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Chan C, Du S, Dong Y, Cheng X. Computational and Experimental Approaches to Investigate Lipid Nanoparticles as Drug and Gene Delivery Systems. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:92-114. [PMID: 33243123 PMCID: PMC8191596 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201126162945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been widely applied in drug and gene delivery. More than twenty years ago, DoxilTM was the first LNPs-based drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since then, with decades of research and development, more and more LNP-based therapeutics have been used to treat diverse diseases, which often offer the benefits of reduced toxicity and/or enhanced efficacy compared to the active ingredients alone. Here, we provide a review of recent advances in the development of efficient and robust LNPs for drug/gene delivery. We emphasize the importance of rationally combining experimental and computational approaches, especially those providing multiscale structural and functional information of LNPs, to the design of novel and powerful LNP-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shi Du
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The Center for Clinical and Translational Science; The Comprehensive Cancer Center; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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2
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Role of Lipid-Based and Polymer-Based Non-Viral Vectors in Nucleic Acid Delivery for Next-Generation Gene Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122866. [PMID: 32580326 PMCID: PMC7356024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of gene therapy has experienced an insurgence of attention for its widespread ability to regulate gene expression by targeting genomic DNA, messenger RNA, microRNA, and short-interfering RNA for treating malignant and non-malignant disorders. Numerous nucleic acid analogs have been developed to target coding or non-coding sequences of the human genome for gene regulation. However, broader clinical applications of nucleic acid analogs have been limited due to their poor cell or organ-specific delivery. To resolve these issues, non-viral vectors based on nanoparticles, liposomes, and polyplexes have been developed to date. This review is centered on non-viral vectors mainly comprising of cationic lipids and polymers for nucleic acid-based delivery for numerous gene therapy-based applications.
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Kulkarni JA, Cullis PR, van der Meel R. Lipid Nanoparticles Enabling Gene Therapies: From Concepts to Clinical Utility. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:146-157. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh A. Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pieter R. Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roy van der Meel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Rezaie J, Ajezi S, Avci ÇB, Karimipour M, Geranmayeh MH, Nourazarian A, Sokullu E, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomes and their Application in Biomedical Field: Difficulties and Advantages. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3372-3393. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Song SJ, Lee S, Lee Y, Choi JS. Enzyme-responsive destabilization of stabilized plasmid-lipid nanoparticles as an efficient gene delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:20-30. [PMID: 27240779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stabilized plasmid-lipid particles (SPLPs) have been developed to overcome the low stability issue of cationic liposomes, however, SPLPs that are too stable result in unsatisfactory transfection efficiency. In this article, we prepared enzyme-responsive SPLPs (eSPLPs) composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), and mPEG-GLFG-K-(C16)2, a PEG lipid with an enzymatically-cleavable linker (glycine-phenylalanine-leucine-glycine, GFLG). eSPLPs were successfully prepared with plasmid DNA (pDNA) encapsulation efficiency of over 80%, using the detergent dialysis method. The PEG shell stabilized eSPLPs and maintained a hydrodynamic diameter of around 200nm. Although typical SPLPs were relatively intact in endosomal condition, the PEG shell of eSPLPs was cleaved following the degradation of the GFLG linker by cathepsin B in the endosome. Then, eSPLPs collapsed and induced endosomal disruption triggering the controlled release of the encapsulated pDNA into cytoplasm. Owing to the enzyme-responsive destabilization, eSPLPs showed a 10 to 100-fold higher transfection efficiency than control SPLPs, which was confirmed using luciferase assay. These results suggest that eSPLPs might be promising candidates for practical use as gene delivery systems, with both stability and high transfection efficiency for future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 157-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Sig Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Wan C, Allen TM, Cullis PR. Lipid nanoparticle delivery systems for siRNA-based therapeutics. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 4:74-83. [PMID: 25786618 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutics based on small interfering RNA (siRNA) have a huge potential for the treatment of disease but requires sophisticated delivery systems for in vivo applications. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are proven delivery systems for conventional small molecule drugs with over eight approved LNP drugs. Experience gained in the clinical development of LNP for the delivery of small molecules, combined with an understanding of the physical properties of lipids, can be applied to design LNP systems for in vivo delivery of siRNA. In particular, cationic lipids are required to achieve efficient encapsulation of oligonucleotides; however, the presence of a charge on LNP systems can result in toxic side effects and rapid clearance from the circulation. To address these problems, we have developed ionizable cationic lipids with pKa values below 7 that allow oligonucleotide encapsulation at low pH (e.g., pH 4) and a relatively neutral surface at physiological pH. Further optimization of cationic lipids to achieve maximized endosomal destabilization following uptake has resulted in LNP siRNA systems that can silence genes in hepatocytes at doses as low as 0.005 mg siRNA/kg body weight in mouse models. These systems have been shown to be highly effective clinically, with promising results for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and transthyretin-induced amyloidosis among others. More LNP siRNA therapeutics, targeting different tissues and diseases, are expected to become available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
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Majzoub RN, Chan CL, Ewert KK, Silva BFB, Liang KS, Safinya CR. Fluorescence microscopy colocalization of lipid-nucleic acid nanoparticles with wildtype and mutant Rab5-GFP: A platform for investigating early endosomal events. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1308-18. [PMID: 25753113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal entrapment is known to be a major bottleneck to successful cytoplasmic delivery of nucleic acids (NAs) using cationic liposome-NA nanoparticles (NPs). Quantitative measurements of distributions of NPs within early endosomes (EEs) have proven difficult due to the sub-resolution size and short lifetime of wildtype EEs. In this study we used Rab5-GFP, a member of the large family of GTPases which cycles between the plasma membrane and early endosomes, to fluorescently label early endosomes. Using fluorescence microscopy and quantitative image analysis of cells expressing Rab5-GFP, we found that at early time points (t<1h), only a fraction (≈35%) of RGD-tagged NPs (which target cell surface integrins) colocalize with wildtype EEs, independent of the NP's membrane charge density. In comparison, a GTP-hydrolysis deficient mutant, Rab5-Q79L, which extends the size and lifetime of EEs yielding giant early endosomes (GEEs), enabled us to resolve and localize individual NPs found within the GEE lumen. Remarkably, nearly all intracellular NPs are found to be trapped within GEEs implying little or no escape at early time points. The observed small degree of colocalization of NPs and wildtype Rab5 is consistent with recycling of Rab5-GDP to the plasma membrane and not indicative of NP escape from EEs. Taken together, our results show that endosomal escape of PEGylated nanoparticles occurs downstream of EEs i.e., from late endosomes/lysosomes. Our studies also suggest that Rab5-Q79L could be used in a robust imaging assay which allows for direct visualization of NP interactions with the luminal membrane of early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey N Majzoub
