milk-ejection reflex, spatial co-localization of the cPKA with GFAP filaments further increased, which was accompanied with increased molecular association of GFAP with pERK 1/2 but not with cPKA. Thus, OT-elicited GFAP plasticity is achieved by sequential activation of ERK 1/2 and PKA via OTR signaling pathway in an antagonistic but coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Danian Qin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou UniversityShantou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
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Plaingam W, Sangsuthum S, Angkhasirisap W, Tencomnao T. Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extract and Myristica fragrans volatile oil increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and impact the proteomic profiles in the rat hippocampus: Mechanistic insights into their neuroprotective effects. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:538-552. [PMID: 29034205 PMCID: PMC5634759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, Kaempferia parviflora and Myristica fragrans have been shown to possess a wide spectrum of neuropharmacological activities and neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we determined whether and how K. parviflora ethanolic extract and M. fragrans volatile oil could influence the levels of neurotransmitters and the whole proteomic profile in the hippocampus of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The effects of K. parviflora and M. fragrans on protein changes were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-gel), and proteins were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The target proteins were then confirmed by Western blot. The levels of neurotransmitters were evaluated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that K. parviflora, M. fragrans and fluoxetine (the control drug for this study) increased serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the rat hippocampus compared to that of the vehicle-treated group. Our proteomic data showed that 37 proteins in the K. parviflora group were up-regulated, while 14 were down-regulated, and 27 proteins in the M. fragrans group were up-regulated, while 16 were down-regulated. In the fluoxetine treatment group, we found 29 proteins up-regulated, whereas 14 proteins were down-regulated. In line with the proteomic data, the levels of GFAP, PDIA3, DPYSL2 and p-DPYSL2 were modified in the SD rat groups treated with K. parviflora, M. fragrans and fluoxetine as confirmed by Western blot. K. parviflora and M. fragrans mediated not only the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters but also the proteomic profiles in the rat hippocampus, thus shedding light on the mechanisms targeting neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waluga Plaingam
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Sangsuthum
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kanazawa S, Nishizawa S, Takato T, Hoshi K. Biological roles of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in cartilage regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3182-3193. [PMID: 28063220 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament that is expressed in specifically expressed auricular chondrocytes, which are good cell sources of cartilage regenerative medicine. Although our group uses GFAP as a biomarker of matrix production in the cultured auricular chondrocytes, the biological roles of GFAP in auricular chondrocytes has remained unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the biological functions of GFAP in the human and mouse derived auricles to clarify the significance and role with the chondrocytes of GFAP in order to provide useful information for reliable and safe regenerative medicine. We examined the cell responses to stretch stress for these chondrocytes and completed a nuclear morphological analysis. Based on these results, GFAP seems to support the resistance to severe mechanical stress in the tissue which physiologically suffers from a stretch overload, and plays pivotal roles in the conservation of cell structures and functions through the maintenance of nuclear morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanshiro Kanazawa
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishizawa
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hoshi
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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VEGF treatment during status epilepticus attenuates long-term seizure-associated alterations in astrocyte morphology. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 70:33-44. [PMID: 28410463 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment during pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) causes sustained preservation of behavioral function in rats in the absence of enduring neuroprotection (Nicoletti et al., 2010), suggesting the possibility that other cells or mechanisms could be involved in the beneficial effects of VEGF during SE. Astrocytes have been reported to contribute to epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus (Tian et al., 2005; Kang et al., 1998) and to express VEGF receptors (Krum & Rosenstein, 2002). We report here that VEGF treatment significantly alters multiple astrocyte parameters. This study investigated astrocyte morphology one month after SE in animals treated with VEGF or inactivated VEGF control protein during SE. Individual GFAP-immunostained astrocytes from CA1 and dentate gyrus hilus were traced and morphologically quantified, and both somatic and process structures were analyzed. VEGF treatment during SE significantly prevented post-SE increases in number of branch intersections, process length, and node count. Furthermore, analysis of distance to nearest neighboring astrocytes revealed that VEGF treatment significantly increased inter-astrocyte distance. Overall, VEGF treatment during SE did not significantly alter the shape of the astrocytes, but did prevent SE-induced changes in branching complexity, size, and spatial patterning. Because astrocyte morphology may be related to astrocyte function, it is possible that VEGF's enduring effects on astrocyte morphology may impact the functioning of the post-seizure hippocampus.
