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Timmins LM, Erickson P, Parekkadan B. Investigating dynamics of lentiviral vector secretion from HEK293T producer cells using a fractionated perfusion system. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300097. [PMID: 37718481 PMCID: PMC11289840 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell culture is quickly becoming the go to engineering vehicle to mass produce viral vectors in a manner that is safe, convenient, reproducible, and cost and scale effective. Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, in particular, have been utilized and customized (via differentiated transgene expression, modified culture parameters, addition of cytostatic culture agents) to increase vector yields. However, less attention has been made to understanding innate processes within the cells (such as, immune response, cell cycle, metabolism) themselves to better control or increase viral vector product yield. Accordingly, herein, the variation in viral production was studied from HEK cells over time using a one-way perfusion system and bioreactor to study the impact of external factors on secretion dynamics without retrotransduction. Specifically, the impact of cell density on viral titer, transduction efficiency, and LDH, was studied. Next, we look at the impact of using an inflammatory reporter cell line on viral output, and the secretion dynamics from HEK cells when we use sodium butyrate (cell cycle arrest agent). Lastly, we assess how downregulation of the PDK pathway increases viral titer. Altogether, we investigated the impact of various interventions to increase transient protein expression and viral output from HEK cells in a controlled and measurable environment to ultimately increase the efficiency of HEK cells for downstream clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Timmins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patrick Erickson
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Lavado-García J, Pérez-Rubio P, Cervera L, Gòdia F. The cell density effect in animal cell-based bioprocessing: Questions, insights and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108017. [PMID: 35809763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the development of bioprocesses based on cell transient expression is the commonly reported reduction of cell specific productivity at increasing cell densities. This is generally known as the cell density effect (CDE). Many efforts have been devoted to understanding the cell metabolic implications to this phenomenon in an attempt to design operational strategies to overcome it. A comprehensive analysis of the main studies regarding the CDE is provided in this work to better define the elements comprising its cause and impact. Then, examples of methodologies and approaches employed to achieve successful transient expression at high cell densities (HCD) are thoroughly reviewed. A critical assessment of the limitations of the reported studies in the understanding of the CDE is presented, covering the leading hypothesis of the molecular implications. The overall analysis of previous work on CDE may offer useful insights for further research into manufacturing of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Lavado-García
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Pol Pérez-Rubio
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Irani V, Soliman C, Raftis MA, Guy AJ, Elbourne A, Ramsland PA. Expression of monoclonal antibodies for functional and structural studies. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Abaandou L, Quan D, Shiloach J. Affecting HEK293 Cell Growth and Production Performance by Modifying the Expression of Specific Genes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071667. [PMID: 34359846 PMCID: PMC8304725 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The HEK293 cell line has earned its place as a producer of biotherapeutics. In addition to its ease of growth in serum-free suspension culture and its amenability to transfection, this cell line’s most important attribute is its human origin, which makes it suitable to produce biologics intended for human use. At the present time, the growth and production properties of the HEK293 cell line are inferior to those of non-human cell lines, such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and the murine myeloma NSO cell lines. However, the modification of genes involved in cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, glycosylation, secretion, and protein folding, in addition to bioprocess, media, and vector optimization, have greatly improved the performance of this cell line. This review provides a comprehensive summary of important achievements in HEK293 cell line engineering and on the global engineering approaches and functional genomic tools that have been employed to identify relevant genes for targeted engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abaandou
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.); (D.Q.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - David Quan
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.); (D.Q.)
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Gatina DZ, Garanina EE, Zhuravleva MN, Synbulatova GE, Mullakhmetova AF, Solovyeva VV, Kiyasov AP, Rutland CS, Rizvanov AA, Salafutdinov II. Proangiogenic Effect of 2A-Peptide Based Multicistronic Recombinant Constructs Encoding VEGF and FGF2 Growth Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115922. [PMID: 34072943 PMCID: PMC8198600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains one of the primary healthcare problems due to the high cost of treatment, increased number of patients, poor clinical outcomes, and lack of effective therapy. Though pharmacological and surgical treatments positively affect symptoms and arrest the disease progression, they generally exhibit a limited effect on the disease outcome. The development of alternative therapeutic approaches towards ischemic disease treatment, especially of decompensated forms, is therefore relevant. Therapeutic angiogenesis, stimulated by various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, provides the possibility of restoring functional blood flow in ischemic tissues, thereby ensuring the regeneration of the damaged area. In the current study, based on the clinically approved plasmid vector pVax1, multigenic constructs were developed encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGF2), and the DsRed fluorescent protein, integrated via picornaviruses' furin-2A peptide sequences. In vitro experiments demonstrated that genetically modified cells with engineered plasmid constructs expressed the target proteins. Overexpression of VEGF and FGF2 resulted in increased levels of the recombinant proteins. Concomitantly, these did not lead to a significant shift in the general secretory profile of modified HEK293T cells. Simultaneously, the secretome of genetically modified cells showed significant stimulating effects on the formation of capillary-like structures by HUVEC (endothelial cells) in vitro. Our results revealed that when the multicistronic multigene vectors encoding 2A peptide sequences are created, transient transgene co-expression is ensured. The results obtained indicated the mutual synergistic effects of the growth factors VEGF and FGF2 on the proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro. Thus, recombinant multicistronic multigenic constructs might serve as a promising approach for establishing safe and effective systems to treat ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Z. Gatina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Ekaterina E. Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Margarita N. Zhuravleva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Gulnaz E. Synbulatova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Adelya F. Mullakhmetova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Andrey P. Kiyasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (I.I.S.)
| | - Ilnur I. Salafutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.Z.G.); (E.E.G.); (M.N.Z.); (G.E.S.); (A.F.M.); (V.V.S.); (A.P.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (I.I.S.)
