1
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Ligand-selective small molecule modulators of the constitutively active vGPCR US28. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:244-254. [PMID: 29886326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
US28 is a broad-spectrum constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). It binds and scavenges multiple CC-chemokines as well as CX3CL1 (fractalkine) by constitutive receptor endocytosis to escape immune surveillance. We herein report the design and characterization of a novel library of US28-acting commercially available ligands based on the molecular descriptors of two previously reported US28-acting structures. Among these, we identify compounds capable of selectively recognizing CCL2-and CCL4-, but not CX3CL1-induced receptor conformations. Moreover, we find a direct correlation between the binding properties of small molecule ligands to CCL-induced conformations at the wild-type receptor and functional activity at the C-terminal truncated US28Δ300. As US28Δ300 is devoid of arrestin-recruitment and endocytosis, this highlights the potential usefulness of this construct in future drug discovery efforts aimed at specific US28 conformations. The new scaffolds identified herein represent valuable starting points for the generation of novel anti-HCMV therapies targeting the virus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 in a conformational-selective manner.
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2
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Lückmann M, Amarandi RM, Papargyri N, Jakobsen MH, Christiansen E, Jensen LJ, Pui A, Schwartz TW, Rosenkilde MM, Frimurer TM. Structure-based discovery of novel US28 small molecule ligands with different modes of action. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:289-296. [PMID: 27569905 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28 is a constitutively active receptor, which can recognize various chemokines. Despite the recent determination of its 2.9 Å crystal structure, potent and US28-specific tool compounds are still scarce. Here, we used structural information from a refined US28:VUF2274 complex for virtual screening of >12 million commercially available small molecule compounds. Using a combined receptor- and ligand-based approach, we tested 98 of the top 0.1% ranked compounds, revealing novel chemotypes as compared to the ~1.45 million known ligands in the ChEMBL database. Two compounds were confirmed as agonist and inverse agonist, respectively, in both IP accumulation and Ca2+ mobilization assays. The screening setup presented in this work is computationally inexpensive and therefore particularly useful in an academic setting as it enables simultaneous testing in binding as well as in different functional assays and/or species without actual chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lückmann
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roxana-Maria Amarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Natalia Papargyri
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette H Jakobsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Christiansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lars J Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aurel Pui
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Amarandi RM, Hjortø GM, Rosenkilde MM, Karlshøj S. Probing Biased Signaling in Chemokine Receptors. Methods Enzymol 2015; 570:155-86. [PMID: 26921946 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine system mediates leukocyte migration during homeostatic and inflammatory processes. Traditionally, it is described as redundant and promiscuous, with a single chemokine ligand binding to different receptors and a single receptor having several ligands. Signaling of chemokine receptors occurs via two major routes, G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent, which can be preferentially modulated depending on the ligands or receptors involved, as well as the cell types or tissues in which the signaling event occurs. The preferential activation of a certain signaling pathway to the detriment of others has been termed signaling bias and can accordingly be grouped into ligand bias, receptor bias, and tissue bias. Bias has so far been broadly overlooked in the process of drug development. The low number of currently approved drugs targeting the chemokine system, as well as the broad range of failed clinical trials, reflects the need for a better understanding of the chemokine system. Thus, understanding the character, direction, and consequence of biased signaling in the chemokine system may aid the development of new therapeutics. This review describes experiments to assess G protein-dependent and -independent signaling in order to quantify chemokine system bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Maria Amarandi
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Karlshøj
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Nomiyama H, Yoshie O. Functional roles of evolutionary conserved motifs and residues in vertebrate chemokine receptors. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:39-47. [PMID: 25416815 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ru0614-290r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors regulate cell migration and homing. They belong to the rhodopsin-like family of GPCRs. Their ancestor genes emerged in the early stages of vertebrate evolution. Since then, the family has been greatly expanded through whole and segmental genome duplication events. During evolution, many amino acid changes have been introduced in individual chemokine receptors, but certain motifs and residues are highly conserved. Previously, we proposed a nomenclature system of the vertebrate chemokine receptors based on their evolutionary history and phylogenetic analyses. With the use of this classification system, we are now able to confidently assign the species orthologs of vertebrate chemokine receptors. Here, we systematically analyze conserved motifs and residues of each group of orthologous chemokine receptors that may play important roles in their signaling and biologic functions. Our present analysis may provide useful information on how individual chemokine receptors are activated upon ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Nomiyama
- *Department of Molecular Enzymology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan; and Department of Microbiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshie