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Petrovic-Djergovic D, Goonewardena SN, Pinsky DJ. Inflammatory Disequilibrium in Stroke. Circ Res 2017; 119:142-58. [PMID: 27340273 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. Understanding the benefits of timely reperfusion has led to the development of thrombolytic therapy as the cornerstone of current management of ischemic stroke, but there remains much to be learned about mechanisms of neuronal ischemic and reperfusion injury and associated inflammation. For ischemic stroke, novel therapeutic targets have continued to remain elusive. When considering modern molecular biological techniques, advanced translational stroke models, and clinical studies, a consistent pattern emerges, implicating perturbation of the immune equilibrium by stroke in both central nervous system injury and repair responses. Stroke triggers activation of the neuroimmune axis, comprised of multiple cellular constituents of the immune system resident within the parenchyma of the brain, leptomeninges, and vascular beds, as well as through secretion of biological response modifiers and recruitment of immune effector cells. This neuroimmune activation can directly impact the initiation, propagation, and resolution phases of ischemic brain injury. To leverage a potential opportunity to modulate local and systemic immune responses to favorably affect the stroke disease curve, it is necessary to expand our mechanistic understanding of the neuroimmune axis in ischemic stroke. This review explores the frontiers of current knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain and how these responses together shape the course of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Petrovic-Djergovic
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (D.P.-D., S.N.G., D.J.P.) and Molecular and Integrative Physiology (D.J.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (D.P.-D., S.N.G., D.J.P.) and Molecular and Integrative Physiology (D.J.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - David J Pinsky
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (D.P.-D., S.N.G., D.J.P.) and Molecular and Integrative Physiology (D.J.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Bank JHH, Cubuk C, Wilson D, Rijntjes E, Kemmling J, Markovsky H, Barrett P, Herwig A. Gene expression analysis and microdialysis suggest hypothalamic triiodothyronine (T3) gates daily torpor in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:857-868. [PMID: 28365894 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play an important role in regulating seasonal adaptations of mammals. Several studies suggested that reduced availability of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) in the hypothalamus is required for the physiological adaptation to winter in Djungarian hamsters. We have previously shown that T3 is involved in the regulation of daily torpor, but it remains unclear, whether T3 affects torpor by central or peripheral mechanisms. To determine the effect of T3 concentrations within the hypothalamus in regulating daily torpor, we tested the hypothesis that low hypothalamic T3 metabolism would favour torpor and high T3 concentrations would not. In experiment 1 gene expression in torpid hamsters was assessed for transporters carrying thyroid hormones between cerebrospinal fluid and hypothalamic cells and for deiodinases enzymes, activating or inactivating T3 within hypothalamic cells. Gene expression analysis suggests reduced T3 in hypothalamic cells during torpor. In experiment 2, hypothalamic T3 concentrations were altered via microdialysis and torpor behaviour was continuously monitored by implanted body temperature transmitters. Increased T3 concentrations in the hypothalamus reduced expression of torpor as well as torpor bout duration and depth. Subsequent analysis of gene expression in the ependymal layer of the third ventricle showed clear up-regulation of T3 inactivating deiodinase 3 but no changes in several other genes related to photoperiodic adaptations in hamsters. Finally, serum analysis revealed that increased total T3 serum concentrations were not necessary to inhibit torpor expression. Taken together, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that T3 availability within the hypothalamus significantly contributes to the regulation of daily torpor via a central pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H H Bank
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ceyda Cubuk
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dana Wilson
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Kemmling
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Markovsky
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Perry Barrett
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Annika Herwig