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6
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Seras‐Franzoso J, Díaz‐Riascos ZV, Corchero JL, González P, García‐Aranda N, Mandaña M, Riera R, Boullosa A, Mancilla S, Grayston A, Moltó‐Abad M, Garcia‐Fruitós E, Mendoza R, Pintos‐Morell G, Albertazzi L, Rosell A, Casas J, Villaverde A, Schwartz S, Abasolo I. Extracellular vesicles from recombinant cell factories improve the activity and efficacy of enzymes defective in lysosomal storage disorders. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12058. [PMID: 33738082 PMCID: PMC7953474 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as vehicles for therapeutic enzymes in lysosomal storage disorders was explored. EVs were isolated from mammalian cells overexpressing alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) or N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) enzymes, defective in Fabry and Sanfilippo A diseases, respectively. Direct purification of EVs from cell supernatants was found to be a simple and efficient method to obtain highly active GLA and SGSH proteins, even after EV lyophilization. Likewise, EVs carrying GLA (EV-GLA) were rapidly uptaken and reached the lysosomes in cellular models of Fabry disease, restoring lysosomal functionality much more efficiently than the recombinant enzyme in clinical use. In vivo, EVs were well tolerated and distributed among all main organs, including the brain. DiR-labelled EVs were localized in brain parenchyma 1 h after intra-arterial (internal carotid artery) or intravenous (tail vein) administrations. Moreover, a single intravenous administration of EV-GLA was able to reduce globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) substrate levels in clinically relevant tissues, such kidneys and brain. Overall, our results demonstrate that EVs from cells overexpressing lysosomal enzymes act as natural protein delivery systems, improving the activity and the efficacy of the recombinant proteins and facilitating their access to organs neglected by conventional enzyme replacement therapies.
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Twair A, Kassem I, Murad H, Abbady AQ. Secretion of Recombinant Human Annexin V in Fusion with the Super Folder GFP for Labelling Phosphatidylserine-Exposing Membranes. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:175-187. [PMID: 33604692 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Annexin V (ANXV), mostly characterized by its ability to interact with biological membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. ANXV interacts mainly with phosphatidylserine (PS), for that fluorescent ANXV widely produced and used as a sensitive and specific probe to mark apoptotic cells or any PS-containing bilayers membranes. Many reports described the prokaryotic expression of recombinant human ANXV. To overcome some of E. coli expression limitations, we aimed in this work to investigate unconventional alternative expression system in mammalian cells for producing secreted human ANXV in fusion with the super folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP). HEK239T cells were transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI) and pcDNA-sfGFP-ANXV plasmid. Forty-eight hours post transfection, direct fluorescence measurement, immunoblotting and ELISA confirmed the presence of secreted sfGFP-ANXV in cells supernatant. The yield of secreted 6 × His-tagged sfGFP-ANXV after affinity purification was estimated to be around 2 µg per 1 ml of cells supernatant. The secretion system was proper to produce a fully functional sfGFP-ANXV fusion protein in quantities enough to recognize and bind PS-containing surfaces or liposomes. Besides, biological assays such as flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy confirmed the capacity of the secreted sfGFP-ANXV to detect PS exposure on apoptotic cells. Taken together, we present mammalian expression as a quick, affordable and endotoxin-free system to produce sfGFP-ANXV fusion protein. The secreted sfGFP-ANXV in eukaryotic system is a promising biotechnological tool, it opens up new horizons for additional applications in the detection of PS bearing surfaces and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Twair
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Issam Kassem
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syria
| | - Hossam Murad
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Abdul Qader Abbady
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
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Choi EJ, Wu W, Zhang K, Lee I, Kim IH, Lee YS, Bao X. ELAC2, an Enzyme for tRNA Maturation, Plays a Role in the Cleavage of a Mature tRNA to Produce a tRNA-Derived RNA Fragment During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:609732. [PMID: 33604354 PMCID: PMC7884774 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.609732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. However, effective treatment against RSV is unavailable. tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are a recently discovered family of non-coding RNAs. We made an early observation that RSV infection causes significant induction of tRFs, which are mainly derived from the 5’-end of mature tRNAs (tRF5). However, their functions and biogenesis mechanism are not fully understood. Herein, we identified an enzyme responsible for the induction of a functional tRF5 derived from tRNA-Gln-CTG (tRF5-GlnCTG). We found that tRF5-GlnCTG promotes RSV replication and its induction, assessed by Northern blot and a new qRT-PCR-based method, is regulated by ribonuclease ELAC2. ELAC2-mediated tRF5 induction has never been reported. We also found that ELAC2 is associated with RSV N and NS1 proteins. Given the fact that tRF5-GlnCTG plays a role in RSV replication, the identification of ELAC2 being responsible for tRF5-GlnCTG induction could provide new insights into therapeutic strategy development against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Houston Clear Lake, Clear Lake, TX, United States
| | - Inhan Lee
- miRcore, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - In-Hoo Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,The Institute of Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,The Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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9
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Overexpression and refolding of human Cyclin D3. A reliable method or not? Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Prabhakar PK, Wang HT, Smith PJ, Yang JY, Barnes WJ, Peña MJ, Moremen KW, Urbanowicz BR. Heterologous expression of plant glycosyltransferases for biochemistry and structural biology. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:145-165. [PMID: 32896313 PMCID: PMC7593805 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Much of the carbon captured by photosynthesis is converted into the polysaccharides that constitute plant cell walls. These complex macrostructures are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins, together with small amounts of structural proteins, minerals, and in many cases lignin. Wall components assemble and interact with one another to produce dynamic structures with many capabilities, including providing mechanical support to plant structures and determining plant cell shape and size. Despite their abundance, major gaps in our knowledge of the synthesis of the building blocks of these polymers remain, largely due to ineffective methods for expression and purification of active synthetic enzymes for in vitro biochemical analyses. The hemicellulosic polysaccharide, xyloglucan, comprises up to 25% of the dry weight of primary cell walls in plants. Most of the knowledge about the glycosyltransferases (GTs) involved in the xyloglucan biosynthetic pathway has been derived from the identification and carbohydrate analysis of knockout mutants, lending little information on how the catalytic biosynthesis of xyloglucan occurs in planta. In this chapter we describe methods for the heterologous expression of plant GTs using the HEK293 expression platform. As a demonstration of the utility of this platform, nine xyloglucan-relevant GTs from three different CAZy families were evaluated, and methods for expression, purification, and construct optimization are described for biochemical and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Prabhakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Peter J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - William J Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States.