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Chan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute of Physics, Academica Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Kai K Ewert
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bruno F B Silva
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Division of Physical Chemistry, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Keng S Liang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan; Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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8
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Majzoub RN, Chan CL, Ewert KK, Silva BFB, Liang KS, Jacovetty EL, Carragher B, Potter CS, Safinya CR. Uptake and transfection efficiency of PEGylated cationic liposome-DNA complexes with and without RGD-tagging. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4996-5005. [PMID: 24661552 PMCID: PMC4032065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Steric stabilization of cationic liposome-DNA (CL-DNA) complexes is required for in vivo applications such as gene therapy. PEGylation (PEG: poly(ethylene glycol)) of CL-DNA complexes by addition of PEG2000-lipids yields sterically stabilized nanoparticles but strongly reduces their gene delivery efficacy. PEGylation-induced weakening of the electrostatic binding of CL-DNA nanoparticles to cells (leading to reduced uptake) has been considered as a possible cause, but experimental results have been ambiguous. Using quantitative live-cell imaging in vitro, we have investigated cell attachment and uptake of PEGylated CL-DNA nanoparticles with and without a custom synthesized RGD-peptide grafted to the distal ends of PEG2000-lipids. The RGD-tagged nanoparticles exhibit strongly increased cellular attachment as well as uptake compared to nanoparticles without grafted peptide. Transfection efficiency of RGD-tagged PEGylated CL-DNA NPs increases by about an order of magnitude between NPs with low and high membrane charge density (σM; the average charge per unit area of the membrane; controlled by the molar ratio of cationic to neutral lipid), even though imaging data show that uptake of RGD-tagged particles is only slightly enhanced by high σM. This suggests that endosomal escape and, as a result, transfection efficiency of RGD-tagged NPs is facilitated by high σM. We present a model describing the interactions between PEGylated CL-DNA nanoparticles and the anionic cell membrane which shows how the PEG grafting density and membrane charge density affect adhesion of nanoparticles to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey N Majzoub
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Chan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute of Physics, Academica Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Kai K Ewert
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bruno F B Silva
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Division of Physical Chemistry, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Keng S Liang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan; Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Erica L Jacovetty
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bridget Carragher
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clinton S Potter
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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9
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Development of a phenyl membrane chromatography-based process yielding pharmaceutical grade plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid for mammalian cells transfection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Li L, Xiang D, Shigdar S, Yang W, Li Q, Lin J, Liu K, Duan W. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule aptamer functionalized PLGA-lecithin-curcumin-PEG nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1083-96. [PMID: 24591829 PMCID: PMC3937189 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of drug delivery, active targeted nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are gaining considerable attention as they have the potential to reduce side effects, minimize toxicity, and improve efficacy of anticancer treatment. In this work CUR-NPs (curcumin-loaded lipid-polymer-lecithin hybrid nanoparticles) were synthesized and functionalized with ribonucleic acid (RNA) Aptamers (Apts) against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) for targeted delivery to colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. These CUR-encapsulated bioconjugates (Apt-CUR-NPs) were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation, stability, and release. The in vitro specific cell binding, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity of Apt-CUR-NPs were also studied. The Apt-CUR-NP bioconjugates exhibited increased binding to HT29 colon cancer cells and enhancement in cellular uptake when compared to CUR-NPs functionalized with a control Apt (P<0.01). Furthermore, a substantial improvement in cytotoxicity was achieved toward HT29 cells with Apt-CUR-NP bioconjugates. The encapsulation of CUR in Apt-CUR-NPs resulted in the increased bioavailability of delivered CUR over a period of 24 hours compared to that of free CUR in vivo. These results show that the EpCAM Apt-functionalized CUR-NPs enhance the targeting and drug delivery of CUR to colorectal cancer cells. Further development of CUR-encapsulated, nanosized carriers will lead to improved targeted delivery of novel chemotherapeutic agents to colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Qiong Li
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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Allen TM, Cullis PR. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:36-48. [PMID: 23036225 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2905] [Impact Index Per Article: 264.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first closed bilayer phospholipid systems, called liposomes, were described in 1965 and soon were proposed as drug delivery systems. The pioneering work of countless liposome researchers over almost 5 decades led to the development of important technical advances such as remote drug loading, extrusion for homogeneous size, long-circulating (PEGylated) liposomes, triggered release liposomes, liposomes containing nucleic acid polymers, ligand-targeted liposomes and liposomes containing combinations of drugs. These advances have led to numerous clinical trials in such diverse areas as the delivery of anti-cancer, anti-fungal and antibiotic drugs, the delivery of gene medicines, and the delivery of anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs. A number of liposomes (lipidic nanoparticles) are on the market, and many more are in the pipeline. Lipidic nanoparticles are the first nanomedicine delivery system to make the transition from concept to clinical application, and they are now an established technology platform with considerable clinical acceptance. We can look forward to many more clinical products in the future.
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12
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Nanostructured self assembled lipid materials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:1485-516. [PMID: 22826876 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Every living organism comprises of lipids as basic building blocks in addition to other components. Utilizing these lipids for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications can overcome biocompatibility and biodegradability issues. A well known example is liposomes (lipids arranged in lamellar structures), but other than that there are additional unique mesophasic structures of lipids formed as a result of lipid polymorphisms, which include cubic-, hexagonal- or sponge-phase structures. These structures provide the advantages of stability and production feasibility compared with liposomes. Cubosomes, which exist in a cubic structure, have improved stability, bioadhesivity and biocompatibility. Hexagonal phases or hexosomes exhibit hexagonal arrangements and can encapsulate different drugs with high stability. Lipids also forms tube-like structures known as tubules and ribbons that are also utilized in different biomedical applications, especially in tissue engineering. Immune stimulating complexes are nanocage-like structures formed as a result of interactions of lipid, antigen and Quillaja saponin. These lipidic mesophasic structures have been utilized for gene, vaccine and drug delivery. This article addresses lipid self-assembled supramolecular nanostructures, including cubosomes, hexosomes, tubules, ribbons, cochleates, lipoplexes and immune stimulating complexes and their biomedical applications.