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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Onoda A, Takeda K, Umezawa M. Dose-dependent induction of astrocyte activation and reactive astrogliosis in mouse brain following maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:4. [PMID: 28148272 PMCID: PMC5289048 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies indicate that maternal exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and nanoparticles has adverse effects of on the central nervous system. Quantitative dose–response data is required to better understand the developmental neurotoxicity of nanoparticles. The present study investigated dose-dependent effects of maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP) on astrocyte in the brains of mouse offspring. Methods A CB-NP suspension (2.9, 15, or 73 μg/kg) was intranasally administered to pregnant ICR mice on gestational days 5 and 9. Cerebral cortex samples were collected from 6-week-old offspring and examined by Western blotting, immunostaining, microarray analysis, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Placentae were collected from pregnant dams on gestational day 13 and examined by microarray analysis. Results Maternal exposure to CB-NP induced a dose-dependent increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the cerebral cortex; this increase was particularly observed in astrocytic end-feet attached to denatured perivascular macrophages. Moreover, maternal CB-NP exposure dose-dependently increased aquaporin-4 expression in the brain parenchyma region around blood vessels. The changes in the expression profiles of GFAP and Aqp4 in offspring after maternal CB-NP exposure were similar to those observed in mice of a more advanced age. The expression levels of mRNAs associated with angiogenesis, cell migration, proliferation, chemotaxis, and growth factor production were also altered in the cerebral cortex of offspring after maternal CB-NP exposure. Differentially expressed genes in placental tissues after CB-NP exposure did not populate any specific gene ontology category. Conclusions Maternal CB-NP exposure induced long-term activation of astrocytes resulting in reactive astrogliosis in the brains of young mice. Our observations suggest a potentially increased risk of the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases by maternal NP exposure. In this study, we report for the first time a quantitative dose–response relationship between maternal NP exposure and phenotypic changes in the central nervous system of the offspring. Moreover, our findings indicate that cortical GFAP and Aqp4 are useful biomarkers that can be employed in further studies aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanism of nanoparticle-mediated developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuto Onoda
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kouji-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Ken Takeda
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
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Dexamethasone prevents motor deficits and neurovascular damage produced by shiga toxin 2 and lipopolysaccharide in the mouse striatum. Neuroscience 2016; 344:25-38. [PMID: 28042026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes bloody diarrhea and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) that may derive to fatal neurological outcomes. Neurological abnormalities in the striatum are frequently observed in affected patients and in studies with animal models while motor disorders are usually associated with pyramidal and extra pyramidal systems. A translational murine model of encephalopathy was employed to demonstrate that systemic administration of a sublethal dose of Stx2 damaged the striatal microvasculature and astrocytes, increase the blood brain barrier permeability and caused neuronal degeneration. All these events were aggravated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The injury observed in the striatum coincided with locomotor behavioral alterations. The anti-inflammatory Dexamethasone resulted to prevent the observed neurologic and clinical signs, proving to be an effective drug. Therefore, the present work demonstrates that: (i) systemic sub-lethal Stx2 damages the striatal neurovascular unit as it succeeds to pass through the blood brain barrier. (ii) This damage is aggravated by the contribution of LPS which is also produced and secreted by EHEC, and (iii) the observed neurological alterations may be prevented by an anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Binge alcohol alters exercise-driven neuroplasticity. Neuroscience 2016; 343:165-173. [PMID: 27932309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is increasingly being used as a treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUD), but the interactive effects of alcohol and exercise on the brain remain largely unexplored. Alcohol damages the brain, in part by altering glial functioning. In contrast, exercise promotes glial health and plasticity. In the present study, we investigated whether binge alcohol would attenuate the effects of subsequent exercise on glia. We focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an alcohol-vulnerable region that also undergoes neuroplastic changes in response to exercise. Adult female Long-Evans rats were gavaged with ethanol (25% w/v) every 8h for 4days. Control animals received an isocaloric, non-alcohol diet. After 7days of abstinence, rats remained sedentary or exercised for 4weeks. Immunofluorescence was then used to label microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in serial tissue sections through the mPFC. Confocal microscope images were processed using FARSIGHT, a computational image analysis toolkit capable of automated analysis of cell number and morphology. We found that exercise increased the number of microglia in the mPFC in control animals. Binged animals that exercised, however, had significantly fewer microglia. Furthermore, computational arbor analytics revealed that the binged animals (regardless of exercise) had microglia with thicker, shorter arbors and significantly less branching, suggestive of partial activation. We found no changes in the number or morphology of mPFC astrocytes. We conclude that binge alcohol exerts a prolonged effect on morphology of mPFC microglia and limits the capacity of exercise to increase their numbers.