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11
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Lavado-García J, Jorge I, Cervera L, Vázquez J, Gòdia F. Multiplexed Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of HEK293 Provides Insights into Molecular Changes Associated with the Cell Density Effect, Transient Transfection, and Virus-Like Particle Production. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1085-1099. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Lavado-García
- Grup d’Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jorge
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d’Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d’Enginyeria Cellular i Bioprocés, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Ki MR, Pack SP. Fusion tags to enhance heterologous protein expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2411-2425. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Heterogeneity Studies of Mammalian Cells for Bioproduction: From Tools to Application. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:645-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Assays with Detection of Fluorescence Anisotropy: Challenges and Possibilities for Characterizing Ligand Binding to GPCRs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:187-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Hu J, Han J, Li H, Zhang X, Liu LL, Chen F, Zeng B. Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells: A Vehicle for Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Structural Biology, and Electrophysiology. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:1-8. [PMID: 29393161 DOI: 10.1159/000485501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells, e.g., CHO, BHK, HEK293, HT-1080, and NS0 cells, represent important manufacturing platforms in bioengineering. They are widely used for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins, vaccines, anticancer agents, and other clinically relevant drugs. HEK293 (human embryonic kidney 293) cells and their derived cell lines provide an attractive heterologous system for the development of recombinant proteins or adenovirus productions, not least due to their human-like posttranslational modification of protein molecules to provide the desired biological activity. Secondly, they also exhibit high transfection efficiency yielding high-quality recombinant proteins. They are easy to maintain and express with high fidelity membrane proteins, such as ion channels and transporters, and thus are attractive for structural biology and electrophysiology studies. In this article, we review the literature on HEK293 cells regarding their origins but also stress their advancements into the different cell lines engineered and discuss some significant aspects which make them versatile systems for biopharmaceutical manufacturing, drug screening, structural biology research, and electrophysiology applications.
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Meyer HJ, Turincio R, Ng S, Li J, Wilson B, Chan P, Zak M, Reilly D, Beresini MH, Wong AW. High throughput screening identifies novel, cell cycle-arresting small molecule enhancers of transient protein expression. Biotechnol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann-Josef Meyer
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Rebecca Turincio
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Shirley Ng
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Juan Li
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Blair Wilson
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Pamela Chan
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Mark Zak
- Dept. of; Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Dorothea Reilly
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Maureen H. Beresini
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
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Fischer S, Marquart KF, Pieper LA, Fieder J, Gamer M, Gorr I, Schulz P, Bradl H. miRNA engineering of CHO cells facilitates production of difficult-to-express proteins and increases success in cell line development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1495-1510. [PMID: 28262952 PMCID: PMC6084326 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, coherent with growing biologics portfolios also the number of complex and thus difficult-to-express (DTE) therapeutic proteins has increased considerably. DTE proteins challenge bioprocess development and can include various therapeutic protein formats such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), multi-specific affinity scaffolds (e.g., bispecific antibodies), cytokines, or fusion proteins. Hence, the availability of robust and versatile Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) host cell factories is fundamental for high-yielding bioprocesses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potent cell engineering tools to improve process performance of CHO manufacturing cell lines. However, there has not been any report demonstrating the impact of beneficial miRNAs on industrial cell line development (CLD) yet. To address this question, we established novel CHO host cells constitutively expressing a pro-productive miRNA: miR-557. Novel host cells were tested in two independent CLD campaigns using two different mAb candidates including a normal as well as a DTE antibody. Presence of miR-557 significantly enhanced each process step during CLD in a product independent manner. Stable expression of miR-557 increased the probability to identify high-producing cell clones. Furthermore, production cell lines derived from miR-557 expressing host cells exhibited significantly increased final product yields in fed-batch cultivation processes without compromising product quality. Strikingly, cells co-expressing miR-557 and a DTE antibody achieved a twofold increase in product titer compared to clones co-expressing a negative control miRNA. Thus, host cell engineering using miRNAs represents a promising tool to overcome limitations in industrial CLD especially with regard to DTE proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1495-1510. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fischer
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.,Cell Culture Development CMB, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kim F Marquart
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Lisa A Pieper
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juergen Fieder
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ingo Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Culture Development CMB, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Harald Bradl
