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Da Silva A, Dort J, Orfi Z, Pan X, Huang S, Kho I, Heckel E, Muscarnera G, van Vliet PP, Sturiale L, Messina A, Romeo DA, van Karnebeek CD, Wen XY, Hinek A, Molina T, Andelfinger G, Ellezam B, Yamanaka Y, Olivos HJ, Morales CR, Joyal JS, Lefeber DJ, Garozzo D, Dumont NA, Pshezhetsky AV. N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase controls sialylation of muscle glycoproteins essential for muscle regeneration and function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade6308. [PMID: 37390204 PMCID: PMC10313170 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Deleterious variants in N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase (NPL) cause skeletal myopathy and cardiac edema in humans and zebrafish, but its physiological role remains unknown. We report generation of mouse models of the disease: NplR63C, carrying the human p.Arg63Cys variant, and Npldel116 with a 116-bp exonic deletion. In both strains, NPL deficiency causes drastic increase in free sialic acid levels, reduction of skeletal muscle force and endurance, slower healing and smaller size of newly formed myofibers after cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury, increased glycolysis, partially impaired mitochondrial function, and aberrant sialylation of dystroglycan and mitochondrial LRP130 protein. NPL-catalyzed degradation of sialic acid in the muscle increases after fasting and injury and in human patient and mouse models with genetic muscle dystrophy, demonstrating that NPL is essential for muscle function and regeneration and serves as a general marker of muscle damage. Oral administration of N-acetylmannosamine rescues skeletal myopathy, as well as mitochondrial and structural abnormalities in NplR63C mice, suggesting a potential treatment for human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afitz Da Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Junio Dort
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zakaria Orfi
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xuefang Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sjanie Huang
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, Netherlands
| | - Ikhui Kho
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emilie Heckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giacomo Muscarnera
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- CNR, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- CNR, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Clara D.M. van Karnebeek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and ZebraPeutics (Guangdong) Ltd., HengQin District, Zhuhai, China
| | - Aleksander Hinek
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Carlos R. Morales
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dirk J. Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, Netherlands
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, Netherlands
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- CNR, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolas A. Dumont
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Morio A, Lee JM, Fujii T, Mon H, Masuda A, Kakino K, Xu J, Banno Y, Kusakabe T. The biological role of core 1β1-3galactosyltransferase (T-synthase) in mucin-type O-glycosylation in Silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 156:103936. [PMID: 36990248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
O-glycosylation of secreted and membrane-bound proteins is an important post-translational modification that affects recognition of cell surface receptors, protein folding, and stability. However, despite the importance of O-linked glycans, their biological functions have not yet been fully elucidated and the synthetic pathway of O-glycosylation has not been investigated in detail, especially in the silkworm. In this study, we aimed to investigate O-glycosylation in silkworms by analyzing the overall structural profiles of mucin-type O-glycans using LC-MS. We found GalNAc or GlcNAc monosaccharide and core 1 disaccharide (Galβ1-3-GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) were major components of the O-glycan attached to secreted proteins produced in silkworms. Furthermore, we characterized the 1 b1,3-galactosyltransferase (T-synthase) required for synthesis of the core 1 structure, common to many animals. Five transcriptional variants and four protein isoforms were identified in silkworms, and the biological functions of these isoforms were investigated. We found that BmT-synthase isoforms 1 and 2 were localized in the Golgi apparatus in cultured BmN4 cells and functioned both in cultured cells and silkworms. Additionally, a specific functional domain of T-synthase, called the stem domain, was found to be essential for activity and is presumed to be needed for dimer formation and galactosyltransferase activity. Altogether, our results elucidated the O-glycan profile and function of T-synthase in the silkworm. Our findings allow the practical comprehension of O-glycosylation required for employing silkworms as a productive expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Morio
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 2716-1 Kurakake 2716-1, Ohra-gun Chiyoda-machi, Gunma, 370-0503, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuguru Fujii
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohei Kakino
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Biology and Information Science, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yutaka Banno
- Graduate School of Bio Resources and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Temporal analysis of N-acetylglucosamine extension of N-glycans in the middle silk gland of silkworm Bombyx mori. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:533-540. [PMID: 35397991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins is an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells. One of the key modifications in protein N-glycosylation is N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) extension mediated by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GNTI), which triggers N-glycan maturation from high-mannose-type to hybrid- and complex-type structures in Golgi. However, the temporal contributions of GNTI to GlcNAc extension and the resultant N-glycan structures in insects have not been analyzed. Here, focusing on GlcNAc extension of N-glycan in the silkworm Bombyx mori, we analyzed the temporal N-glycan alterations in the middle silk gland (MSG) and characterized the property of key enzyme for complex-type N-glycan biosynthesis, B. mori GNTI (BmGNTI). N-glycan analysis of N-glycoproteins in the MSG demonstrated that BmGNTI identified and characterized in this study consistently contributed to GlcNAc extension of N-glycans, which led to the accumulation of GlcNAc-extended N-glycans as predominant structures throughout the MSG development. The expression profile of GlcNAc extension-related genes revealed that the enzymes contributing to the hydrolysis of GlcNAc showed stage-specific expressions, thereby resulting in accumulations of the end product N-glycans of the enzyme. These results lead to the speculation that not BmGNTI but rather glycosylhydrolases critically influenced the structural formations and the changes in the ratio of N-glycans with GlcNAc residue(s) in MSG.