- *Department of Molecular Enzymology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan; and Department of Microbiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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Rummel PC, Arfelt KN, Baumann L, Jenkins TJ, Thiele S, Lüttichau HR, Johnsen A, Pease J, Ghosh S, Kolbeck R, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular requirements for inhibition of the chemokine receptor CCR8--probe-dependent allosteric interactions. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1206-17. [PMID: 22708643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here we present a novel series of CCR8 antagonists based on a naphthalene-sulfonamide structure. This structure differs from the predominant pharmacophore for most small-molecule CC-chemokine receptor antagonists, which in fact activate CCR8, suggesting that CCR8 inhibition requires alternative structural probes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The compounds were tested as inverse agonists and as antagonists against CCL1-induced activity in Gα(i) signalling and chemotaxis. Furthermore, they were assessed by heterologous competition binding against two radiolabelled receptor ligands: the endogenous agonist CCL1 and the virus-encoded antagonist MC148. KEY RESULTS All compounds were highly potent inverse agonists with EC(50) values from 1.7 to 23 nM. Their potencies as antagonists were more widely spread (EC(50) values from 5.9 to 1572 nM). Some compounds were balanced antagonists/inverse agonists whereas others were predominantly inverse agonists with >100-fold lower potency as antagonists. A correspondingly broad range of affinities, which followed the antagonist potencies, was disclosed by competition with [(125)I]-CCL1 (K(i) 3.4-842 nM), whereas the affinities measured against [(125)I]-MC148 were less widely spread (K(i) 0.37-27 nM), and matched the inverse agonist potencies. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Despite highly potent and direct effects as inverse agonists, competition-binding experiments against radiolabelled agonist and tests for antagonism revealed a probe-dependent allosteric effect of these compounds. Thus, minor chemical changes affected the ability to modify chemokine binding and action, and divided the compounds into two groups: predominantly inverse agonists and balanced antagonists/inverse agonists. These studies have important implications for the design of new inverse agonists with or without antagonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rummel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Thiele S, Malmgaard-Clausen M, Engel-Andreasen J, Steen A, Rummel PC, Nielsen MC, Gloriam DE, Frimurer TM, Ulven T, Rosenkilde MM. Modulation in Selectivity and Allosteric Properties of Small-Molecule Ligands for CC-Chemokine Receptors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8164-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301121j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Thiele
- Department of Neuroscience and
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Dk-2200 Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Mikkel Malmgaard-Clausen
- Department of Neuroscience and
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Dk-2200 Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Jens Engel-Andreasen
- Department of Physics,
Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Dk-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Steen
- Department of Neuroscience and
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Dk-2200 Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Pia C. Rummel
- Department of Neuroscience and
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Dk-2200 Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Mads C. Nielsen
- Department of Physics,
Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Dk-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - David E. Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Dk-2100
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Frimurer
- The
Novo Nordisk Foundation
Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej
3, Dk-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics,
Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Dk-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Department of Neuroscience and
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Dk-2200 Copenhagen,
Denmark
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8
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Jensen PC, Thiele S, Steen A, Elder A, Kolbeck R, Ghosh S, Frimurer TM, Rosenkilde MM. Reversed binding of a small molecule ligand in homologous chemokine receptors - differential role of extracellular loop 2. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:258-75. [PMID: 22050085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of small molecule compounds targeting chemokine receptors share a similar pharmacophore with a centrally located aliphatic positive charge and flanking aromatic moieties. Here we describe a novel piperidine-based compound with structural similarity to previously described CCR8-specific agonists, but containing a unique phenyl-tetrazol moiety which, in addition to activity at CCR8 was also active at CCR1. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Single point mutations were introduced in CCR1 and CCR8, and their effect on small molecule ligand-induced receptor activation was examined through inositol trisphosphate (IP(3) ) accumulation. The molecular interaction profile of the agonist was verified by molecular modeling. KEY RESULTS The chemokine receptor conserved glutamic acid in TM-VII served as a common anchor for the positively charged amine in the piperidine ring. However, whereas the phenyl-tetrazol group interacted with TyrIV:24 (Tyr(172) ) and TyrIII:09 (Tyr(114) ) in the major binding pocket (delimited by TM-III to VII) of CCR8, it also interacted with TrpII:20 (Trp(90) ) and LysII:24 (Lys(94) ) in the minor counterpart (delimited TM-I to III, plus TM-VII) in CCR1. A straightening of TM-II by Ala-substitution of ProII:18 confirmed its unique role in CCR1. The extracellular loop 2 (ECL-2) contributed directly to the small molecule binding site in CCR1, whereas it contributed to efficacy, but not potency in CCR8. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Despite high ligand potency and efficacy and receptor similarity, this dual-active and bitopic compound binds oppositely in CCR1 and CCR8 with different roles of ECL-2, thereby expanding and diversifying the influence of extracellular receptor regions in drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Thiele S, Steen A, Jensen PC, Mokrosinski J, Frimurer TM, Rosenkilde MM. Allosteric and orthosteric sites in CC chemokine receptor (CCR5), a chimeric receptor approach. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37543-54. [PMID: 21878623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.243808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors play a major role in immune system regulation and have consequently been targets for drug development leading to the discovery of several small molecule antagonists. Given the large size and predominantly extracellular receptor interaction of endogenous chemokines, small molecules often act more deeply in an allosteric mode. However, opposed to the well described molecular interaction of allosteric modulators in class C 7-transmembrane helix (7TM) receptors, the interaction in class A, to which the chemokine receptors belong, is more sparsely described. Using the CCR5 chemokine receptor as a model system, we studied the molecular interaction and conformational interchange required for proper action of various orthosteric chemokines and allosteric small molecules, including the well known CCR5 antagonists TAK-779, SCH-C, and aplaviroc, and four novel CCR5 ago-allosteric molecules. A chimera was successfully constructed between CCR5 and the closely related CCR2 by transferring all extracellular regions of CCR2 to CCR5, i.e. a Trojan horse that resembles CCR2 extracellularly but signals through a CCR5 transmembrane unit. The chimera bound CCR2 (CCL2 and CCL7), but not CCR5 chemokines (CCL3 and CCL5), with CCR2-like high affinities and potencies throughout the CCR5 signaling unit. Concomitantly, high affinity binding of small molecule CCR5 agonists and antagonists was retained in the transmembrane region. Importantly, whereas the agonistic and antagonistic properties were preserved, the allosteric enhancement of chemokine binding was disrupted. In summary, the Trojan horse chimera revealed that orthosteric and allosteric sites could be structurally separated and still act together with transmission of agonism and antagonism across the different receptor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Thiele
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Benned-Jensen T, Smethurst C, Holst PJ, Page KR, Sauls H, Sivertsen B, Schwartz TW, Blanchard A, Jepras R, Rosenkilde MM. Ligand modulation of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced seven-transmembrane receptor EBI2: identification of a potent and efficacious inverse agonist. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29292-29302. [PMID: 21673108 PMCID: PMC3190735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.196345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus-induced receptor 2 (EBI2) is a constitutively active seven-transmembrane receptor, which was recently shown to orchestrate the positioning of B cells in the follicle. To date, no ligands, endogenously or synthetic, have been identified that modulate EBI2 activity. Here we describe an inverse agonist, GSK682753A, which selectively inhibited the constitutive activity of EBI2 with high potency and efficacy. In cAMP-response element-binding protein-based reporter and guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTPγS) binding assays, the potency of this compound was 2.6-53.6 nm, and its inhibitory efficacy was 75%. In addition, we show that EBI2 constitutively activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a pertussis toxin-insensitive manner. Intriguingly, GSK682753A inhibited ERK phosphorylation, GTPγS binding, and cAMP-response element-binding protein activation with similar potency. Overexpression of EBI2 profoundly potentiated antibody-stimulated ex vivo proliferation of murine B cells compared with WT cells, whereas this was equivalently reduced for EBI2-deficient B cells. Inhibition of EBI2 constitutive activity suppressed the proliferation in all cases. Importantly, the suppression was of much higher potency (32-fold) in WT or EBI2-overexpressing B cells compared with EBI2-deficient counterparts. Finally, we screened GSK682753A against an EBI2 mutant library to determine putative molecular binding determinants in EBI2. We identified Phe(111) at position III:08/3.32 as being crucial for GSK682753A inverse agonism because Ala substitution resulted in a >500-fold decrease in IC(50). In conclusion, we present the first ligand targeting EBI2. In turn, this molecule provides a useful tool for further characterization of EBI2 as well as serving as a potent lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tau Benned-Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Peter J Holst
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark, and
| | - Kevin R Page
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Sauls
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Bjørn Sivertsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Andy Blanchard
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Jepras
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark,.
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11
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Rosenkilde MM, Benned-Jensen T, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. The minor binding pocket: a major player in 7TM receptor activation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:567-74. [PMID: 20870300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
From the deep part of the main ligand-binding crevice, a minor, often shallower pocket extends between the extracellular ends of transmembrane domains (TM)-I, II, III and VII of 7TM receptors. This minor binding pocket is defined by a highly conserved kink in TM-II that is induced by a proline residue located in one of two adjacent positions. Here we argue that this minor binding pocket is important for receptor activation. Functional coupling of the receptors seems to be mediated through the hydrogen bond network located between the intracellular segments of these TMs, with the allosteric interface between TM-II and TM-VII being of particular significance. Importantly, the minor binding pocket, especially the proline-kink in TM-II, is involved in G protein versus arrestin pathway-biased signaling, for example in the angiotensin AT1 system. Consequently, this pocket could be specifically targeted in the development of functionally biased drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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