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology represents a fundamentally new category of treatments for human disease by addressing targets that are traditionally considered undruggable with existing medicines. The major challenge for RNAi-based therapy is the delivery system that meets human therapeutic needs. Therefore, engineering vectors with good delivery efficiency and safety profile is an intense area of research. Lipid-based nanoparticles for RNAi have yielded successful advances in vivo and to an extent in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the barriers in developing lipid-based nanoparticles for in vivo RNAi and different strategies to overcome them. Rational designs that address safety concerns and ensure effective delivery will aid the translation of engineered lipid-based nanoparticles toward the clinic in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA.
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14
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Kim KS, Park YS, Hong HJ, Kim KP, Lee KH, Kim DE. Enhanced Tumor-targeted Gene Delivery by Immunolipoplexes Conjugated with the Humanized Anti-TAG-72 Fab' Fragments. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.2.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Kowalski PS, Leus NGJ, Scherphof GL, Ruiters MHJ, Kamps JAAM, Molema G. Targeted siRNA delivery to diseased microvascular endothelial cells-Cellular and molecular concepts. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:648-58. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Xu L, Anchordoquy T. Drug delivery trends in clinical trials and translational medicine: challenges and opportunities in the delivery of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:38-52. [PMID: 20575003 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to deliver nucleic acids (e.g., plasmid DNA, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA) offers the potential to develop potent vaccines and novel therapeutics. However, nucleic acid-based therapeutics are still in their early stages as a new category of biologics. The efficacy of nucleic acids requires that these molecules be delivered to the interior of the target cell, which greatly complicates delivery strategies and compromises efficiency. Due to the safety concerns of viral vectors, synthetic vectors such as liposomes and polymers are preferred for the delivery of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. Yet, delivery efficiencies of synthetic vectors in the clinic are still too low to obtain therapeutic levels of gene expression. In this review, we focus on some key issues in the field of nucleic acid delivery such as PEGylation, encapsulation and targeted delivery and provide some perspectives for consideration in the development of improved synthetic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12700 East Nineteenth Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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17
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Huang L, Sullenger B, Juliano R. The role of carrier size in the pharmacodynamics of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides. J Drug Target 2010; 18:567-74. [PMID: 20367081 DOI: 10.3109/10611861003734019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic utilization of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides represents a major challenge to drug delivery science. Although many strategies and technologies have been applied to oligonucleotide delivery, a key issue remains the role of molecular or carrier size. In this brief review, we address some of the size-related parameters that regulate the biodistribution of oligonucleotides. We also reprise several recent studies that have examined the inter-relationship of size and shape in influencing delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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18
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Wilson KD, de Jong SD, Kazem M, Lall R, Hope MJ, Cullis PR, Tam YK. The combination of stabilized plasmid lipid particles and lipid nanoparticle encapsulated CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotides as a systemic genetic vaccine. J Gene Med 2009; 11:14-25. [PMID: 19003796 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA vaccines offer unique potential for generating protective and therapeutic immunity against infectious and malignant diseases. Unfortunately, rapid degradation and poor cellular uptake has significantly limited the efficacy of 'naked' plasmid DNA vaccines. We have previously described stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) as effective nonviral gene delivery vehicles for the transfection of tumours at distal sites following intravenous administration. Based on their low toxicity and favourable transfection profile following systemic administration, we investigate SPLP as gene delivery vehicles for the generation of a systemically administered genetic vaccine. METHODS The uptake of SPLP and their ability to transfect splenic antigen presenting cells (APC) following systemic administration is assessed through fluorescently-labelled SPLP in combination with phenotype markers and a very sensitive flow cytometry-based assay for the detection of the transgene, beta-galactosidase. The priming of antigen-specific adaptive and humoural immune responses following vaccination with SPLP alone or in combination with liposomal nanoparticle encapsulated CpG-ODN containing oligodeoxynucleotides (LN CpG-ODN) is characterized through the use of antigen-specific cytotoxicity assays, interferon-gamma secretion assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS We demonstrate that SPLP are taken up by and transfect APC in the spleen following intravenous administration and that, in the presence of a strong immunostimulatory signal provided by LN CpG-ODN, are able to prime transgene-specific humoural and cellular immune responses. CONCLUSIONS SPLP represent an effective candidate for the nonviral delivery of a systemic genetic vaccine when combined with additional immune stimulation provided by LN CpG-ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley D Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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New strategies for nucleic acid delivery to conquer cellular and nuclear membranes. J Control Release 2008; 132:279-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Compared to naked DNA immunisation, entrapment of plasmid-based DNA vaccines into liposomes by the dehydration-rehydration method has shown to enhance both humoural and cell-mediated immune responses to encoded antigens administered by a variety of routes. In this paper, we have investigated the application of liposome-entrapped DNA and their cationic lipid composition on such potency after subcutaneous immunisation. Plasmid pI.18Sfi/NP containing the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of A/Sichuan/2/87 (H3N2) influenza virus in the pI.18 expression vector was incorporated by the dehydration-rehydration method into liposomes composed of 16 micromol egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), 8 micromoles dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) or cholesterol (Chol) and either the cationic lipid 1,2-diodeoyl-3-(trimethylammonium) propane (DOTAP) or cholesteryl 3-N-(dimethyl amino ethyl) carbamate (DC-Chol). This method, entailing mixing of small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with DNA, followed by dehydration and rehydration, yielded incorporation values of 90-94% of the DNA used. Mixing or rehydration of preformed cationic liposomes with 100 microg plasmid DNA also led to similarly high complexation values (92-94%). In an attempt to establish differences in the nature of DNA association with these various liposome preparations their physico-chemical characteristics were investigated. Studies on vesicle size, zeta potential and gel electrophoresis in the presence of the anion sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) indicate that, under the conditions employed, formulation of liposomal DNA by the dehydration-rehydration generated submicron size liposomes incorporating most of the DNA in a manner that prevents DNA displacement through anion competition. The bilayer composition of these dehydration-rehydration vesicles (DRV(DNA)) can also further influence these physico-chemical characteristics with the presence of DOPE within the liposome bilayer resulting in a reduced vesicle zeta potential. Subcutaneous liposome-mediated DNA immunisation employing two DRV(DNA) formulations as well as naked DNA revealed that humoural responses (immunoglobulin total IgG, and subclasses IgG1 and 1gG2a) engendered by the plasmid encoded NP were substantially higher after dosing twice, 28 days apart with 10 microg liposome-entrapped DNA compared to naked DNA. At all time points measured, mice immunised with naked DNA showed no greater immune response compared to the control, non-immunised group. In contrast, as early as day 49, responses were significantly higher in mice injected with DNA entrapped in DRV liposomes containing DOTAP compared to the control group and mice immunised with naked DNA. By day 56, all total IgG responses from mice immunised with both DRV formulations were significantly higher. Comparison between the DRV formulations revealed no significant difference in immune responses elicited except at day 114, where the humoural responses of the group injected with liposomal formulation containing DC-Chol dropped to significantly lower levels that those measured in mice which received the DOTAP formulation. Similar results were found when the IgG1 and IgG2a subclass responses were determined. These results suggest that, not only can DNA be effectively entrapped within liposomes using the DRV method but that such DRV liposomes containing DNA may be a useful system for subcutaneous delivery of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Perrie
- Drug Delivery Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK.