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Feng M, Swevers L, Sun J. Hemocyte Clusters Defined by scRNA-Seq in Bombyx mori: In Silico Analysis of Predicted Marker Genes and Implications for Potential Functional Roles. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852702. [PMID: 35281044 PMCID: PMC8914287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the hemolymph, insect hemocytes constitute a heterogeneous population of macrophage-like cells that play important roles in innate immunity, homeostasis and development. Classification of hemocytes in different subtypes by size, morphology and biochemical or immunological markers has been difficult and only in Drosophila extensive genetic analysis allowed the construction of a coherent picture of hemocyte differentiation from pro-hemocytes to granulocytes, crystal cells and plasmatocytes. However, the advent of high-throughput single cell technologies, such as single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), is bound to have a high impact on the study of hemocytes subtypes and their phenotypes in other insects for which a sophisticated genetic toolbox is not available. Instead of averaging gene expression across all cells as occurs in bulk-RNA-seq, scRNA-seq allows high-throughput and specific visualization of the differentiation status of individual cells. With scRNA-seq, interesting cell types can be identified in heterogeneous populations and direct analysis of rare cell types is possible. Next to its ability to profile the transcriptomes of individual cells in tissue samples, scRNA-seq can be used to propose marker genes that are characteristic of different hemocyte subtypes and predict their functions. In this perspective, the identities of the different marker genes that were identified by scRNA-seq analysis to define 13 distinct cell clusters of hemocytes in larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, are discussed in detail. The analysis confirms the broad division of hemocytes in granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids and perhaps spherulocytes but also reveals considerable complexity at the molecular level and highly specialized functions. In addition, predicted hemocyte marker genes in Bombyx generally show only limited convergence with the genes that are considered characteristic for hemocyte subtypes in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Toustou C, Walet-Balieu ML, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Houdou M, Lerouge P, Foulquier F, Bardor M. Towards understanding the extensive diversity of protein N-glycan structures in eukaryotes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:732-748. [PMID: 34873817 PMCID: PMC9300197 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N‐glycosylation is an important post‐translational modification of proteins that has been highly conserved during evolution and is found in Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. In eukaryotes, N‐glycan processing is sequential, involving multiple specific steps within the secretory pathway as proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In this review, we first summarize the different steps of the N‐glycan processing and further describe recent findings regarding the diversity of N‐glycan structures in eukaryotic clades. This comparison allows us to explore the different regulation mechanisms of N‐glycan processing among eukaryotic clades. Recent findings regarding the regulation of protein N‐glycosylation are highlighted, especially the regulation of the biosynthesis of complex‐type N‐glycans through manganese and calcium homeostasis and the specific role of transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) for which homologous sequences have been identified in several eukaryotic clades. Further research will be required to characterize the function of TMEM165 homologous sequences in different eukaryotic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Toustou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marine Houdou
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France.,Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
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Subramanian SP, Lakshmanan V, Palakodeti D, Subramanian R. Glycomic and glycotranscriptomic profiling of mucin-type O-glycans in planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Glycobiology 2021; 32:36-49. [PMID: 34499167 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Glycans on cell surfaces play important roles in cell-cell, cell-matrix, and receptor-ligand interaction. Therefore, glycan-based interactions are important for tissue regeneration and homeostasis. Free-living flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea, because of its robust regenerative potential, is of great interest in the field of stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, information on the composition and structure of O-glycans in planaria is unknown. Using mass spectrometry and in silico approaches, we characterized the glycome and the related transcriptome of mucin-type O-glycans of planarian S. mediterranea. Mucin-type O-glycans were composed of multiple isomeric, methylated, and unusually extended mono- and di-substituted O-GalNAc structures. Extensions made of hexoses and 3-O methyl hexoses were the glycoforms observed. From glycotranscriptomic analysis, sixty genes belonging to five distinct enzyme classes were identified to be involved in mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis. These genes shared homology with those in other invertebrate systems. While a majority of the genes involved in mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis was highly expressed during organogenesis and in differentiated cells, a few select genes in each enzyme class were specifically enriched during early embryogenesis. Our results indicate a unique temporal and spatial role for mucin-type O-glycans during embryogenesis and organogenesis and in adulthood. In summary, this is the first report on O-glycans in planaria. This study expands the structural and biosynthetic possibilities in cellular glycosylation in the invertebrate glycome and provides a framework towards understanding the biological role of mucin-type O-glycans in tissue regeneration using planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Peruvemba Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560065, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biological Sciences and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Bombyx mori β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase possesses relaxed donor substrate specificity in N-glycan synthesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5505. [PMID: 33750826 PMCID: PMC7943597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational protein modifications in eukaryotic cells. Although more than 200 N-glycogenes contributing to N-glycan biosynthesis have been identified and characterized, the information on insect N-glycosylation is still limited. Here, focusing on insect N-glycosylation, we characterized Bombyx mori N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (BmGalNAcT) participating in complex N-glycan biosynthesis in mammals. BmGalNAcT localized at the Golgi and was ubiquitously expressed in every organ and in the developmental stage of the middle silk gland of fifth instar larvae. Analysis of recombinant BmGalNAcT expressed in Sf9 cells showed that BmGalNAcT transferred GalNAc to non-reducing terminals of GlcNAcβ1,2-R with β1,4-linkage. In addition, BmGalNAcT mediated transfer of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues but not transfer of either glucose or glucuronic acid from the UDP-sugar donor substrate to the N-glycan. Despite this tri-functional sugar transfer activity, however, most of the endogenous glycoproteins of insect cells were present without GalNAc, Gal, or GlcNAc residues at the non-reducing terminal of β1,2-GlcNAc residue(s). Moreover, overexpression of BmGalNAcT in insect cells had no effect on N-acetylgalactosaminylation, galactosylation, or N-acetylglucosaminylation of the major N-glycan during biosynthesis. These results suggested that B. mori has a novel multifunctional glycosyltransferase, but the N-glycosylation is highly and strictly regulated by the endogenous N-glycosylation machineries.