- Cell Culture Development CMB, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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Mori K, Hamada H, Ogawa T, Ohmuro-Matsuyama Y, Katsuda T, Yamaji H. Efficient production of antibody Fab fragment by transient gene expression in insect cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:221-226. [PMID: 28410897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transient gene expression allows a rapid production of diverse recombinant proteins in early-stage preclinical and clinical developments of biologics. Insect cells have proven to be an excellent platform for the production of functional recombinant proteins. In the present study, the production of an antibody Fab fragment by transient gene expression in lepidopteran insect cells was investigated. The DNA fragments encoding heavy-chain (Hc; Fd fragment) and light-chain (Lc) genes of an Fab fragment were individually cloned into the plasmid vector pIHAneo, which contained the Bombyx mori actin promoter downstream of the B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) IE-1 transactivator and the BmNPV HR3 enhancer for high-level expression. Trichoplusia ni BTI-TN-5B1-4 (High Five) cells were co-transfected with the resultant plasmid vectors using linear polyethyleneimine. When the transfection efficiency was evaluated, a plasmid vector encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was also co-transfected. Transfection and culture conditions were optimized based on both the flow cytometry of the EGFP expression in transfected cells and the yield of the secreted Fab fragments determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Under optimal conditions, a yield of approximately 120 mg/L of Fab fragments was achieved in 5 days in a shake-flask culture. Transient gene expression in insect cells may offer a promising approach to the high-throughput production of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hamada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ogawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Institute of Pathology, Kyodo Byori, Inc., 2-7-12 Otsuwa, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2112, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Katsuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, c/o Integrated Research Center of Kobe University, 7-1-49 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaji
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, c/o Integrated Research Center of Kobe University, 7-1-49 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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Pandey A, Shin K, Patterson RE, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. Current strategies for protein production and purification enabling membrane protein structural biology. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:507-527. [PMID: 27010607 PMCID: PMC5752365 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins are still heavily under-represented in the protein data bank (PDB), owing to multiple bottlenecks. The typical low abundance of membrane proteins in their natural hosts makes it necessary to overexpress these proteins either in heterologous systems or through in vitro translation/cell-free expression. Heterologous expression of proteins, in turn, leads to multiple obstacles, owing to the unpredictability of compatibility of the target protein for expression in a given host. The highly hydrophobic and (or) amphipathic nature of membrane proteins also leads to challenges in producing a homogeneous, stable, and pure sample for structural studies. Circumventing these hurdles has become possible through the introduction of novel protein production protocols; efficient protein isolation and sample preparation methods; and, improvement in hardware and software for structural characterization. Combined, these advances have made the past 10-15 years very exciting and eventful for the field of membrane protein structural biology, with an exponential growth in the number of solved membrane protein structures. In this review, we focus on both the advances and diversity of protein production and purification methods that have allowed this growth in structural knowledge of membrane proteins through X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robin E. Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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20
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Delafosse L, Xu P, Durocher Y. Comparative study of polyethylenimines for transient gene expression in mammalian HEK293 and CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2016; 227:103-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Jiang MS, Yang X, Esposito D, Nelson E, Yuan J, Hopkins RF, Broadt T, Xiao Z, Colantonio S, Prieto DA, Welch AR, Creekmore SP, Mitra G, Zhu J. Mammalian cell transient expression, non-affinity purification, and characterization of human recombinant IGFBP7, an IGF-1 targeting therapeutic protein. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:476-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Automated harvesting and 2-step purification of unclarified mammalian cell-culture broths containing antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1418:103-109. [PMID: 26431859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies represent one of the fastest growing segments in the pharmaceutical market. The growth of the segment has necessitated development of new efficient and cost saving platforms for the preparation and analysis of early candidates for faster and better antibody selection and characterization. We report on a new integrated platform for automated harvesting of whole unclarified cell-culture broths, followed by in-line tandem affinity-capture, pH neutralization and size-exclusion chromatography of recombinant antibodies expressed transiently in mammalian human embryonic kidney 293T-cells at the 1-L scale. The system consists of two bench-top chromatography instruments connected to a central unit with eight disposable filtration devices used for loading and filtering the cell cultures. The staggered parallel multi-step configuration of the system allows unattended processing of eight samples in less than 24h. The system was validated with a random panel of 45 whole-cell culture broths containing recombinant antibodies in the early profiling phase. The results showed that the overall performances of the preparative automated system were higher compared to the conventional downstream process including manual harvesting and purification. The mean recovery of purified material from the culture-broth was 66.7%, representing a 20% increase compared to that of the manual process. Moreover, the automated process reduced by 3-fold the amount of residual aggregates in the purified antibody fractions, indicating that the automated system allows the cost-efficient and timely preparation of antibodies in the 20-200mg range, and covers the requirements for early in vitro and in vivo profiling and formulation of these drug candidates.