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21
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MacLachlan I. Lipid-Mediated in vivo Delivery of Small Interfering RNAs. THERAPEUTIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847558275-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian MacLachlan
- Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc. 100-3480 Gilmore Way Burnaby BC Canada V5G 4Y1
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22
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Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel “stealth” polymeric gene vector. Int J Pharm 2008; 350:344-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Liposomal nanoparticles (LNs) encapsulating therapeutic agents, or liposomal nanomedicines (LNMs), represent one of the most advanced classes of drug delivery systems, with several currently on the market and many more in clinical trials. During the past 20 years, a variety of techniques have been developed for encapsulating both conventional drugs and the new genetic drugs (plasmid DNA–containing therapeutic genes, anti-sense oligonucleotides, and small, interfering RNA [siRNA]) within LNs encompassing a very specific set of properties: a diameter centered on 100 nm, a high drug-to-lipid ratio, excellent retention of the encapsulated drug, and a long (> 6 hours) circulation lifetime. Particles with these properties tend to accumulate at sites of disease, such as tumors, where the endothelial layer is “leaky” and allows extravasation of particles with small diameters. Thus, LNs protect the drug during circulation, prevent it from reaching healthy tissues, and permit its accumulation at sites of disease. We will discuss recent advances in this field involving conventional anticancer drugs as well as gene-delivery, immunostimulatory, and gene-silencing applications involving the new genetic drugs. LNMs have the potential to offer new treatments in such areas as cancer therapy, vaccine development, and cholesterol management.
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24
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Liu D, Qiao W, Li Z, Cui X, Li K, Yu L, Yan K, Zhu L, Cheng L. Carbamate-linked cationic lipids for gene delivery. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:995-1005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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26
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Li W, Szoka FC. Lipid-based nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery. Pharm Res 2007; 24:438-49. [PMID: 17252188 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based colloidal particles have been extensively studied as systemic gene delivery carriers. The topic that we would like to emphasize is the formulation/assembly of lipid-based nanoparticles (NP) with diameter under 100 nm for delivering nucleic acid in vivo. NP are different from cationic lipid-nucleic acid complexes (lipoplexes) and are vesicles composed of lipids and encapsulated nucleic acids with a diameter less than 100 nm. The diameter of the NP is an important attribute to enable NP to overcome the various in vivo barriers for systemic gene delivery such as: the blood components, reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake, tumor access, extracellular matrix components, and intracellular barriers. The major formulation factors that impact the diameter and encapsulation efficiency of DNA-containing NP include the lipid composition, nucleic acid to lipid ratio and formulation method. The particle assembly step is a critical one to make NP suitable for in vivo gene delivery. NP are often prepared using a dialysis method either from an aqueous-detergent or aqueous-organic solvent mixture. The resulting particles have diameters about 100 nm and nucleic acid encapsulation ratios are >80%. Additional components can then be added to the particle after it is formed. This ordered assembly strategy enables one to optimize the particle physico-chemical attributes to devise a biocompatible particle with increased gene transfer efficacy in vivo. The components included in the sequentially assembled NP include: poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-shielding to improve the particle pharmacokinetic behavior, a targeting ligand to facilitate the particle-cell recognition and in some case a bioresponsive lipid or pH-triggered polymer to enhance nucleic acid release and intracellular trafficking. A number of groups have observed that a PEG-shielded NP is a robust and modestly effective system for systemic gene or small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- Departament of Biopharmaceutidal Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0046, USA
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27
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Romberg B, Hennink WE, Storm G. Sheddable coatings for long-circulating nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2007; 25:55-71. [PMID: 17551809 PMCID: PMC2190344 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, lipoplexes and polyplexes are frequently studied as targeted drug carrier systems. The ability of these particles to circulate in the bloodstream for a prolonged period of time is often a prerequisite for successful targeted delivery. To achieve this, hydrophilic ‘stealth’ polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), are used as coating materials. Such polymers shield the particle surface and thereby reduce opsonization by blood proteins and uptake by macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Yet, after localizing in the pathological site, nanoparticles should deliver their contents in an efficient manner to achieve a sufficient therapeutic response. The polymer coating, however, may hinder drug release and target cell interaction and can therefore be an obstacle in the realization of the therapeutic response. Attempts have been made to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of sterically stabilized nanoparticles by means of shedding, i.e. a loss of the coating after arrival at the target site. Such an ‘unmasking’ process may facilitate drug release and/or target cell interaction processes. This review presents an overview of the literature regarding different shedding strategies that have been investigated for the preparation of sterically stabilized nanoparticulates. Detach mechanisms and stimuli that have been used are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Romberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Schiffelers RM, de Wolf HK, van Rooy I, Storm G. Synthetic delivery systems for intravenous administration of nucleic acids. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2:169-81. [PMID: 17716119 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there are no intravenously administered nucleic acid-based therapeutics that have been approved for human use. This reflects the difficulties in applying nucleic acid-based drugs: they are nuclease sensitive and have difficulties in reaching their site of action. Important challenges for intravenously administered nucleic acid formulations are the requirements that they can transport the nucleic acids efficiently in the circulation, have the ability to direct nucleic acids to the desired cell type and are able to steer their intracellular processing. Here, we evaluate nanotechnological strategies that improve the pharmacokinetics and colloidal stability of nucleic acids in the bloodstream, focus biodistribution towards the target tissue and facilitate interactions with and trafficking within the desired cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Kagan E, Yu EZ, Geisbert JB, Daddario-DiCaprio K, Fritz EA, Jahrling PB, McClintock K, Phelps JR, Lee ACH, Judge A, Jeffs LB, MacLachlan I. Postexposure protection of guinea pigs against a lethal ebola virus challenge is conferred by RNA interference. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1650-7. [PMID: 16703508 PMCID: PMC7110204 DOI: 10.1086/504267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a frequently fatal hemorrhagic fever (HF) that is refractory to treatment with currently available antiviral therapeutics. RNA interference represents a powerful, naturally occurring biological strategy for the inhibition of gene expression and has demonstrated utility in the inhibition of viral replication. Here, we describe the development of a potential therapy for EBOV infection that is based on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). METHODS Four siRNAs targeting the polymerase (L) gene of the Zaire species of EBOV (ZEBOV) were either complexed with polyethylenimine (PEI) or formulated in stable nucleic acid-lipid particles (SNALPs). Guinea pigs were treated with these siRNAs either before or after lethal ZEBOV challenge. RESULTS Treatment of guinea pigs with a pool of the L gene-specific siRNAs delivered by PEI polyplexes reduced plasma viremia levels and partially protected the animals from death when administered shortly before the ZEBOV challenge. Evaluation of the same pool of siRNAs delivered using SNALPs proved that this system was more efficacious, as it completely protected guinea pigs against viremia and death when administered shortly after the ZEBOV challenge. Additional experiments showed that 1 of the 4 siRNAs alone could completely protect guinea pigs from a lethal ZEBOV challenge. CONCLUSIONS Further development of this technology has the potential to yield effective treatments for EBOV HF as well as for diseases caused by other agents that are considered to be biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Geisbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA.