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García-Álvarez I, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Moreno-Lillo S, Sánchez-Sierra M, Nieto-Sampedro M, Doncel-Pérez E. Inhibition of glial proliferation, promotion of axonal growth and myelin production by synthetic glycolipid: A new approach for spinal cord injury treatment. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:895-910. [PMID: 26484699 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE After spinal cord injury (SCI) a glial scar is generated in the area affected that forms a barrier for axon growth and myelination, preventing functional recovery. Recently, we have described a synthetic glycolipid (IG20) that inhibited proliferation of human glioma cells. We show now that IG20 inhibited the proliferation of astrocytes and microglial cells, the principal cellular components of the glial scar, and promoting axonal outgrowth and myelin production in vitro. METHODS Glial cells were inhibited with IG20 (IC50≈10 μM) and studied by RT-PCR, Western Blotting, immunoprecipitation and fluorescence microscopy. Axonal outgrowth in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and myelin production by oligodendrocytes were analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Adult rats were assayed in spinal cord contusion model and the recovery of treated animals (n = 6) and controls (n = 6) was followed. RESULTS The IG20 was localized in the cytosol of glial cells, forming a complex with RhoGDIα, a regulator of RhoGTPases. Treatment of astroglial cultures with IG20 increase the expression of BDNF receptor genes (TrkBT1, TrkB Full). IG20 reduced the astroglial marker GFAP, while increasing production of myelin basic protein in oligodendrocytes and promoted axonal outgrowth from DRG neurons. Local injection of IG20, near a spinal cord contusion, promoted the recovery of lesioned animals analyzed by BBB test (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We propose that inhibition of astrocytes and microglia by IG20 could be diminished the glial scar formation, inducing the re-growth and myelination of axons, these elements constitute a new approach for SCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-Álvarez
- Grupo de Química Neuro-regenerativa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla La Mancha (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Moreno-Lillo
- Grupo de Química Neuro-regenerativa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla La Mancha (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, Toledo, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Sierra
- Grupo de Química Neuro-regenerativa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla La Mancha (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Ernesto Doncel-Pérez
- Grupo de Química Neuro-regenerativa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla La Mancha (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, Toledo, Spain
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Vedagiri A, Thangarajan S. Mitigating effect of chrysin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against Amyloid β25-35 induced oxidative stress in rat hippocampal region: An efficient formulation approach for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:111-25. [PMID: 27021394 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Amyloid-β25-35 (Aβ25-35), a well-established neurotoxicant, is reported to be involved in the etiology of AD. Chrysin (CN) with its wide range of biological activities in terms of reversing the neuronal damage once induced is limited due to its compromised bioavailability. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) on the other hand due to its improved protein stability, avoids proteolytic degradation, as well as sustained release of the incorporated molecules could be widely applied as a drug delivery vehicle. Hence, in the present investigation, we prepared CN loaded SLNs (CN-SLNs) and investigated its therapeutic role in alleviating Aβ25-35 administered neuronal damage. All the antioxidant enzymes and non-antioxidant enzyme in hippocampus were reduced significantly (P<0.01) in the Aβ25-35 injected group, whereas lipid peroxidation and acetylcholine esterase were increased significantly (P<0.01). These changes were restored significantly (P<0.01) by CN-SLNs (5mg/kg and 10mg/kg) and (P<0.05) by free CN (50mg/kg and 100mg/kg). Aβ25-35 also resulted in poor memory retention in behavioral tasks and histopathological sections of the hippocampal region showed the extent of neuronal loss which was thereby restored back on treatment with CN-SLNs and free CN. Our findings demonstrate that the therapeutic efficacy of CN could be attained at lower dose and also its oral bioavailability could be increased by encapsulating CN in SLNs. Thus the results suggest that CN-SLNs could be used as a potential therapeutic and a brain targeting strategy to combat the global burden of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Vedagiri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumathi Thangarajan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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45