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23
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Stepanenko A, Dmitrenko V. HEK293 in cell biology and cancer research: phenotype, karyotype, tumorigenicity, and stress-induced genome-phenotype evolution. Gene 2015; 569:182-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Rajendra Y, Balasubramanian S, Kiseljak D, Baldi L, Wurm FM, Hacker DL. Enhanced plasmid DNA utilization in transiently transfected CHO-DG44 cells in the presence of polar solvents. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1571-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashas Rajendra
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Sowmya Balasubramanian
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Divor Kiseljak
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Wurm
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - David L. Hacker
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC) and Protein Expression Core Facility (PECF); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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25
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Liu H, Zou X, Li T, Wang X, Yuan W, Chen Y, Han W. Enhanced production of secretory glycoprotein VSTM1-v2 with mouse IgGκ signal peptide in optimized HEK293F transient transfection. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:133-9. [PMID: 26140918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
VSTM1-v2 is a secretory glycoprotein identified by our laboratory. Our previous study revealed that VSTM1-v2 could promote differentiation and activation of Th17 cells. To explore the role of VSTM1-v2 in the immune system further, a source of abundant high-quality recombinant protein is warranted. However, high-level expression of bioactive VSTM1-v2 is difficult due to its weak secretion capacity. To obtain sufficient recombinant VSTM1-v2, we developed an improved expression and purification system by replacing the native signal peptide with a mouse IgGκ signal peptide that did not alter the protein cleavage site. We also optimized parameters for a transient gene expression system in HEK293F cells suspended in serum-free media with polyethyleneimine. Finally, 3.6 mg/L recombinant VSTM1-v2 protein with N-glycosylation and no less than 95% purity was obtained through one-step purification with Ni affinity chromatography. The final yield after purification was increased by more than 7-fold compared to the yield from our previously reported HEK293T system (from 0.5 mg/L to 3.6 mg/L). More importantly, VSTM1-v2 protein exhibited excellent bioactivity. In conclusion, the improved system is not only a dependable source of abundant bioactive VSTM1-v2 for functional studies but also demonstrates a highly efficient approach for enhancing the production of proteins in a short time period, especially for secretory proteins with poor yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiajuan Zou
- Proteomics Laboratory, Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wanqiong Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenling Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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26
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Zboray K, Sommeregger W, Bogner E, Gili A, Sterovsky T, Fauland K, Grabner B, Stiedl P, Moll HP, Bauer A, Kunert R, Casanova E. Heterologous protein production using euchromatin-containing expression vectors in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e102. [PMID: 25977298 PMCID: PMC4652741 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon stable cell line generation, chromosomal integration site of the vector DNA has a major impact on transgene expression. Here we apply an active gene environment, rather than specified genetic elements, in expression vectors used for random integration. We generated a set of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) vectors with different open chromatin regions, promoters and gene regulatory elements and tested their impact on recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. We identified the Rosa26 BAC as the most efficient vector backbone showing a nine-fold increase in both polyclonal and clonal production of the human IgG-Fc. Clonal protein production was directly proportional to integrated vector copy numbers and remained stable during 10 weeks without selection pressure. Finally, we demonstrated the advantages of BAC-based vectors by producing two additional proteins, HIV-1 glycoprotein CN54gp140 and HIV-1 neutralizing PG9 antibody, in bioreactors and shake flasks reaching a production yield of 1 g/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Zboray
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommeregger
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria Polymun Scientific GmbH, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Edith Bogner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Andreas Gili
- Polymun Scientific GmbH, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | | | | | - Beatrice Grabner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Patricia Stiedl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Herwig P Moll
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Renate Kunert
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, 1090, Austria Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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27
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Rajendra Y, Hougland MD, Alam R, Morehead TA, Barnard GC. A high cell density transient transfection system for therapeutic protein expression based on a CHO GS-knockout cell line: process development and product quality assessment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:977-86. [PMID: 25502369 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) is a rapid method for the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. While the volumetric productivity of TGE has improved significantly over the past decade, most methods involve extensive cell line engineering and plasmid vector optimization in addition to long fed batch cultures lasting up to 21 days. Our colleagues have recently reported the development of a CHO K1SV GS-KO host cell line. By creating a bi-allelic glutamine synthetase knock out of the original CHOK1SV host cell line, they were able to improve the efficiency of generating high producing stable CHO lines for drug product manufacturing. We developed a TGE method using the same CHO K1SV GS-KO host cell line without any further cell line engineering. We also refrained from performing plasmid vector engineering. Our objective was to setup a TGE process to mimic protein quality attributes obtained from stable CHO cell line. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated transfections were performed at high cell density (4 × 10(6) cells/mL) followed by immediate growth arrest at 32 °C for 7 days. Optimizing DNA and PEI concentrations proved to be important. Interestingly, found the direct transfection method (where DNA and PEI were added sequentially) to be superior to the more common indirect method (where DNA and PEI are first pre-complexed). Moreover, the addition of a single feed solution and a polar solvent (N,N dimethylacetamide) significantly increased product titers. The scalability of process from 2 mL to 2 L was demonstrated using multiple proteins and multiple expression volumes. Using this simple, short, 7-day TGE process, we were able to successfully produce 54 unique proteins in a fraction of the time that would have been required to produce the respective stable CHO cell lines. The list of 54 unique proteins includes mAbs, bispecific antibodies, and Fc-fusion proteins. Antibody titers of up to 350 mg/L were achieved with the simple 7-day process. Titers were increased to 1 g/L by extending the culture to 16 days. We also present two case studies comparing product quality of material generated by transient HEK293, transient CHO K1SV GS-KO, and stable CHO K1SV KO pool. Protein from transient CHO was more representative of stable CHO protein compared to protein produced from HEK293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashas Rajendra
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, 46285, Indiana
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28