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30
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Heyes J, Hall K, Tailor V, Lenz R, MacLachlan I. Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid conjugates suitable for use in drug delivery. J Control Release 2006; 112:280-90. [PMID: 16603272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal formulations have been used to encapsulate and deliver a wide variety of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Their circulation can be prolonged by the addition of neutral, hydrophilic polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to the outer surface. An extended circulation lifetime allows them to take advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR), resulting in increased delivery to target sites. Incorporation of PEG also prevents aggregation and aids in the formation of uniform, small mono-disperse particles. This is often accomplished with the use of PEG-lipid conjugates, PEG molecules with a hydrophobic domain to anchor them into the liposomal bilayer upon formulation. Here we present data showing that some commonly used PEG-lipids are chemically unstable due to the presence of carboxylic ester bonds. This instability limits their utility in aqueous environments common to many liposomal preparations. To address this problem, we designed and synthesized three alternative PEG-lipids. Using SPLP (PEG-stabilized liposomal vesicles encapsulating plasmid DNA) as a model system, we investigated the properties of the novel PEG-lipids. An accelerated stability study was conducted at 37 degrees C for 42 days to confirm chemical stability and an in vivo model was used to assess the pharmacokinetics, toxicity and activity of the SPLP. We show that the novel PEG-lipids are more stable in liposomal formulation, less toxic upon systemic administration, and accordingly, are suitable replacements for the PEG-lipids described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Heyes
- Protiva Biotherapeutics, 100-3480 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, B.C., Canada V5G 4Y1
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31
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Huang YZ, Gao JQ, Chen JL, Liang WQ. Cationic liposomes modified with non-ionic surfactants as effective non-viral carrier for gene transfer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 49:158-64. [PMID: 16626948 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A defined change in formulation components affects the physical and chemical characteristics of cationic liposomes (CLs) carriers in many ways. Therefore, a great degree of control can be exercised over the structure by modifying the CLs with various materials, leading to new innovations for carrier improvement. In the present study, surface modifications of cationic liposomes with non-ionic surfactants--sorbitan monoesters serials (Span 85, 80, 40 and 20) were carried out for developing a new gene transfer carrier. Span modified cationic liposomes (Sp-CLs) were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method (RPV) and self-assemble complexes of antisense oligonucleotides/surfactant modifying cationic liposomes were prepared by auto-coacervation through electrostatic effect. Characterization of Sp-CLs and the self-assembled complex was performed by electron microscope, particle size, zeta potential, turbidity and agarose electrophoresis. Furthermore, in vitro cellular uptake experiment showed that Span plays a role in enhancing the cellular uptake of encapsulated oligonucleotides mediated by Sp-CLs by the endocytosis-dependent route. CLs modified with Span 40 significantly facilitated the cellular uptake by COS-7 cells and HeLa cells; also showed some positive effect on gene expression. That suggests it is a potential non-viral carrier for efficient gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhuo Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, PR China
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32
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Mansoor SE, Palczewski K, Farrens DL. Rhodopsin self-associates in asolectin liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3060-5. [PMID: 16492772 PMCID: PMC1413906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the photoreceptor rhodopsin (Rh) can exist in the membrane as a dimer or multimer using luminescence resonance energy transfer and FRET methods. Our approach looked for interactions between Rh molecules reconstituted into asolectin liposomes. The low receptor density used in the measurements ensured minimal receptor crowding and artifactual association. The fluorescently labeled Rh molecules were fully functional, as measured by their ability to activate the G protein transducin. The luminescence resonance energy transfer measurements revealed a distance of 47-50 Angstroms between Rh molecules. The measured efficiency of FRET between receptors was close to the theoretical maximum possible, indicating nearly quantitative Rh-Rh association. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that Rh spontaneously self-associates in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Mansoor
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098; and
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - David L. Farrens
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098; and
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Morrissey DV, Lockridge JA, Shaw L, Blanchard K, Jensen K, Breen W, Hartsough K, Machemer L, Radka S, Jadhav V, Vaish N, Zinnen S, Vargeese C, Bowman K, Shaffer CS, Jeffs LB, Judge A, MacLachlan I, Polisky B. Potent and persistent in vivo anti-HBV activity of chemically modified siRNAs. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23:1002-7. [PMID: 16041363 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of lipid-encapsulated, chemically modified short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was examined in an in vivo mouse model of HBV replication. Stabilized siRNA targeted to the HBV RNA was incorporated into a specialized liposome to form a stable nucleic-acid-lipid particle (SNALP) and administered by intravenous injection into mice carrying replicating HBV. The improved efficacy of siRNA-SNALP compared to unformulated siRNA correlates with a longer half-life in plasma and liver. Three daily intravenous injections of 3 mg/kg/day reduced serum HBV DNA >1.0 log(10). The reduction in HBV DNA was specific, dose-dependent and lasted for up to 7 d after dosing. Furthermore, reductions were seen in serum HBV DNA for up to 6 weeks with weekly dosing. The advances demonstrated here, including persistence of in vivo activity, use of lower doses and reduced dosing frequency are important steps in making siRNA a clinically viable therapeutic approach.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coated Materials, Biocompatible/administration & dosage
- Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Female
- Gene Targeting/methods
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Hepatitis B/genetics
- Hepatitis B/metabolism
- Hepatitis B/therapy
- Hepatitis B/virology
- Hepatitis B virus/drug effects
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Humans
- Liposomes/chemistry
- Liposomes/pharmacokinetics
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Mice
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacokinetics
- Tissue Distribution
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Morrissey
- Sirna Therapeutics, Inc., 2950 Wilderness Place, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA.