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Nakamura S, Miyazaki T, Park EY. α-L-Fucosidase from Bombyx mori has broad substrate specificity and hydrolyzes core fucosylated N-glycans. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 124:103427. [PMID: 32561391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans play a role in physiological functions, including glycoprotein conformation, signal transduction, and antigenicity. Insects display both α-1,6- and α-1,3-linked fucose residues bound to the innermost N-acetylglucosamine of N-glycans whereas core α-1,3-fucosylated N-glycans are not found in mammals. Functions of insect core-fucosylated glycans are not clear, and no α-L-fucosidase related to the N-glycan degradation has been identified. In the genome of the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, a gene for a protein, BmFucA, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 29 is a candidate for an α-L-fucosidase gene. In this study, BmFucA was cloned and recombinantly expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase tagged protein (GST-BmFucA). Recombinant GST-BmFucA exhibited broad substrate specificity and hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl α-L-fucopyranoside, 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyl-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, and 6-fucosyl-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. Further, GST-BmFucA released fucose from both pyridylaminated complex-type and paucimannose-type glycans that were core-α-1,6-fucosylated. GST-BmFucA also shows hydrolysis activity for core-fucosylated glycans attached to phospholipase A2 from bee venom. BmFucA may be involved in the catabolism of core-fucosylated N-glycans in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
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Park Y, Kim D, Boorgula GD, De Schutter K, Smagghe G, Šimo L, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P. Alpha-Gal and Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinants in the N-Glycans of Salivary Glands in the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E18. [PMID: 31936588 PMCID: PMC7157712 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are important ectoparasites and vectors of numerous human and animal pathogens. Ticks secrete saliva that contains various bioactive materials to evade the host defense system, and often facilitates the pathogen transmission. In addition, the Lone star tick saliva is thought to be the sensitizer in red meat allergy that is characterized by an allergic reaction to glycan moieties carrying terminal galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (aGal). To assess N-glycome of Amblyomma americanum, we examined the N-glycan structures in male and female salivary glands at three different feeding stages and in carcasses of partially fed lone star ticks. We also surveyed the genes involved in the N-glycosylation in the tick species. The aGal epitopes and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) increases over time after the onset of blood feeding in both male and female A. americanum. These CCDs include xylosylation of the core mannose, 1,3-mono and 1,3- and 1,6-difucosylations of the basal GlcNac and mono- or diantennary aGal. Combinations of both xylosylation and aGal and fucosylation and aGal were also found on the N-glycan structures. While the enzymes required for the early steps of the N-glycosylation pathway are quite conserved, the enzymes involved in the later stages of N-glycan maturation in the Golgi apparatus are highly diverged from those of insects. Most of all, we propose that the aGal serves as a molecular mimicry of bioactive proteins during tick feedings on mammalian hosts, while it contributes as a sensitizer of allergy in atypical host human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.K.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Donghun Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.K.); (G.D.B.)
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Gunavanthi D. Boorgula
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.K.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.D.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.D.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Ladislav Šimo
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.A.A.-H.); (P.A.)
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10
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Miyazaki T, Miyashita R, Nakamura S, Ikegaya M, Kato T, Park EY. Biochemical characterization and mutational analysis of silkworm Bombyx mori β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and insight into the substrate specificity of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase family enzymes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 115:103254. [PMID: 31655162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm Bombyx mori is one of the insect hosts for recombinant protein production at academic and industrial levels. B. mori and other insect cells can produce mammalian proteins with proper posttranslational modifications, such as N-glycosylation, but the structures of N-glycans in B. mori are mainly high mannose- and paucimannose-type, while mammals also produce hybrid- and complex-type glycans. Recently, complex-type N-glycans whose structures are different from mammalian ones have been identified in some insect cell N-glycomes at very low levels compared with levels of high mannose- and paucimannose-type glycans. However, their functions and the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of insect complex-type N-glycans are not clear, and complex-type N-glycans, except for N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycans, are still not identified in the B. mori N-glycome. Here, we focused on the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase family (also known as glycosyltransferase family 7, GT7) that contains mammalian β-1,4-galactosyltransferase and insect β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. A gene for a GT7 protein (BmGalNAcT) from B. mori was cloned, expressed in a soluble form using a silkworm expression system, and the gene product showed strict β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity but not β-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity. A mutation in Ile298 or Ile310, which are predicted to be located in the active site, reduced its glycosyltransferase activity, suggesting that these residues and the corresponding residues are responsible for substrate specificity of GT7. These results suggested that BmGalNAcT may be involved in the complex-type N-glycans, and moreover, bioinformatics analysis revealed that B. mori might have an extra gene for a GT7 enzyme with different specificity in addition to the known insect GT7 glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Miyashita
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Marina Ikegaya
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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11
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Functional analysis of glycosylation using Drosophila melanogaster. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Hykollari A, Malzl D, Stanton R, Eckmair B, Paschinger K. Tissue-specific glycosylation in the honeybee: Analysis of the N-glycomes of Apis mellifera larvae and venom. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129409. [PMID: 31398379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous glycophylogenetic comparisons of dipteran and lepidopteran species revealed variations in the anionic and zwitterionic modifications of their N-glycans; therefore, we wished to explore whether species- and order-specific glycomic variations would extend to the hymenoptera, which include the honeybee Apis mellifera, an agriculturally- and allergologically-significant social species. METHODS In this study, we employed an off-line liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approach, in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments, to analyse the N-glycans of male honeybee larvae and honeybee venom in order to facilitate definition of isomeric structures. RESULTS The neutral larval N-glycome was dominated by oligomannosidic and paucimannosidic structures, while the neutral venom N-glycome displayed more processed hybrid and complex forms with antennal N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose and fucose residues including Lewis-like epitopes; the anionic pools from both larvae and venom contained a wide variety of glucuronylated, sulphated and phosphoethanolamine-modified N-glycans with up to three antennae. In comparison to honeybee royal jelly, there were more fucosylated and fewer Man4/5-based hybrid glycans in the larvae and venom samples as well as contrasting antennal lengths. CONCLUSIONS Combining the current data on venom and larvae with that we previously published on royal jelly, a total honeybee N-glycomic repertoire of some 150 compositions can be proposed in addition to the 20 previously identified on specific venom glycoproteins. SIGNIFICANCE Our data are indicative of tissue-specific modification of the core and antennal regions of N-glycans in Apis mellifera and reinforce the concept that insects are capable of extensive processing to result in rather complex anionic oligosaccharide structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Malzl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Rhiannon Stanton
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria.