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Cervera L, Gutiérrez-Granados S, Berrow NS, Segura MM, Gòdia F. Extended gene expression by medium exchange and repeated transient transfection for recombinant protein production enhancement. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:934-46. [PMID: 25421734 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Production of recombinant products in mammalian cell cultures can be achieved by stable gene expression (SGE) or transient gene expression (TGE). The former is based on the integration of a plasmid DNA into the host cell genome allowing continuous gene expression. The latter is based on episomal plasmid DNA expression. Conventional TGE is limited to a short production period of usually about 96 h, therefore limiting productivity. A novel gene expression approach termed extended gene expression (EGE) is explored in this study. The aim of EGE is to prolong the production period by the combination of medium exchange and repeated transfection of cell cultures with plasmid DNA to improve overall protein production. The benefit of this methodology was evaluated for the production of three model recombinant products: intracellular GFP, secreted GFP, and a Gag-GFP virus-like particles (VLPs). Productions were carried out in HEK 293 cell suspension cultures grown in animal-derived component free media using polyethylenimine (PEI) as transfection reagent. Transfections were repeated throughout the production process using different plasmid DNA concentrations, intervals of time, and culture feeding conditions in order to identify the best approach to achieve sustained high-level gene expression. Using this novel EGE strategy, the production period was prolonged between 192 and 240 h with a 4-12-fold increase in production levels, depending on the product type considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cellular i Tissular, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Schmidt T, Skerra A. The Strep-tag system for one-step affinity purification of proteins from mammalian cell culture. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1286:83-95. [PMID: 25749948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2447-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Strep-tag-or its improved version Strep-tagII-is an eight amino acid sequence that can be easily fused or conjugated to any protein or peptide of interest and that was engineered for high affinity toward streptavidin, which otherwise is widely known as a tight biotin-binding reagent. Especially in combination with immobilized Strep-Tactin, a mutant streptavidin specifically optimized toward the Strep-tagII, this system enables the facile one-step affinity purification of various biomolecules, including oligomeric and even membrane proteins. The Strep-tagII/Strep-Tactin interaction shows exquisite specificity, thus allowing efficient separation from host cell proteins, and it can be reversed simply by addition of biotin (or a suitable derivative thereof, such as desthiobiotin). Therefore, this system has become very popular for the highly efficient affinity chromatography under biochemically mild conditions. Here, we describe the purification of Strep-tagged proteins from mammalian cell lysates and cell culture supernatants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- IBA GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Str. 28, 37079, Göttingen, Germany,
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Nelson CA, McCoy WH, Fremont DH. Eukaryotic expression systems for structural studies. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1140:107-16. [PMID: 24590712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0354-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes protein production in mammalian cells by transient transfection. It assumes the expression construct contains either a 6-HIS or Fc fusion tag to allow recovery of the protein by affinity chromatography. The method is one of the simplest available for protein expression in eukaryotic cells, requires little specialized equipment, and has a reasonably high rate of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Nelson
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Computational Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60557, USA
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Arduin E, Arora S, Bamert PR, Kuiper T, Popp S, Geisse S, Grau R, Calzascia T, Zenke G, Kovarik J. Highly reduced binding to high and low affinity mouse Fc gamma receptors by L234A/L235A and N297A Fc mutations engineered into mouse IgG2a. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:456-63. [PMID: 25451975 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the Fc silencing mutations such as leucine (L) to alanine (A) substitution at the position 234 and 235 (LALA) and the alanine (A) to asparagine (N) substitution at position 297 (N297A) are well investigated for human IgG. However, the effects of the same two silencing Fc mutations in a mouse IgG backbone are not yet well investigated in respect to binding to mouse Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs), complement and subsequent effector functions. By using a mouse IgG2a tool antibody directed against mouse OX40L, we demonstrate a strongly reduced binding of the two Fc mutants to high and low affinity recombinant and cell expressed mouse FcγRs, when compared to the mouse IgG2a with the wild type (wt) backbone. Reduced FcγR binding by the two investigated Fc mutants could further be confirmed on primary mouse macrophages expressing their native FcγRs. In addition, we reveal that the LALA and N297A mutations in the mIgG2a also slightly reduced binding to C1q of human origin. Thus, here we provide experimental evidence that the two investigated Fc mutations in the mouse IgG backbone lead to similar "silencing" properties as previously demonstrated for the human IgG and thus represent a useful method to alter effector functions in tool antibodies to be used in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arduin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Arora
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - P R Bamert
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Kuiper
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Popp
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Geisse
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Grau
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Calzascia
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - G Zenke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Kovarik
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Gonçalves C, Gross F, Guégan P, Cheradame H, Midou P. A robust transfection reagent for the transfection of CHO and HEK293 cells and production of recombinant proteins and lentiviral particles - PTG1. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1380-8. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kim WH, Kim YJ, Lee GM. Gadd45-induced cell cycle G2/M arrest for improved transient gene expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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Development of a semi-automated high throughput transient transfection system. J Biotechnol 2014; 180:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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HEK293 cell culture media study towards bioprocess optimization: Animal derived component free and animal derived component containing platforms. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:471-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dalton AC, Barton WA. Over-expression of secreted proteins from mammalian cell lines. Protein Sci 2014; 23:517-25. [PMID: 24510886 PMCID: PMC4005704 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Secreted mammalian proteins require the development of robust protein over-expression systems for crystallographic and biophysical studies of protein function. Due to complex disulfide bonds and distinct glycosylation patterns preventing folding and expression in prokaryotic expression hosts, many secreted proteins necessitate production in more complex eukaryotic expression systems. Here, we elaborate on the methods used to obtain high yields of purified secreted proteins from transiently or stably transfected mammalian cell lines. Among the issues discussed are the selection of appropriate expression vectors, choice of signal sequences for protein secretion, availability of fusion tags for enhancing protein stability and purification, choice of cell line, and the large-scale growth of cells in a variety of formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamarie C Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