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Sandhu AP, Lam AMI, Fenske DB, Palmer LR, Johnston M, Cullis PR. Calcium enhances the transfection potency of stabilized plasmid–lipid particles. Anal Biochem 2005; 341:156-64. [PMID: 15866540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from this laboratory has shown that plasmid DNA can be encapsulated in small (70-nm-diameter) stabilized plasmid-lipid particles (SPLP) that consist of a single plasmid encapsulated within a bilayer lipid vesicle. SPLP preferentially transfect tumor tissue following intravenous administration. Although the levels of transgene expression in vivo are greater for SPLP than can be achieved with naked DNA or complexes, they are lower than may be required for therapeutic benefit. In the present work we examine whether Ca2+ can enhance the transfection potency of SPLP. It is shown that Ca2+ can enhance SPLP transfection potency in bovine hamster kidney cells by 60- to 100-fold when treated in serum containing medium and an additional 60-fold when serum is absent for the initial 10 min of the transfection period. When cells are treated with SPLP in the presence of Ca2+, there is a fivefold increase in intact plasmid in the cell. It is also shown that this Ca2+ effect involves the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates; however, these precipitates are not directly associated with the SPLP plasmid DNA. The ability of calcium phosphate to facilitate delivery of other macromolecules without direct association is also demonstrated by the release of large-molecular-weight dextrans from endosomal/lysosomal compartments in the presence of calcium phosphate. Finally, it is shown that, unlike naked DNA, SPLP transfection potency in the presence of calcium phosphate is not affected by nuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammen P Sandhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2146 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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35
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Abstract
This review outlines the applications of liposomal formulations in ophthalmology. In ophthalmology, liposomes have been used to treat disorders of both the anterior and posterior segments. These include dry eyes, keratitis, corneal transplant rejection, uveitis, endophthalmitis, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Liposomes also have shown promise as vectors for genetic transfection and monoclonal antibody-directed vehicles. Furthermore, heat-activated liposomes have spurred research in focal laser and heat-induced release of liposomal drugs and dyes for selective drug delivery. These techniques have been useful in selective tumor and neovascular vessel occlusion, angiography, and retinal and choroidal blood-flow studies. Although verteporfin is the only liposomal drug currently approved for use in the eye, the benefits of liposomes will likely be applied widely in all treatment, diagnostic, and research aspects of ophthalmology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehab Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Sasaki K, Kogure K, Chaki S, Kihira Y, Ueno M, Harashima H. Construction of a multifunctional envelope-type nano device by a SUV*-fusion method. Int J Pharm 2005; 296:142-50. [PMID: 15885466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 02/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel assembly method "SUV*-fusion method" was developed for the construction of a small and homogenous multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) by utilizing a detergent-rich small unilamellar vesicle (SUV*). The method consists of three steps: (1) DNA condensation with a polycation, (2) electrostatic interaction of the SUV* with the DNA/polycation complex (DPC) and (3) lipid coating of DPC by SUV* fusion via removal of the detergent. We confirmed the construction of the MEND by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and isolated the MEND only from the boundary between 25% and 40% sucrose. The isolated MEND had a small diameter (155 nm), was negatively charged (-24 mV), and encapsulated 30% of the total DNA. The MEND was formed by only SUV*, not by a lipid/detergent micelle. This confirms that a small and homogenous MEND can be constructed by the SUV*-fusion method. Furthermore, we confirmed that a transferrin-modified MEND could deliver a gene into a cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Consequently, we report on the successful construction of a small and homogenous MEND by a novel SUV*-fusion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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37
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Jeffs LB, Palmer LR, Ambegia EG, Giesbrecht C, Ewanick S, MacLachlan I. A Scalable, Extrusion-Free Method for Efficient Liposomal Encapsulation of Plasmid DNA. Pharm Res 2005; 22:362-72. [PMID: 15835741 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-1873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A fully scalable and extrusion-free method was developed to prepare rapidly and reproducibly stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) for nonviral, systemic gene therapy. METHODS Liposomes encapsulating plasmid DNA were formed instantaneously by mixing lipids dissolved in ethanol with an aqueous solution of DNA in a controlled, stepwise manner. Combining DNA-buffer and lipid-ethanol flow streams in a T-shaped mixing chamber resulted in instantaneous dilution of ethanol below the concentration required to support lipid solubility. The resulting DNA-containing liposomes were further stabilized by a second stepwise dilution. RESULTS Using this method, monodisperse vesicles were prepared with particle sizes less than 200 nm and DNA encapsulation efficiencies greater than 80%. In mice possessing Neuro 2a tumors, SPLP demonstrated a 13 h circulation half-life in vivo, good tumor accumulation and gene expression profiles similar to SPLP previously prepared by detergent dialysis. Cryo transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that SPLP prepared by stepwise ethanol dilution were a mixed population of unilamellar, bilamellar, and oligolamellar vesicles. Vesicles of similar lipid composition, prepared without DNA, were also <200 nm but were predominantly bilamellar with unusual elongated morphologies, suggesting that the plasmid particle affects the morphology of the encapsulating liposome. A similar approach was used to prepare neutral egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (EPC:Chol) liposomes possessing a pH gradient, which was confirmed by the uptake of the lipophilic cation safranin O. CONCLUSIONS This new method will enable the scale-up and manufacture of SPLP required for preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, this method now allows for the acceleration of SPLP formulation development, enabling the rapid development and evaluation of novel carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd B Jeffs
- Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5G 4Y1