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13
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Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Anionic and zwitterionic moieties as widespread glycan modifications in non-vertebrates. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:27-40. [PMID: 31278613 PMCID: PMC6994554 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycan structures in non-vertebrates are highly variable; it can be assumed that this is a product of evolution and speciation, not that it is just a random event. However, in animals and protists, there is a relatively limited repertoire of around ten monosaccharide building blocks, most of which are neutral in terms of charge. While two monosaccharide types in eukaryotes (hexuronic and sialic acids) are anionic, there are a number of organic or inorganic modifications of glycans such as sulphate, pyruvate, phosphate, phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate that also confer a 'charged' nature (either anionic or zwitterionic) to glycoconjugate structures. These alter the physicochemical properties of the glycans to which they are attached, change their ionisation when analysing them by mass spectrometry and result in different interactions with protein receptors. Here, we focus on N-glycans carrying anionic and zwitterionic modifications in protists and invertebrates, but make some reference to O-glycans, glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans which also contain such moieties. The conclusion is that 'charged' glycoconjugates are a widespread, but easily overlooked, feature of 'lower' organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190, Wien, Austria.
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14
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Abstract
Many invertebrates are either parasites themselves or vectors involved in parasite transmission; thereby, the interactions of parasites with final or intermediate hosts are often mediated by glycans. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the glycan structures or motifs present across invertebrate species. While a typical vertebrate modification such as sialic acid is rare in lower animals, antennal and core modifications of N-glycans are highly varied and range from core fucose, galactosylated fucose, fucosylated galactose, methyl groups, glucuronic acid and sulphate through to addition of zwitterionic moieties (phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate). Only in some cases are the enzymatic bases and the biological function of these modifications known. We are indeed still in the phase of discovering invertebrate glycomes primarily using mass spectrometry, but molecular biology and microarraying techniques are complementary to the determination of novel glycan structures and their functions.
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15
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Piper SJ, Brillault L, Rothnagel R, Croll TI, Box JK, Chassagnon I, Scherer S, Goldie KN, Jones SA, Schepers F, Hartley-Tassell L, Ve T, Busby JN, Dalziel JE, Lott JS, Hankamer B, Stahlberg H, Hurst MRH, Landsberg MJ. Cryo-EM structures of the pore-forming A subunit from the Yersinia entomophaga ABC toxin. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1952. [PMID: 31028251 PMCID: PMC6486591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABC toxins are pore-forming virulence factors produced by pathogenic bacteria. YenTcA is the pore-forming and membrane binding A subunit of the ABC toxin YenTc, produced by the insect pathogen Yersinia entomophaga. Here we present cryo-EM structures of YenTcA, purified from the native source. The soluble pre-pore structure, determined at an average resolution of 4.4 Å, reveals a pentameric assembly that in contrast to other characterised ABC toxins is formed by two TcA-like proteins (YenA1 and YenA2) and decorated by two endochitinases (Chi1 and Chi2). We also identify conformational changes that accompany membrane pore formation by visualising YenTcA inserted into liposomes. A clear outward rotation of the Chi1 subunits allows for access of the protruding translocation pore to the membrane. Our results highlight structural and functional diversity within the ABC toxin subfamily, explaining how different ABC toxins are capable of recognising diverse hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Piper
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lou Brillault
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Rosalba Rothnagel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Cambridgeshire, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph K Box
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Irene Chassagnon
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Sebastian Scherer
- Centre for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth N Goldie
- Centre for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra A Jones
- Forage Science Group, AgResearch, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Femke Schepers
- Faculty of Science, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Jason N Busby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - J Shaun Lott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Centre for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark R H Hurst
- Forage Science Group, AgResearch, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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16
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Valoskova K, Biebl J, Roblek M, Emtenani S, Gyoergy A, Misova M, Ratheesh A, Reis-Rodrigues P, Shkarina K, Larsen ISB, Vakhrushev SY, Clausen H, Siekhaus DE. A conserved major facilitator superfamily member orchestrates a subset of O-glycosylation to aid macrophage tissue invasion. eLife 2019; 8:e41801. [PMID: 30910009 PMCID: PMC6435326 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant display of the truncated core1 O-glycan T-antigen is a common feature of human cancer cells that correlates with metastasis. Here we show that T-antigen in Drosophila melanogaster macrophages is involved in their developmentally programmed tissue invasion. Higher macrophage T-antigen levels require an atypical major facilitator superfamily (MFS) member that we named Minerva which enables macrophage dissemination and invasion. We characterize for the first time the T and Tn glycoform O-glycoproteome of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo, and determine that Minerva increases the presence of T-antigen on proteins in pathways previously linked to cancer, most strongly on the sulfhydryl oxidase Qsox1 which we show is required for macrophage tissue entry. Minerva's vertebrate ortholog, MFSD1, rescues the minerva mutant's migration and T-antigen glycosylation defects. We thus identify a key conserved regulator that orchestrates O-glycosylation on a protein subset to activate a program governing migration steps important for both development and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Biebl
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Marko Roblek
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Shamsi Emtenani
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Attila Gyoergy
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Michaela Misova
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Aparna Ratheesh
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ida Signe Bohse Larsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Daria E Siekhaus
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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17
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Nishihara S. Glycans in stem cell regulation: from
Drosophila
tissue stem cells to mammalian pluripotent stem cells. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3773-3790. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology Department of Bioinformatics Graduate School of Engineering Soka University Hachioji Japan