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37
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Duong-Ly KC, Gabelli SB. Explanatory chapter: troubleshooting recombinant protein expression: general. Methods Enzymol 2014; 541:209-29. [PMID: 24674074 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420119-4.00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most daunting problems for biochemists is the expression of recombinant proteins. Often, the host organism differs from the organism from which the gene coding for the protein of interest was derived. This article provides guidelines to determine whether or not protein expression is a problem, describes possible reasons for low protein expression, and covers several possible solutions. A protocol for measuring protein expression during E. coli cell growth and after induction is given. The reader should note that low protein expression is a complex problem that often stems from a variety of factors. Combinations of the solutions presented in this article may be required to solve a problem of protein expression. A brief overview of host cell expression systems is given, but the article primarily focuses on expression in E. coli as this is the most commonly used host organism. Some of the methods discussed here, however, may be applied to other expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisna C Duong-Ly
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Liste-Calleja L, López-Repullo J, Lecina M, Cairó JJ. Preliminary studies of cell culture strategies for bioprocess development based on HEK293 cells. BMC Proc 2013. [PMCID: PMC3980760 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-7-s6-p52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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39
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Present and future approaches to screening of G-protein-coupled receptors. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:523-38. [PMID: 23573971 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate a multitude of cellular signal transduction events, affecting more or less all human disease areas, it is, therefore, no surprise that they comprise the largest family of current drug targets. Screening of compounds interacting with GPCRs has developed during the past decade from receptor binding assays, to various functional determination of coupling to G-proteins, and, more recently, G-protein-independent signal transduction events. Additional opportunities have been presented in drug discovery through novel pharmacological properties obtained for receptor dimers and by identification of ligands for orphan GPCRs. Furthermore, high-throughput formats and automation has substantially facilitated and accelerated the screening process providing powerful tools in improving modern drug discovery.
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Hacker DL, Kiseljak D, Rajendra Y, Thurnheer S, Baldi L, Wurm FM. Polyethyleneimine-based transient gene expression processes for suspension-adapted HEK-293E and CHO-DG44 cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:67-76. [PMID: 24021764 PMCID: PMC7129890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview of principles of TGE using mammalian cells. Description of TGE processes for HEK293 and CHO cells. Description of orbitally shaken bioreactors for suspension cell cultivation. Description of polyethylenime-based transfection processes.
Transient gene expression (TGE) from mammalian cells is an increasingly important tool for the rapid production of recombinant proteins for research applications in biochemistry, structural biology, and biomedicine. Here we review methods for the transfection of human embryo kidney (HEK-293) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in suspension culture using the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hacker
- Protein Expression Core Facility, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Breaking limitations of complex culture media: functional non-viral miRNA delivery into pharmaceutical production cell lines. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:589-600. [PMID: 23994267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are promising targets for cell engineering through modulation of crucial cellular pathways. An effective introduction of miRNAs into the cell is a prerequisite to reliably study microRNA function. Previously, non-viral delivery of nucleic acids has been demonstrated to be cell type as well as culture medium dependent. Due to their importance for biopharmaceutical research and manufacturing, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and Cevec's Amniocyte Production (CAP) cells were used as host cell lines to investigate transfection reagents with respect to successful delivery of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their ability to allow for biological activity of miRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) within the cell. In the present study, we screened numerous transfection reagents for their suitability to successfully deliver miRNA mimics into CHO DG44 and CAP cells. Our investigation revealed that the determination of transfection efficiency for a given transfection reagent alone is not sufficient to draw conclusions about its ability to maintain the functionality of the miRNA. We could show that independent from high transfection rates observed for several reagents only one was suitable for efficient introduction of functional miRNA mimics into cells cultured in complex protein production media. We provide evidence for the functionality of transferred ncRNAs by demonstrating siRNA-mediated changes in protein levels and cellular phenotype as well as decreased twinfilin-1 (twf-1) transcript levels by its upstream miR-1 regulator. Furthermore, the process could be shown to be scalable which has important implications for biotechnological applications.
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42
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Jäger V, Büssow K, Wagner A, Weber S, Hust M, Frenzel A, Schirrmann T. High level transient production of recombinant antibodies and antibody fusion proteins in HEK293 cells. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:52. [PMID: 23802841 PMCID: PMC3699382 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The demand of monospecific high affinity binding reagents, particularly monoclonal antibodies, has been steadily increasing over the last years. Enhanced throughput of antibody generation has been addressed by optimizing in vitro selection using phage display which moved the major bottleneck to the production and purification of recombinant antibodies in an end-user friendly format. Single chain (sc)Fv antibody fragments require additional tags for detection and are not as suitable as immunoglobulins (Ig)G in many immunoassays. In contrast, the bivalent scFv-Fc antibody format shares many properties with IgG and has a very high application compatibility. Results In this study transient expression of scFv-Fc antibodies in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells was optimized. Production levels of 10-20 mg/L scFv-Fc antibody were achieved in adherent HEK293T cells. Employment of HEK293-6E suspension cells expressing a truncated variant of the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen (EBNA) 1 in combination with production under serum free conditions increased the volumetric yield up to 10-fold to more than 140 mg/L scFv-Fc antibody. After vector optimization and process optimization the yield of an scFv-Fc antibody and a cytotoxic antibody-RNase fusion protein further increased 3-4-fold to more than 450 mg/L. Finally, an entirely new mammalian expression vector was constructed for single step in frame cloning of scFv genes from antibody phage display libraries. Transient expression of more than 20 different scFv-Fc antibodies resulted in volumetric yields of up to 600 mg/L and 400 mg/L in average. Conclusion Transient production of recombinant scFv-Fc antibodies in HEK293-6E in combination with optimized vectors and fed batch shake flasks cultivation is efficient and robust, and integrates well into a high-throughput recombinant antibody generation pipeline.