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Huang Z, Li W, MacKay JA, Szoka FC. Thiocholesterol-based lipids for ordered assembly of bioresponsive gene carriers. Mol Ther 2005; 11:409-17. [PMID: 15727937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of thiocholesterol-based cationic lipids (TCL) has been designed and synthesized by the attachment of thiocholesterol to a cationic amine via a disulfide bond. TCL can be incorporated into liposomes and used to package DNA into a lipoplex, thereby protecting it from DNase digestion. DNA is rapidly released from the complex in the presence of low concentrations of reducing agents. The lipoplex mediated efficient transfection activity and had low cytotoxicity. To improve the biocompatibility of the cationic lipoplex, TCL were used as a component in the assembly of a nanolipoparticle (NLP). The particle surface was subsequently modified by disulfide exchange to replace the cationic group with a negatively charged (glutathione) or zwitterionic (cysteine) reducing agent. A cell-binding ligand (TAT peptide, sequence GRKKRRQRRRGYG) was then incorporated onto the particle surface to enhance the particle-cell recognition. The sequentially assembled cell-binding NLP with a zwitterionic surface gave a larger transfection yield than the cationic NLP at all concentrations tested. At low DNA concentrations, the enhancement was 80-fold. The disulfide cationic lipids and the sequential assembly strategy enable one to tailor the surface charge, hydrophilicity, and recognition elements of a nanosized gene carrier. This results in increased gene transfer activity in a biocompatible particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Ambegia E, Ansell S, Cullis P, Heyes J, Palmer L, MacLachlan I. Stabilized plasmid-lipid particles containing PEG-diacylglycerols exhibit extended circulation lifetimes and tumor selective gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1669:155-63. [PMID: 15893518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) consist of a single copy of DNA surrounded by a lipid bilayer. The particles are small ( approximately 100 nm), stable, monodisperse and have a low surface charge. A diffusible polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating attached to a lipid anchor is critical to the SPLP's functionality. The PEG-lipid exchanges out of the bilayer at a rate determined by the size of the lipid anchor. Here we show that SPLP can be prepared using a series of PEG-diacylglycerol lipids (PEG-S-DAGs). SPLP were prepared incorporating PEG-dimyristoylglycerol (C14), PEG-dipalmitoylglycerol (C16) or PEG-distearoylglycerol (C18) and the rate of PEG-lipid diffusion from the bi-layer determined using a FRET assay. SPLP pharmacokinetics confirm a correlation between the stability of the PEG-lipid component and circulation lifetime. PEG-S-DAGs with longer lipid anchors yield more stable SPLP particles with longer circulation half-lives yielding an increase in tumor delivery and gene expression. PEG-distearoylglycerol (C18) containing SPLP bypass so-called 'first pass' organs, including the lung, and elicit levels of gene expression in distal tumor tissue 100- to 1000-fold greater than that observed in any other tissue. The incorporation of PEG-S-DAG in SPLP confirms that small size, low surface charge and extended circulation lifetimes are prerequisite to the accumulation and tumor selective expression of plasmid DNA following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ambegia
- Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc., 100-3480 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5G 4Y1
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Maclachlan I, Cullis P. “Diffusible‐PEG‐Lipid Stabilized Plasmid Lipid Particles”. NON-VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY, SECOND EDITION: PART 1 2005; 53PA:157-188. [PMID: 16243063 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(05)53006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many viral and non-viral gene transfer systems suffer from common pharmacological issues that limit their utility in a systemic context. By application of the liposomal drug delivery paradigm, many of the limitations of the first generation non-viral delivery systems can be overcome. Encapsulation in small, long-circulating particles called stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) results in enhanced accumulation at disease sites and selective protein expression. This work compares the detergent dialysis method of SPLP manufacture with an alternative method, spontaneous vesicle formation by ethanol dilution. The pharmacology of SPLP, as determined by monitoring lipid label and quantitative real time PCR, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Maclachlan
- Protiva Biotherapeutics Incorporated, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5G 4Y1
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41
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Abstract
In the past two decades there have been major advances in the development of liposomal drug delivery systems suitable for applications ranging from cancer chemotherapy to gene therapy. In general, an optimized system consists of liposomes with a diameter of approximately 100 nm that possess a long circulation lifetime (half-life >5 h). Such liposomes will circulate sufficiently long to take advantage of a phenomenon known as disease site targeting, wherein liposomes accumulate at sites of disease, such as tumors, as a result of the leaky vasculature and reduced blood flow exhibited by the diseased tissue. The extended circulation lifetime is achieved by the use of saturated lipids and cholesterol or by the presence of PEG-containing lipids. This chapter will focus on the methodology required for the generation of two very different classes of liposomal carrier systems: those containing conventional small molecular weight (usually anticancer) drugs and those containing larger genetic (oligonucleotide and plasmid DNA) drugs. Initially, we will examine the encapsulation of small, weakly basic drugs within liposomes in response to transmembrane pH and ion gradients. Procedures will be described for the formation of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) by extrusion methods and for loading anticancer drugs into LUVs in response to transmembrane pH gradients. Three methods for generating transmembrane pH gradients will be discussed: (1) the use of intravesicular citrate buffer, (2) the use of transmembrane ammonia gradients, and (3) ionophore-mediated generation of pH gradients via transmembrane ion gradients. We will also discuss the loading of doxorubicin into LUVs by formation of drug-metal ion complexes. Different approaches are required for encapsulating macromolecules within LUVs. Plasmid DNA can be encapsulated by a detergent-dialysis approach, giving rise to stabilized plasmid-lipid particles, vectors with potential for systemic gene delivery. Antisense oligonucleotides can be spontaneously entrapped upon electrostatic interaction with ethanol-destabilized cationic liposomes, giving rise to small multilamellar systems known as stabilized antisense-lipid particles (SALP). These vectors have the potential to regulate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Fenske
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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42
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Manthorpe M, Hobart P, Hermanson G, Ferrari M, Geall A, Goff B, Rolland A. Plasmid vaccines and therapeutics: from design to applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 99:41-92. [PMID: 16568888 DOI: 10.1007/10_003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the late 1980s, Vical and collaborators discovered that the injection into tissues of unformulated plasmid encoding various proteins resulted in the uptake of the plasmid by cells and expression of the encoded proteins. After this discovery, a period of technological improvements in plasmid delivery and expression and in pharmaceutical and manufacturing development was quickly followed by a plethora of human clinical trials testing the ability of injected plasmid to provide therapeutic benefits. In this chapter, we summarize in detail the technologies used in the most recent company-sponsored clinical trials and discuss the potential for future improvements in plasmid design, manufacturing, delivery, formulation and administration. A generic path for the clinical development of plasmid-based products is outlined and then exemplified using a case study on the development of a plasmid vaccine from concept to clinical trial.