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18
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Kumagai T, Kiwamoto T, Brummet ME, Wu F, Aoki K, Zhu Z, Bochner BS, Tiemeyer M. Airway glycomic and allergic inflammatory consequences resulting from keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase (CHST1) deficiency. Glycobiology 2018; 28:406-417. [PMID: 29659839 PMCID: PMC5967469 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Siglec-F is a pro-apoptotic receptor on mouse eosinophils that recognizes 6'-sulfated sialyl Lewis X and 6'-sulfated sialyl N-acetyl-lactosamine as well as multivalent sialyl N-acetyl-lactosamine structures on glycan arrays. We hypothesized that attenuation of the carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1 (CHST1) gene encoding keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase, an enzyme likely required for 6'-sulfation of some of these putative Siglec-F glycan ligands, would result in decreased Siglec-F lung ligand levels and enhanced allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Tissue analysis detected CHST1 expression predominantly not only in parenchymal cells but not in airway epithelium, the latter being a location where Siglec-F ligands are located. Western blotting of lung extracts with Siglec-F-Fc fusion proteins detected ≈500 kDa and ≈200 kDa candidate Siglec-F ligands that were not appreciably altered in CHST1-/- lungs compared with normal mouse lungs. Characterization of the O-linked glycans of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid detected altered sialylation but minimal change in sulfation. Eosinophilic airway inflammation was induced in wild-type (WT) and CHST1-/- mice via sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) and repeated airway challenge. After OVA sensitization and challenge, Siglec-F ligands on airway cells, and numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils accumulating in the airways, both increased to a similar degree in WT and CHST1-/- mouse lungs, while macrophages and lymphocytes increased significantly more in CHST1-/- mouse airway compared with normal mouse lungs. Therefore, keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase does not contribute to the synthesis of glycan ligands for Siglec-F in the airways, although its absence results in exaggerated accumulation of airway macrophages and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Kumagai
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Takumi Kiwamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Mary E Brummet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron Street, Room M-306, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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19
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Walski T, De Schutter K, Cappelle K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Distribution of Glycan Motifs at the Surface of Midgut Cells in the Cotton Leafworm ( Spodoptera littoralis) Demonstrated by Lectin Binding. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1020. [PMID: 29276491 PMCID: PMC5727093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are involved in many biological phenomena, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, immune response or differentiation. Although a few papers have reported on the role of glycans in the development and proper functioning of the insect midgut, no data are available regarding the localization of the glycan structures on the surface of the cells in the gut of insects. In this paper, we analyzed the spatial distribution of glycans present on the surface of the midgut cells in larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, an important agricultural pest insect worldwide. For this purpose, we established primary midgut cell cultures, probed these individual cells that are freely suspended in liquid medium with a selection of seven fluorescently labeled lectins covering a range of different carbohydrate binding specificities [mannose oligomers (GNA and HHA), GalNAc/Gal (RSA and SSA), GlcNAc (WGA and Nictaba) and Neu5Ac(α-2,6)Gal/GalNAc (SNA-I)], and visualized the interaction of these lectins with the different zones of the midgut cells using confocal microscopy. Our analysis focused on the typical differentiated columnar cells with a microvillar brush border at their apical side, which are dominantly present in the Lepidopteran midgut and function in food digestion and absorption, and as well as on the undifferentiated stem cells that are important for midgut development and repair. Confocal microscopy analyses showed that the GalNAc/Gal-binding lectins SSA and RSA and the terminal GlcNAc-recognizing WGA bound preferentially to the apical microvillar zone of the differentiated columnar cells as compared to the basolateral pole. The reverse result was observed for the mannose-binding lectins GNA and HHA, as well as Nictaba that binds preferentially to GlcNAc oligomers. Furthermore, differences in lectin binding to the basal and lateral zones of the cell membranes of the columnar cells were apparent. In the midgut stem cells, GNA and Nictaba bound more strongly to the membrane of these undifferentiated cells compared to the microvillar pole of the columnar cells, while SSA, HHA, WGA, and SNA-I showed stronger binding to the microvilli. Our results indicated that polarization of the midgut cells is also reflected by a specific distribution of glycans, especially between the basal and microvillar pole. The data are discussed in relation to the functioning and development of the insect midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Walski
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kaat Cappelle
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Shajahan A, Heiss C, Ishihara M, Azadi P. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis of glycoproteins-a tutorial. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28585084 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-04067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The structural analysis of glycoproteins is a challenging endeavor and is under steadily increasing demand, but only a very limited number of labs have the expertise required to accomplish this task. This tutorial is aimed at researchers from the fields of molecular biology and biochemistry that have discovered that glycoproteins are important in their biological research and are looking for the tools to elucidate their structure. It provides brief descriptions of the major and most common analytical techniques used in glycomics and glycoproteomics analysis, including explanations of the rationales for individual steps and references to published literature containing the experimental details necessary to carry out the analyses. Glycomics includes the comprehensive study of the structure and function of the glycans expressed in a given cell or organism along with identification of all the genes that encode glycoproteins and glycosyltransferases. Glycoproteomics which is subset of both glycomics and proteomics is the identification and characterization of proteins bearing carbohydrates as posttranslational modification. This tutorial is designed to ease entry into the glycomics and glycoproteomics field for those without prior carbohydrate analysis experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Shajahan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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21