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Macaraeg NF, Reilly DE, Wong AW. Use of an anti-apoptotic CHO cell line for transient gene expression. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1050-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole F. Macaraeg
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Dorothea E. Reilly
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
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45
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Kim WH, Kim MS, Kim YG, Lee GM. Development of apoptosis-resistant CHO cell line expressing PyLT for the enhancement of transient antibody production. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Michel PO, Degen C, Hubert M, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. A NanoDrop-based method for rapid determination of viability decline in suspension cultures of animal cells. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:138-40. [PMID: 22960013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe a rapid method for monitoring the cell growth and decline phases in suspension cultures of animal cells. During the cell growth phase, ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing components in the medium are consumed, but at later times as cells begin to die, UV-absorbing molecules such as proteins are released into the medium. Measuring the absorbance at 280nm (A(280)) with a NanoDrop spectrophotometer, an inverse correlation between the onset of the cell decline phase and A(280) was observed. This simple method can be applied to quickly determine the beginning of the decline phase of cultures of mammalian and insect cells in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik O Michel
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
The number of structures of integral membrane proteins from higher eukaryotes is steadily increasing due to a number of innovative protein engineering and crystallization strategies devised over the last few years. However, it is sobering to reflect that these structures represent only a tiny proportion of the total number of membrane proteins encoded by a mammalian genome. In addition, the structures determined to date are of the most tractable membrane proteins, i.e., those that are expressed functionally and to high levels in yeast or in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. However, some membrane proteins that are expressed inefficiently in these systems can be produced at sufficiently high levels in mammalian cells to allow structure determination. Mammalian expression systems are an under-used resource in structural biology and represent an effective way to produce fully functional membrane proteins for structural studies. This review will discuss examples of vertebrate membrane protein overexpression in mammalian cells using a variety of viral, constitutive or inducible expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Andréll
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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48
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A multi-omics analysis of recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43394. [PMID: 22937046 PMCID: PMC3427347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hek293 cells are the predominant hosts for transient expression of recombinant proteins and are used for stable expression of proteins where post-translational modifications performed by CHO cells are inadequate. Nevertheless, there is little information available on the key cellular features underpinning recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells. To improve our understanding of recombinant protein production in Hek293 cells and identify targets for the engineering of an improved host cell line, we have compared a stable, recombinant protein producing Hek293 cell line and its parental cell line using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics and fluxomics. Producer cultures consumed less glucose than non-producer cultures while achieving the same growth rate, despite the additional burden of recombinant protein production. Surprisingly, there was no indication that producer cultures compensated for the reduction in glycolytic energy by increasing the efficiency of glucose utilization or increasing glutamine consumption. In contrast, glutamine consumption was lower and the majority of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation were downregulated in producer cultures. We observed an overall downregulation of a large number of genes associated with broad cellular functions (e.g., cell growth and proliferation) in producer cultures, and therefore speculate that a broad adaptation of the cellular network freed up resources for recombinant protein production while maintaining the same growth rate. Increased abundance of genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress indicated a possible bottleneck at the point of protein folding and assembly.
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49
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Christian WV, Li N, Hinkle PM, Ballatori N. β-Subunit of the Ostα-Ostβ organic solute transporter is required not only for heterodimerization and trafficking but also for function. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21233-43. [PMID: 22535958 PMCID: PMC3375545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.352245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic solute transporter, Ost/Slc51, is composed of two distinct proteins that must heterodimerize to generate transport activity, but the role of the individual subunits in mediating transport activity is unknown. The present study identified regions in Ostβ required for heterodimerization with Ostα, trafficking of the Ostα-Ostβ complex to the plasma membrane, and bile acid transport activity in HEK293 cells. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that a 25-amino acid peptide containing the Ostβ transmembrane (TM) domain heterodimerized with Ostα, although the resulting complex failed to reach the plasma membrane and generate cellular [(3)H]taurocholate transport activity. Deletion of the single TM domain of Ostβ abolished interaction with Ostα, demonstrating that the TM segment is necessary and sufficient for formation of a heteromeric complex with Ostα. Mutation of the highly conserved tryptophan-asparagine sequence within the TM domain of Ostβ to alanines did not prevent cell surface trafficking, but abolished transport activity. Removal of the N-terminal 27 amino acids of Ostβ resulted in a transporter complex that reached the plasma membrane and exhibited transport activity at 30 °C. Complete deletion of the C terminus of Ostβ abolished [(3)H]taurocholate transport activity, but reinsertion of two native arginines immediately C-terminal to the TM domain rescued this defect. These positively charged residues establish the correct N(exo)/C(cyt) topology of the peptide, in accordance with the positive inside rule. Together, the results demonstrate that Ostβ is required for both proper trafficking of Ostα and formation of the functional transport unit, and identify specific residues of Ostβ critical for these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Li
- From the Departments of Environmental Medicine and
| | - Patricia M. Hinkle
- Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
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50
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Nallet S, Fornelli L, Schmitt S, Parra J, Baldi L, Tsybin YO, Wurm FM. Glycan variability on a recombinant IgG antibody transiently produced in HEK-293E cells. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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