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Farokhzad OC, Jon S, Khademhosseini A, Tran TNT, Lavan DA, Langer R. Nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates: a new approach for targeting prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7668-72. [PMID: 15520166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid ligands (aptamers) are potentially well suited for the therapeutic targeting of drug encapsulated controlled release polymer particles in a cell- or tissue-specific manner. We synthesized a bioconjugate composed of controlled release polymer nanoparticles and aptamers and examined its efficacy for targeted delivery to prostate cancer cells. Specifically, we synthesized poly(lactic acid)-block-polyethylene glycol (PEG) copolymer with a terminal carboxylic acid functional group (PLA-PEG-COOH), and encapsulated rhodamine-labeled dextran (as a model drug) within PLA-PEG-COOH nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have the following desirable characteristics: (a) negative surface charge (-50 +/- 3 mV, mean +/- SD, n = 3), which may minimize nonspecific interaction with the negatively charged nucleic acid aptamers; (b) carboxylic acid groups on the particle surface for potential modification and covalent conjugation to amine-modified aptamers; and (c) presence of PEG on particle surface, which enhances circulating half-life while contributing to decreased uptake in nontargeted cells. Next, we generated nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates with RNA aptamers that bind to the prostate-specific membrane antigen, a well-known prostate cancer tumor marker that is overexpressed on prostate acinar epithelial cells. We demonstrated that these bioconjugates can efficiently target and get taken up by the prostate LNCaP epithelial cells, which express the prostate-specific membrane antigen protein (77-fold increase in binding versus control, n = 150 cells per group). In contrast to LNCaP cells, the uptake of these particles is not enhanced in cells that do not express the prostate-specific membrane antigen protein. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of targeted drug delivery with nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid C Farokhzad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Yu W, Pirollo KF, Rait A, Yu B, Xiang LM, Huang WQ, Zhou Q, Ertem G, Chang EH. A sterically stabilized immunolipoplex for systemic administration of a therapeutic gene. Gene Ther 2004; 11:1434-40. [PMID: 15229629 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A sterically stabilized immunolipoplex (TsPLP), containing an antitransferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragment (TfRscFv)-PEG molecule, has been developed to specifically and efficiently deliver a therapeutic gene to tumor cells. A postcoating preparation strategy was employed in which a DNA/lipid complex (lipoplex) was formed first and then sequentially conjugated with PEG and TfRscFv. The complex prepared by this method was shown to be superior in ability to deliver genes to tumor cells than when prepared by a common precoating strategy, in which DNA is mixed with TfRscFv-PEG conjugated liposome. Using prostate cancer cell line DU145, a comparison was made between the in vitro and in vivo gene delivery efficiencies of four complexes, Lipoplex (LP), PEG-Lipoplex (PLP), TfRscFv-PEG-Lipoplex (TsPLP) and our standard TfRscFv-Lipoplex (TsLP). In vitro, the order of transfection efficiency was TsLP>LP approximately TsPLP>PLP. However, in vivo the order of transfection efficiency, after systemic administration via the tail vein, was TsPLP>TsLP>LP or PLP with TsPLP-mediated exogenous gene expression in tumor being two-fold higher than when mediated by TsLP. This suggests that the in vitro transfection efficiency of TsPLP was not indicative of its in vivo efficiency. In addition, it was found that the level of exogenous gene expression in the tumor mediated by TsPLP was higher than that mediated by TsLP and did not decrease over the time. More importantly, high exogenous gene expression in tumor, but low expression in liver, was observed after an i.v. delivery of TsPLP carrying either the GFP reporter gene or the p53 gene, indicating that tumor preferential targeting was maintained by this complex in the presence of PEG. These findings show that incorporation of PEG into our targeted lipoplex results in a more efficient delivery of the complex to the tumor cells, possibly by inhibiting the first pass clearance observed with non-PEG containing liposomes. Therefore, these data demonstrate that TsPLP is a improvement over our previously established tumor targeted gene delivery complex for systemic gene therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, NW, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
Non-viral DNA vectors have several advantages over viral vectors. For example, virus production is expensive and there are safety concerns regarding viral manipulations. In addition, the size of the delivered plasmid is limited by the size of the viral capsid, whereas this is not a problem with non-viral vectors. The major disadvantage of using non-viral DNA delivery vectors, compared with their viral counterparts, is the low transfection efficiency. This has resulted in low levels of usage in clinical trials. Consequently, the majority of research into non-viral gene therapy has been focused on developing more efficient vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele D Schmidt-Wolf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
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46
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An Angiogenic, Endothelial-Cell-Targeted Polymeric Gene Carrier. Mol Ther 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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