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Shajahan A, Heiss C, Ishihara M, Azadi P. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis of glycoproteins-a tutorial. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4483-4505. [PMID: 28585084 PMCID: PMC5498624 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The structural analysis of glycoproteins is a challenging endeavor and is under steadily increasing demand, but only a very limited number of labs have the expertise required to accomplish this task. This tutorial is aimed at researchers from the fields of molecular biology and biochemistry that have discovered that glycoproteins are important in their biological research and are looking for the tools to elucidate their structure. It provides brief descriptions of the major and most common analytical techniques used in glycomics and glycoproteomics analysis, including explanations of the rationales for individual steps and references to published literature containing the experimental details necessary to carry out the analyses. Glycomics includes the comprehensive study of the structure and function of the glycans expressed in a given cell or organism along with identification of all the genes that encode glycoproteins and glycosyltransferases. Glycoproteomics which is subset of both glycomics and proteomics is the identification and characterization of proteins bearing carbohydrates as posttranslational modification. This tutorial is designed to ease entry into the glycomics and glycoproteomics field for those without prior carbohydrate analysis experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Shajahan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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22
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Walski T, De Schutter K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Diversity and functions of protein glycosylation in insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 83:21-34. [PMID: 28232040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The majority of proteins is modified with carbohydrate structures. This modification, called glycosylation, was shown to be crucial for protein folding, stability and subcellular location, as well as protein-protein interactions, recognition and signaling. Protein glycosylation is involved in multiple physiological processes, including embryonic development, growth, circadian rhythms, cell attachment as well as maintenance of organ structure, immunity and fertility. Although the general principles of glycosylation are similar among eukaryotic organisms, insects synthesize a distinct repertoire of glycan structures compared to plants and vertebrates. Consequently, a number of unique insect glycans mediate functions specific to this class of invertebrates. For instance, the core α1,3-fucosylation of N-glycans is absent in vertebrates, while in insects this modification is crucial for the development of wings and the nervous system. At present, most of the data on insect glycobiology comes from research in Drosophila. Yet, progressively more information on the glycan structures and the importance of glycosylation in other insects like beetles, caterpillars, aphids and bees is becoming available. This review gives a summary of the current knowledge and recent progress related to glycan diversity and function(s) of protein glycosylation in insects. We focus on N- and O-glycosylation, their synthesis, physiological role(s), as well as the molecular and biochemical basis of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Walski
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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The underestimated N-glycomes of lepidopteran species. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:699-714. [PMID: 28077298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects are significant to the environment, agriculture, health and biotechnology. Many of these aspects display some relationship to glycosylation, e.g., in case of pathogen binding or production of humanised antibodies; for a long time, it has been considered that insect N-glycosylation potentials are rather similar and simple, but as more species are glycomically analysed in depth, it is becoming obvious that there is indeed a large structural diversity and interspecies variability. METHODS Using an off-line LC-MALDI-TOF MS approach, we have analysed the N-glycomes of two lepidopteran species (the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni and the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar) as well as of the commonly-used T. ni High Five cell line. RESULTS We detected not only sulphated, glucuronylated, core difucosylated and Lewis-like antennal fucosylated structures, but also the zwitterion phosphorylcholine on antennal GlcNAc residues, a modification otherwise familiar from nematodes; in L. dispar, N-glycans with glycolipid-like antennae containing α-linked N-acetylgalactosamine were also revealed. CONCLUSION The lepidopteran glycomes analysed not only display core α1,3-fucosylation, which is foreign to mammals, but also up to 5% anionic and/or zwitterionic glycans previously not found in these species. SIGNIFICANCE The occurrence of anionic and zwitterionic glycans in the Lepidoptera data is not only of glycoanalytical and evolutionary interest, but is of biotechnological relevance as lepidopteran cell lines are potential factories for recombinant glycoprotein production.
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24
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Protein N-glycosylation and N-glycan trimming are required for postembryonic development of the pest beetle Tribolium castaneum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35151. [PMID: 27731363 PMCID: PMC5059678 DOI: 10.1038/srep35151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In holometabolous insects the transition from larva to adult requires a complete body reorganization and relies on N-glycosylated proteins. N-glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification that influences protein activity but its impact on the metamorphosis has not been studied yet. Here we used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, to perform a first comprehensive study on the involvement of the protein N-glycosylation pathway in metamorphosis. The transcript levels for genes encoding N-glycan processing enzymes increased during later developmental stages and, in turn, transition from larva to adult coincided with an enrichment of more extensively modified paucimannose glycans, including fucosylated ones. Blockage of N-glycan attachment resulted in larval mortality, while RNAi of α-glucosidases involved in early N-glycan trimming and quality control disrupted the larva to pupa transition. Additionally, simultaneous knockdown of multiple genes responsible for N-glycan processing towards paucimannose structures revealed their novel roles in pupal appendage formation and adult eclosion. Our findings revealed that, next to hormonal control, insect post-embryonic development and metamorphosis depend on protein N-glycan attachment and efficient N-glycan processing. Consequently, disruption of these processes could be an effective new approach for insect control.
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25
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Functional Analysis of the Glucuronyltransferases GlcAT-P and GlcAT-S of Drosophila melanogaster: Distinct Activities towards the O-linked T-antigen. Biomolecules 2016; 6:8. [PMID: 26751495 PMCID: PMC4808802 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster glucuronyltransferases dGlcAT-S and dGlcAT-P were reported to be expressed ubiquitously and results of in vitro activity assays indicate a functional redundancy. We analyzed both transferases in vivo and in vitro and could show significant differences in their activity towards N-and O-glycoproteins in vivo. While GlcAT-P is able to use N-linked N-acetyllactosamine chains and the O-linked T-antigen as a substrate to form non-sulfated HNK1- (GlcAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-) and glucuronyl-T-antigens in vivo, GlcAT-S adds glucuronic acid only to N-linked chains, thereby synthesizing only the non-sulfated HNK1-antigen.