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Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Mela V, Acaz-Fonseca E, Garcia-Segura LM, Viveros MP. CB2 cannabinoid receptor is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of leptin in a model of traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:274-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Switching from astrocytic neuroprotection to neurodegeneration by cytokine stimulation. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:231-246. [PMID: 27052459 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the largest cell population in the human brain, are powerful inflammatory effectors. Several studies have examined the interaction of activated astrocytes with neurons, but little is known yet about human neurotoxicity under such situations and about strategies of neuronal rescue. To address this question, immortalized murine astrocytes (IMA) were combined with human LUHMES neurons and stimulated with an inflammatory (TNF, IL-1) cytokine mix (CM). Neurotoxicity was studied both in co-cultures and in monocultures after transfer of conditioned medium from activated IMA. Interventions with >20 drugs were used to profile the model system. Control IMA supported neurons and protected them from neurotoxicants. Inflammatory activation reduced this protection, and prolonged exposure of co-cultures to CM triggered neurotoxicity. Neither the added cytokines nor the release of NO from astrocytes were involved in this neurodegeneration. The neurotoxicity-mediating effect of IMA was faithfully reproduced by human astrocytes. Moreover, glia-dependent toxicity was also observed, when IMA cultures were stimulated with CM, and the culture medium was transferred to neurons. Such neurotoxicity was prevented when astrocytes were treated by p38 kinase inhibitors or dexamethasone, whereas such compounds had no effect when added to neurons. Conversely, treatment of neurons with five different drugs, including resveratrol and CEP1347, prevented toxicity of astrocyte supernatants. Thus, the sequential IMA-LUHMES neuroinflammation model is suitable for separate profiling of both glial-directed and directly neuroprotective strategies. Moreover, direct evaluation in co-cultures of the same cells allows for testing of therapeutic effectiveness in more complex settings, in which astrocytes affect pharmacological properties of neurons.
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Lukovic D, Stojkovic M, Moreno-Manzano V, Jendelova P, Sykova E, Bhattacharya SS, Erceg S. Concise review: reactive astrocytes and stem cells in spinal cord injury: good guys or bad guys? Stem Cells 2016; 33:1036-41. [PMID: 25728093 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in long lasting locomotor and sensory neuron degeneration below the injury. Astrocytes normally play a decisive role in mechanical and metabolic support of neurons, but in the spinal cord they cause injury, exerting well-known detrimental effects that contribute to glial scar formation and inhibition of axon outgrowth. Cell transplantation is considered a promising approach for replacing damaged cells and promoting neuroprotective and neuroregenerative repair, but the effects of the grafted cells on local tissue and the regenerative properties of endogenous neural stem cells in the injured spinal cord are largely unknown. During the last 2 decades cumulative evidence from diverse animal models has indicated that reactive astrocytes in synergy with transplanted cells could be beneficial for injury in multiple ways, including neuroprotection and axonal growth. In this review, we specifically focus on the dual opposing roles of reactive astrocytes in SCI and how they contribute to the creation of a permissive environment when combined with transplanted cells as the influential components for a local regenerative niche. Modulation of reactive astrocyte function might represent an extremely attractive new therapy to enhance the functional outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Lukovic
- CABIMER (Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Parque Científico y Tecnológico Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain
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48