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26
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Mabashi-Asazuma H, Kuo CW, Khoo KH, Jarvis DL. Modifying an Insect Cell N-Glycan Processing Pathway Using CRISPR-Cas Technology. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2199-208. [PMID: 26241388 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fused lobes (FDL) is an enzyme that simultaneously catalyzes a key trimming reaction and antagonizes elongation reactions in the insect N-glycan processing pathway. Accordingly, FDL function accounts, at least in part, for major differences in the N-glycosylation patterns of glycoproteins produced by insect and mammalian cells. In this study, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to edit the fdl gene in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. CRISPR-Cas9 editing produced a high frequency of site-specific nucleotide insertions and deletions, reduced the production of insect-type, paucimannosidic products (Man3GlcNAc2), and led to the production of partially elongated, mammalian-type complex N-glycans (GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2) in S2 cells. As CRISPR-Cas9 has not been widely used to analyze or modify protein glycosylation pathways or edit insect cell genes, these results underscore its broad utility as a tool for these purposes. Our results also confirm the key role of FDL at the major branch point distinguishing insect and mammalian N-glycan processing pathways. Finally, the new FDL-deficient S2 cell derivative produced in this study will enable future bottom-up glycoengineering efforts designed to isolate insect cell lines that can efficiently produce recombinant glycoproteins with chemically predefined oligosaccharide side-chain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Mabashi-Asazuma
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Chu-Wei Kuo
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica 128 Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica 128 Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Donald L. Jarvis
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
- GlycoBac,
LLC, Laramie, Wyoming 82072, United States
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27
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Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation in Invertebrates. Molecules 2015; 20:10622-40. [PMID: 26065637 PMCID: PMC6272458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins. It takes part in protein conformation, protein sorting, developmental processes and the modulation of enzymatic activities. In vertebrates, the basics of the biosynthetic pathway of O-glycans are already well understood. However, the regulation of the processes and the molecular aspects of defects, especially in correlation with cancer or developmental abnormalities, are still under investigation. The knowledge of the correlating invertebrate systems and evolutionary aspects of these highly conserved biosynthetic events may help improve the understanding of the regulatory factors of this pathway. Invertebrates display a broad spectrum of glycosylation varieties, providing an enormous potential for glycan modifications which may be used for the design of new pharmaceutically active substances. Here, overviews of the present knowledge of invertebrate mucin-type O-glycan structures and the currently identified enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of these oligosaccharides are presented, and the few data dealing with functional aspects of O-glycans are summarised.
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28
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Kurz S, Aoki K, Jin C, Karlsson NG, Tiemeyer M, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Targeted release and fractionation reveal glucuronylated and sulphated N- and O-glycans in larvae of dipteran insects. J Proteomics 2015; 126:172-88. [PMID: 26047717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors of parasitic and viral diseases with Anopheles gambiae transmitting malaria and Aedes aegypti spreading yellow and Dengue fevers. Using two different approaches (solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase or hydrophilic interaction HPLC fractionation followed by MALDI-TOF MS or permethylation followed by NSI-MS), we examined the N-glycans of both A. gambiae and A. aegypti larvae and demonstrate the presence of a range of paucimannosidic glycans as well as bi- and tri-antennary glycans, some of which are modified with fucose or with sulphate or glucuronic acid residues; the latter anionic modifications were also found on N-glycans of larvae from another dipteran species (Drosophila melanogaster). The sulphate groups are attached primarily to core α-mannose residues (especially the α1,6-linked mannose), whereas the glucuronic acid residues are linked to non-reducing β1,3-galactose. Also, O-glycans were found to possess glucuronic acid and sulphate as well as phosphoethanolamine modifications. The presence of sulphated and glucuronylated N-glycans is a novel feature in dipteran glycomes; these structures have the potential to act as additional anionic glycan ligands involved in parasite interactions with the vector host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kurz
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria.