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Amemori T, Jendelova P, Ruzicka J, Urdzikova LM, Sykova E. Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanism and Approach to Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26417-51. [PMID: 26556341 PMCID: PMC4661820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The risk of AD increases with age. Although two of the main pathological features of AD, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, were already recognized by Alois Alzheimer at the beginning of the 20th century, the pathogenesis of the disease remains unsettled. Therapeutic approaches targeting plaques or tangles have not yet resulted in satisfactory improvements in AD treatment. This may, in part, be due to early-onset and late-onset AD pathogenesis being underpinned by different mechanisms. Most animal models of AD are generated from gene mutations involved in early onset familial AD, accounting for only 1% of all cases, which may consequently complicate our understanding of AD mechanisms. In this article, the authors discuss the pathogenesis of AD according to the two main neuropathologies, including senescence-related mechanisms and possible treatments using stem cells, namely mesenchymal and neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Amemori
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Ruzicka
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Sykova
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
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49
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Electro-acupuncture at LI11 and ST36 acupoints exerts neuroprotective effects via reactive astrocyte proliferation after ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Brain Res Bull 2015; 120:14-24. [PMID: 26524137 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is a common phenomenon in central nervous system (CNS) injuries such as ischemic stroke. The present study aimed to deeply investigate the relationships between the neuroprotective effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) and reactive astrocytes following cerebral ischemia. EA treatment at the Quchi (LI11) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints at Day 3 attenuated neurological deficits and cerebral infarct volume in ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injured rats. Animal behavior assessments found that the speed of Catwalk gait, equilibrium and coordination of Rotarod test were improved. Furthermore, EA treatment exerted neuroprotective effects via activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and nestin positive cells. Simultaneously, an obvious increase in GFAP/vimentin, GFAP/nestin and GFAP/BrdU co-labeling appeared in the peri-infract cortex and striatum, suggesting EA can promote the proliferation of GFAP/vimentin/nestin-positive reactive astrocytes. The expression of cell cycle-associated proteins Cyclin Dl, CDK4 and phospho-Rb were increased in the peri-infract cortex and striatum, indicating proliferated reactive astrocytes-mediated CyclinDl/CDK4 regulation of the transition of the G1-to-S cell cycle phases. In addition, EA enhanced the localized expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the peri-infract cortex and striatum. These results demonstrated that EA treatment at the LI11 and ST36 acupoints on Day 3 exerted neuroprotection via proliferation of GFAP/vimentin/nestin-positive reactive astrocytes and, potentially, secretion of reactive astrocytes-derived BDNF in I/R injured rats.
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50
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Camassa LMA, Lunde LK, Hoddevik EH, Stensland M, Boldt HB, De Souza GA, Ottersen OP, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Mechanisms underlying AQP4 accumulation in astrocyte endfeet. Glia 2015; 63:2073-2091. [PMID: 26119521 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The brain-blood interface holds the key to our understanding of how cerebral blood flow is regulated and how water and solutes are exchanged between blood and brain. The highly specialized astrocytic membranes that enwrap brain microvessels are salient constituents of the brain-blood interface. These endfoot membranes contain a distinct set of molecules that is anchored to the subendothelial basal lamina forming an endfoot-basal lamina junctional complex. Here we explore the mechanisms underpinning the formation of this complex. By use of a tailor made model system we show that endothelial cells promote AQP4 accumulation by exerting an inductive effect through extracellular matrix components such as agrin, as well as through a direct mechanical interaction with the endfoot processes. Through the compounds they secrete, the endothelial cells also increase AQP4 expression. The present data suggest that the highly specialized gliovascular interface is established through inductive processes that include both chemical and mechanical factors. GLIA 2015;63:2073-2091.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Azzurra Camassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa K Lunde
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eystein H Hoddevik
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Stensland
- Laboratory of Proteomic Research, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning B Boldt
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustavo A De Souza
- Laboratory of Proteomic Research, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole P Ottersen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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