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29
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Yamamoto-Hino M, Yoshida H, Ichimiya T, Sakamura S, Maeda M, Kimura Y, Sasaki N, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Ueda R, Nishihara S, Goto S. Phenotype-based clustering of glycosylation-related genes by RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Genes Cells 2015; 20:521-42. [PMID: 25940448 PMCID: PMC4682476 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycan structures are synthesized by a series of reactions conducted by glycosylation-related (GR) proteins such as glycosyltransferases, glycan-modifying enzymes, and nucleotide-sugar transporters. For example, the common core region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is sequentially synthesized by peptide-O-xylosyltransferase, β1,4-galactosyltransferase I, β1,3-galactosyltransferase II, and β1,3-glucuronyltransferase. This raises the possibility that functional impairment of GR proteins involved in synthesis of the same glycan might result in the same phenotypic abnormality. To examine this possibility, comprehensive silencing of genes encoding GR and proteoglycan core proteins was conducted in Drosophila. Drosophila GR candidate genes (125) were classified into five functional groups for synthesis of GAGs, N-linked, O-linked, Notch-related, and unknown glycans. Spatiotemporally regulated silencing caused a range of malformed phenotypes that fell into three types: extra veins, thick veins, and depigmentation. The clustered phenotypes reflected the biosynthetic pathways of GAGs, Fringe-dependent glycan on Notch, and glycans placed at or near nonreducing ends (herein termed terminal domains of glycans). Based on the phenotypic clustering, CG33145 was predicted to be involved in formation of terminal domains. Our further analysis showed that CG33145 exhibited galactosyltransferase activity in synthesis of terminal N-linked glycans. Phenotypic clustering, therefore, has potential for the functional prediction of novel GR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yamamoto-Hino
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Biology, Insect Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ichimiya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Sakamura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kimura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko F Aoki-Kinoshita
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kinoshita-Toyoda
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ryu Ueda
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.,Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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30
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Gaunitz S, Jin C, Nilsson A, Liu J, Karlsson NG, Holgersson J. Mucin-type proteins produced in the Trichoplusia ni and Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell lines carry novel O-glycans with phosphocholine and sulfate substitutions. Glycobiology 2013; 23:778-96. [PMID: 23463814 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-glycans of a recombinant mucin-type protein expressed in insect cell lines derived from Trichoplusia ni (Hi-5) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) were characterized. The P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse IgG2b (PSGL-1/mIgG2b) fusion protein carrying 106 potential O-glycosylation sites and 6 potential N-glycosylation sites was expressed and purified from the Hi-5 and Sf9 cell culture medium using affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of O-glycans released from PSGL-1/mIgG2b revealed a large repertoire of structurally diverse glycans, which is in contrast to previous reports of only simple glycans. O-Glycans containing hexuronic acid (HexA, here glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid) were found to be prevalent. Also sulfate (Hi-5 and Sf9) and phosphocholine (PC; Sf9) O-glycan substitutions were detected. Western blotting confirmed the presence of O-linked PC on PSGL-1/mIG2b produced in Sf9 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first structural characterization of PC-substituted O-glycans in any species. The MS analyses revealed that Sf9 oligosaccharides consisted of short oligosaccharides (<6 residues) low in hexose (Hex) and with terminating N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) units, whereas Hi-5 produced a family of large O-glycans with (HexNAc-HexA-Hex) repeats and sulfate substitution on terminal residues. In both cell lines, the core N-acetylgalactosamine was preferentially non-branched, but small amounts of O-glycan cores with single fucose or hexose branches were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gaunitz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
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31
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Nairn AV, Aoki K, dela Rosa M, Porterfield M, Lim JM, Kulik M, Pierce JM, Wells L, Dalton S, Tiemeyer M, Moremen KW. Regulation of glycan structures in murine embryonic stem cells: combined transcript profiling of glycan-related genes and glycan structural analysis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37835-56. [PMID: 22988249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance and structural diversity of glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids are highly regulated and play important roles during vertebrate development. Because of the challenges associated with studying glycan regulation in vertebrate embryos, we have chosen to study mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as they differentiate into embryoid bodies (EBs) or into extraembryonic endodermal (ExE) cells as a model for cellular differentiation. We profiled N- and O-glycan structures isolated from these cell populations and examined transcripts encoding the corresponding enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis in an effort to probe the mechanisms that drive the regulation of glycan diversity. During differentiation from mouse ES cells to either EBs or ExE cells, general trends were detected. The predominance of high mannose N-glycans in ES cells shifted to an equal abundance of complex and high mannose structures, increased sialylation, and increased α-Gal termination in the differentiated cell populations. Whereas core 1 O-glycan structures predominated in all three cell populations, increased sialylation and increased core diversity characterized the O-glycans of both differentiated cell types. Increased polysialylation was also found in both differentiated cell types. Differences between the two differentiated cell types included greater sialylation of N-glycans in EBs, whereas α-Gal-capped structures were more prevalent in ExE cells. Changes in glycan structures generally, but not uniformly, correlated with alterations in transcript abundance for the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that transcriptional regulation contributes significantly to the regulation of glycan expression. Knowledge of glycan structural diversity and transcript regulation should provide greater understanding of the roles of protein glycosylation in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Katoh T, Tiemeyer M. The N's and O's of Drosophila glycoprotein glycobiology. Glycoconj J 2012; 30:57-66. [PMID: 22936173 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The past 25 years have seen significant advances in understanding the diversity and functions of glycoprotein glycans in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic screens have captured mutations that reveal important biological activities modulated by glycans, including protein folding and trafficking, as well as cell signaling, tissue morphogenesis, fertility, and viability. Many of these glycan functions have parallels in vertebrate development and disease, providing increasing opportunities to dissect pathologic mechanisms using Drosophila genetics. Advances in the sensitivity of structural analytic techniques have allowed the glycan profiles of wild-type and mutant tissues to be assessed, revealing novel glycan structures that may be functionally analogous to vertebrate glycans. This review describes a selected set of recent advances in understanding the functions of N-linked and O-linked (non-glycosaminoglycan) glycoprotein glycans in Drosophila with emphasis on their relatedness to vertebrate organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Katoh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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33
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Abstract
Glycosylation is a very common modification of protein and lipid, and most glycosylation reactions occur in the Golgi. Although the transfer of initial sugar(s) to glycoproteins or glycolipids occurs in the ER or on the ER membrane, the subsequent addition of the many different sugars that make up a mature glycan is accomplished in the Golgi. Golgi membranes are studded with glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, and nucleotide sugar transporters arrayed in a generally ordered manner from the cis-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), such that each activity is able to act on specific substrate(s) generated earlier in the pathway. The spectrum of glycosyltransferases and other activities that effect glycosylation may vary with cell type, and thus the final complement of glycans on glycoconjugates is variable. In addition, glycan synthesis is affected by Golgi pH, the integrity of Golgi peripheral membrane proteins, growth factor signaling, Golgi membrane dynamics, and cellular stress. Knowledge of Golgi glycosylation has fostered the development of assays to identify mechanisms of intracellular vesicular trafficking and facilitated glycosylation engineering of recombinant glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA.
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